Felipe González

For other uses, see Felipe González (disambiguation).

This name uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is González and the second or maternal family name is Márquez.

Excelentísimo Señor Felipe González Márquez


Prime Minister of Spain
In office 1 December 1982 – 4 May 1996
Monarch	Juan Carlos I
Deputy	Alfonso Guerra (1982–91) Narcís Serra (1991–95)
Preceded by	Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo
Succeeded by	José María Aznar
Secretary General of the PSOE
In office 28 September 1979 – 21 June 1997
President	Ramón Rubial
Deputy	Alfonso Guerra
Preceded by	Caretaker committee
Succeeded by	Joaquín Almunia
In office 13 October 1974 – 20 May 1979
President	Ramón Rubial (1976–79)
Preceded by	Rodolfo Llopis
Succeeded by	Caretaker committee
Leader of the Opposition
In office 4 May 1996 – 21 June 1997
Monarch	Juan Carlos I
Prime Minister	José María Aznar
Preceded by	José María Aznar
Succeeded by	Joaquín Almunia
In office 28 September 1979 – 1 December 1982
Monarch	Juan Carlos I
Prime Minister	Adolfo Suárez (1979–81) Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo (1981–82)
Preceded by	Position vacant
Succeeded by	Manuel Fraga
In office 22 July 1977 – 20 May 1979
Monarch	Juan Carlos I
Prime Minister	Adolfo Suárez
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Position vacant
Member of the Congress of Deputies
In office 15 June 1977 – 14 March 2004
Constituency	Seville (2000–04) Madrid (1977–2000)
Personal details
Born	(1942-03-05) 5 March 1942 Seville, Spain
Political party	PSOE
Spouse(s)	María del Carmen Romero (m. 1969–2008); divorced Mar García Vaquero (m. 2012–present)
Children	Pablo (b. 1972) David (b. 1973) María (b. 1978)
Alma mater	University of Seville
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Signature

Felipe González Márquez (Spanish pronunciation: [feˈlipe ɣonˈθaleθ ˈmarkeθ], born 5 March 1942) is a Spanish social-democratic^[1]^[2] politician. He was the General Secretary of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) from 1974 to 1997. To date, he remains the longest-serving Prime Minister of Spain, after having served four successive mandates from 1982 to 1996. His ascension is generally seen as the last step in the path to Spain's re-instatement of democracy which commenced with the death of Francisco Franco in 1975. After losing power to Partido Popular's José María Aznar in 1996, he briefly continued to lead the PSOE but was ousted following a controversy regarding illegal actions his government had taken in the struggle against ETA.^[3]

Early life

González was born in Bellavista, Seville, the son of a farmer who had a small dairy. He has a sister called Lola González Márquez, married to Francisco Germán Palomino Romera, by whom she has two sons, Felipe and Germán Palomino González.^[4] He studied Law at Seville University and started his career as attorney specialising in labor law. While at the University he met members of the clandestine socialist trade union Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT). He also contacted members of the PSOE and started taking part in the party's clandestine activity, necessary under the dictatorship of Franco. During that time he adopted the alias Isidoro and moved to Madrid. He was elected Secretary General of the Party at the Suresnes Congress, in France.

By the time of Franco's death, González had become the most prominent figure among the left-wing of the democratic opposition to the regime, and played a critical role, along with then serving prime minister Adolfo Suárez, in the Spanish transition to democracy. During the Suárez government, General and vice president Manuel Gutiérrez Mellado asked González not to raise the debate of the Civil War and Franquist repression until the death of those of his generation.^[5]^[6]

In the first democratic general election after Franco's death, held in 1977, the PSOE became the second most-voted for party, and this served González to appear as a young, active and promising leader. However, he did not win the 1979 election and had to wait for 1982 and the dissolution of the Union of the Democratic Centre party to come into office.

Prime minister

Gonzalez at the Global Governance event at Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City 2012

In the 1982 general election held on 28 October 1982, the PSOE gained 48.3% of the vote and 202 deputies (out of 350). On 2 December González became President of the Government of Spain, with Alfonso Guerra as his deputy. His election was met with tremendous expectation of change amongst Spaniards. Under his government universal and free education provision was extended from age 14 to age 16, university education was reformed and expanded, the social security system was extended and a partial legalisation of abortion became law for the first time, despite opposition from the Roman Catholic Church. González pushed for liberal reforms and a restructuring of the economy.

On 23 February 1983, the Government passed a law nationalising Rumasa, a private business that included merchant banking interests, on the grounds that it was at the point of bankruptcy and the government needed to protect the savings of depositors and the jobs of its 60,000 employees, a decision that aroused considerable criticism and a judicial conflict over the law that was only resolved, in favour of the government, in December 1986.

