Ernest O. Wollan

Ernest O. Wollan (left) and Clifford Shull working with a double-crystal neutron spectrometer at the ORNL X-10 graphite reactor in 1949.

Ernest Omar Wollan (November 6, 1902 – March 11, 1984) was an American physicist who made major contributions in the fields of neutron scattering and health physics.

Biography

Wollan was a native of Glenwood, Minnesota. After earning a bachelor's degree at Concordia College in 1923, he undertook graduate study at the University of Chicago, where he investigated X-ray scattering under Arthur Compton and received a Ph.D. in 1929.[1][2][3] Over the next several years, he taught physics at North Dakota State College and Washington University, spent a year in Zurich as a National Research Council fellow conducting research on cosmic rays, and worked with the Chicago Tumor Institute on its medical use of a radium source.[1][2]

In January 1942, Wollan joined the University of Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory at the invitation of Compton and Enrico Fermi.[4] As a member of the Manhattan Project research team, he focused on measuring radiation exposure, for which he developed the film badge dosimeter.[2] [5] He was one of the 50 scientists present on December 2, 1942, when the first man-made self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction was achieved in the Chicago Pile experiment.[4][6][7] He was also on the scene in Oak Ridge on November 4, 1943, when the first continuously operating reactor, the Clinton Pile, later known as the X-10 Graphite Reactor, first went critical.[4]

Hand-plotted rocking curves for Bragg scattering from single sodium chloride (salt) crystals at the X-10 reactor at Oak Ridge, obtained by Ernest O. Wollan and Lyle B. Borst in December 1944.

With his background in X-ray diffraction, Wollan was one of the first to recognize the potential value of neutrons for investigating the structure of materials. In May 1944 he asked the director of Clinton Laboratories (now Oak Ridge National Laboratory) for permission to use the neutron output of the X-10 reactor to study the diffraction of neutrons in single crystals. His request was granted, and a neutron crystal spectrometer that Wollan brought from Chicago was installed in the reactor that same month to make observations on a crystal of gypsum. Wollan and his group were transferred from the Metallurgical Laboratory to the Clinton Laboratories in August of that year. After some early setbacks, in December 1944 Wollan and chemist Lyle Benjamin Borst successfully used neutron diffraction to produce "rocking curves" for crystals of gypsum and sodium chloride (salt).[4][8]

Working at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) after World War II, he continued study into neutron scattering, using the neutrons emitted from the X-10 Graphite Reactor and a modified X-ray diffractometer.[7]

In collaboration with Clifford G. Shull, who joined him at ORNL in 1946, he developed neutron diffraction methodology used for determining atomic resolution structure of substances.[4][9][10][11] In 1994, Shull was awarded a share of the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on neutron diffraction.[12] The unusual delay in the Nobel award, which came more than four decades after the work that it recognized, may have resulted from negative views of the work's relationship to nuclear power.[13] Wollan was not eligible for the Nobel because he had died 10 years earlier. In his Nobel lecture Shull spoke of Wollan's contributions and expressed regret that his colleague had not lived long enough to share in the prize.[4][14]

Wollan remained a member of the ORNL research staff until retiring in 1967. For much of his 23-year service at ORNL, he was associate director of the Physics Division. He continued as a consultant to ORNL until 1977.[7] In his final years, Wollan returned to Minnesota, the state of his birth, where he died in 1984. He is buried in the Oak Ridge Memorial Park.[15]

Honors and awards

References

  1. 1 2 Johnson, L. R. "Ernest Omar Wollan". Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture.
  2. 1 2 3 Snell, A. H.; Wilkinson, M. K.; Koehler, W. C. (1984). "Ernest Omar Wollan". Physics Today. 37 (11): 120. Bibcode:1984PhT....37k.120S. doi:10.1063/1.2915947.
  3. ↑ Wollan, E. O. (1931). "Note on Scattering by Diatomic Gases". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 17 (8): 475–9. Bibcode:1931PNAS...17..475W. doi:10.1073/pnas.17.8.475. PMC 1076094Freely accessible. PMID 16587650.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mason, T. E.; Gawne, T. J.; Nagler, S. E.; Nestor, M. B.; Carpenter, J. M. (2013). "The early development of neutron diffraction: Science in the wings of the Manhattan Project" (PDF). Acta Crystallographica Section A. 69: 37–44. doi:10.1107/S0108767312036021.
  5. ↑ Pardue, L. A.; Goldstein, N.; Wollan, E. O. (1948). "Photographic film as a pocket radiation dosimeter". Atomic Energy in Biophysics, Biology and Medicine. 1 (5): 169. PMID 18878757.
  6. ↑ "Chicago Pile One Scientists". Office of Public Affairs, Argonne National Laboratory. June 19, 2006.
  7. 1 2 3 "Ernest Wollan: Badge of Solid Distinction". ORNL Review. 25 (3–4). 1992.
  8. ↑ Wollan, E. O.; Borst, L. B. (1945). "Physics Section III Monthly Report for the Period Ending December 31, 1944". Oak Ridge, Tennessee: Clinton Laboratories. Metallurgical Project Report No. M-CP-2222.
  9. ↑ Wollan, E. O.; Shull, C. G. (1948). "Neutron diffraction and associated studies". Nucleonics. 3 (2): 17–31. PMID 18877007.
  10. ↑ Shull, C. G.; Wollan, E. O. (1948). "X-Ray, Electron, and Neutron Diffraction". Science. 108 (2795): 69–75. Bibcode:1948Sci...108...69S. doi:10.1126/science.108.2795.69. PMID 17838199.
  11. ↑ Wollan, E. O.; Shull, C. G. (1948). "Neutron diffraction and associated studies". Nucleonics. 3 (1): 8. PMID 18873343.
  12. ↑ Chang, K. (April 4, 2001). "Clifford G. Shull Dies at 85; Was Nobel Winner in Physics". New York Times.
  13. ↑ Frame, P. W. (August–September 1996). "It Belonged to Wollan". Health Physics Society Newsletter – via Oak Ridge Associated Universities.
  14. ↑ Shull, C. G. (1997). "Early Development of Neutron Scattering" (PDF). In Ekspong, G. Nobel Lectures, Physics 1991–1995. World Scientific Publishing. pp. 145–154.
  15. ↑ "Ernest O. Wollan". Find a Grave. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
  16. ↑ "Name Details: Wollan Island (United States Gazetteer)". Australian Antarctic Data Centre. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
  17. ↑ "Honorary Degrees Conferred by Concordia College". Concordia College Archives.
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