Having promised in the election to create 800,000 new jobs, his government's restructuring of the steel industry actually resulted in job losses. When they tried to similarly tackle the debt problems in the dock industry in 1984 the dockers went on strike. The UGT, or General Workers' Union, called a general strike on 20 June 1985 in protest against social security reforms. In the same year his government began a massive privatisation, partial or full, of the 200 state owned companies as well as hundreds of affiliates dependent on these companies.

In the 1986 general election held on 22 June 1986, the PSOE gained 44.1% of the vote and 184 deputies in Parliament. González was elected prime minister for the second time. During this second term, Spain joined the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1986. González supported Spain remaining in NATO that same year in a referendum reversing his and the party's earlier anti-NATO position. A general strike on 14 December 1988 completely paralysed the country and caused the Unions and the PSOE left wing to describe González as moving to the right.

On 29 October 1989, he won the 1989 general election with 39.6% of the vote and 175 seats,^[7] his third successive mandate. In the First Gulf War in 1991, González supported the USA. From 1991, the PSOE started losing its urban vote in favour of the reformed People's Party. On the other side, events like the 1992 Olympic Games held in Barcelona or the Universal Exposition in Seville helped in consolidating Spain's international image as a modern, affluent country.

On 6 June 1993, González won the 1993 general election with 38.8% of the vote and 159 deputies. His fourth victory was marred by the fact he was forced to form a pact with nationalist political parties from Catalonia and Basque country in order to form a new government.

Towards the end of 1995 there was a debate about whether González should lead the PSOE in the forthcoming general elections. The People's Party intensified its campaign to associate his period in office with a poor economic situation (although unemployment had begun to decline and the economic reforms of the previous decade initiated a lasting period of economic growth^[8]) and with accusations of corruption and state terrorism scandals, including allegations of waging a dirty war against the terrorist group ETA by means of the GAL. There was speculation in the press about Javier Solana as a possible replacement, but Solana was appointed Secretary General of NATO in December 1995.

Left with no other suitable candidate, the party was again led by González and in the 1996 general election held on 3 March 1996, they gained 37.4% of the vote and 141 deputies. They lost the election to the People's Party whose leader José María Aznar replaced González as prime minister ("presidente" in Spanish, but not to be confused with the English use of the term) on 4 or 5 May 1996.

The legacy of Felipe González's long mandate left a bittersweet taste: on the one hand, under his tenure, Spain initiated a period of thorough modernisation; on the other hand the scandals that monopolised the news in his last years still preclude a dispassionate consideration of his tenure. His Ministers of Economy and Finance (notably Miguel Boyer, Carlos Solchaga and Pedro Solbes) implemented a vigorous program of economic reforms that included privatisation of public companies such as Telefónica or ENDESA, liberalisation and deregulation of the economy and restructuring of whole industry sectors such as steel or mining which left many people unemployed and created resentment among the working classes and the trade unions. This situation was worsened by the massive influx of female baby-boomers into the labour market, which further increased the unemployment rates.

His cabinets, on the other hand, paved the way to a long period of declining interest rates, low budget deficits and stronger economic growth than the European average. Spain was a founding member of the transition to the single currency (Euro) based on the measures of his last government. Other reforms had also a deep impact on the Spanish economy, such as the extension of a network of highways, airports and the creation of new infrastructures, including the high speed train. Gonzalez-led cabinets were the first to implement a national, comprehensive infrastructure program that included not only public works but theatres, museums, secondary schools. In addition, a comprehensive welfare state was established,^[9]^[10] while improvements were made to social programmes such as pensions and unemployment benefits.^[11] A 40-hour workweek was introduced, while entitlement to paid holidays was extended to up to 30 days per year. Pension funds were also established, together with provision for social tourism. In addition, the school-leaving age was raised from 14 to 16, while the number of educational grants was multiplied by eight.^[12]

Unemployment protection was expanded (although it was later reduced in the Nineties)^[13] and a national education system for children under the age of six was established. Cash benefits in social housing, health care and education were introduced, along with earnings-based benefits for widowhood, sickness, disability and retirement. A Ministry of Social Affairs was also set up, allowing for social services to be decentralised in the early Nineties and to be available to all citizens, rather than only to those with social security.

The pension system was extended to needy people, universal public schooling was expanded from all children under the age of 16, and new universities were established. Healthcare was reformed, creating the National Health Service and the development of primary care medicine based on "health centres" where integral primary care for adults, pregnant women and paediatric patients was provided. When he left office, Spain had the best prepared young generation in history and women had stated coping leadership roles as never before. State run Television Española reached a high level of quality under the direction of Pilar Miró. Private television channels were also permitted in 1990, ending the state monopoly.

Felipe González also secured Spain's entry into the EEC, which the country joined in 1986 and consolidated democratic government. Together with François Mitterrand and Helmut Kohl, he gave an injection of new life to Europe's public face. He was the sole support of Kohl's drive to a united Germany, counteracting British and French hostility. He also started diplomatic relations with Israel, which had never been established by Franco because of Antisemitism. Due to his prestige, Spain also housed peace talks between Palestinians and Israelis in 1990; these were chaired by President George H W Bush of the United States and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev.

In the fight against terrorism, an intense police campaign secured several victories that left the terrorist organisation ETA severely debilitated. In his earlier years ETA killings totalled dozens per year (the 1987 Hipercor bombing attack in Barcelona alone killed more than 10 people), while in his latter years ETA killed far fewer. During his time as Prime Minister a group called GAL was active as a gangster-style force targeting etarras (ETA members). Several innocent people were killed and the subsequent investigations ended with some police officers and the Minister of Internal Affairs, José Barrionuevo, condemned to jail. The Constitutional Court later ratified the sentence. Among successful operations were the capture of the ETA central arsenal and archives in Sokoa (France) and the capture of the organisation's ruling body in 1992.

However, in the final years of his mandate several cases of corruption, the most notable of which were the scandals involving Civil Guard Director Roldán, further eroded popular support for the PSOE. Nonetheless González and most of his ministers generally managed to leave office with their reputation intact although there had been some singularly unfortunate choices made in the case of some of the lower ranking public servants, according to María Antonia Iglesias (La memoria recuperada. Lo que nunca han contado Felipe González y los dirigentes socialistas, 2003); this author is very close, though, to the PSOE official line, as she served as head of the public TV broadcaster Televisión Española after appointment to the post by one of Gonzalez' cabinets.

Lately, his role as a decisive statesman in the latter part of the 20th century has been recognised. One of his most bitter adversaries, Luis MarÍa Ansón, at the time director of the right wing newspaper ABC and later of the hard right La Razón has stated that Gonzalez "was the best prime minister that Spain had in the 20th century". He also stated that he and many others (mainly newspaper owners and media pundits) started a witch hunt against him, in support of the Popular Party, out of fear that Gonzalez's leadership might last several decades.

González's Government 1982–1996

Position	Holder
Prime minister	Felipe González
Vice Prime minister	(1982–1991): Alfonso Guerra (1991–1995): Narcís Serra (1995–1996): without appoint
Minister of Foreign Affairs	(1982–1985): Fernando Morán (1985–1992): Francisco Fernández Ordóñez (1992–1995): Javier Solana (1995–1996): Carlos Westendorp
Minister of Justice	(1982–1988): Fernando Ledesma Bartret (1988–1991): Enrique Múgica Herzog (1991–1993): Tomás de la Quadra-Salcedo (1993–1996): Juan Alberto Belloch
Minister of Defence	(1982–1991): Narcís Serra (1991–1995): Julián García Vargas (1995–1996): Gustavo Suárez
Minister of Economy and Finance	(1982–1985): Miguel Boyer (1985–1993): Carlos Solchaga Catalan (1993–1996): Pedro Solbes
Minister of Interior	(1982–1988): José Barrionuevo (1988–1993): José Luis Corcuera (1993–1994): Antoni Asunción (1994–1996): Juan Alberto Belloch
Minister of Public Works (Minister of Public Works and Transport since 1991)	(1982–1985): Julián Campos (1985–1991): Javier Sáenz de Cosculluela (1991–1996): Josep Borrell
Minister of Education and Science	(1982–1988): José M. Maravall (1988–1992): Javier Solana (1992–1993): Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba (1993–1995): Gustavo Suárez (1995–1996): Jerónimo Saavedra
Minister of Labour and Social Security	(1982–1986): Joaquín Almunia (1986–1990): Manuel Chaves González (1990–1993): Luis Martínez Noval (1993–1996): José A. Griñán
Minister of Industry and Energy	(1982–1988): Carlos Solchaga Catalan (1988–1986): Joan Majó (1986–1989): Luis C. Croissier (1989–1993): Claudio Aranzadi (1993–1996): Juan Manuel Eguiagaray
Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food	(1982–1991): Carlos Romero Herrera (1991–1993): Pedro Solbes (1993–1994): Vicente Albero (1994–1996): Luis M Atienza
Minister of the Presidency	(1982–1986): Javier Moscoso (1986–1993): Virgilio Zapatero (1995–1996): Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba
Minister of Public Administration	(1982–1985): Tomás de la Quadra-Salcedo (1985–1986): Félix Pons (1986): Javier Moscoso (acting minister from Pons' appointment as chairman of the Parliament to Almunia's swearing-in ceremony) (1986–1991): Joaquín Almunia (1991–1993): Juan Manuel Eguiagaray (1993–1995): Jerónimo Saavedra (1995–1996): Joan Lerma
Minister of Culture	(1982–1988): Javier Solana (1988–1991): Jorge Semprún (1991–1993): Jordi Solé Tura (1993–1996): Carmen Alborch
Minister of Health and Consumption	(1982–1986): Ernest Lluch (1986–1991): Julián García Vargas (1991–1992): Julián García Valverde (1992–1993): José A. Griñán (1993–1996): Ángeles Amador
Minister Social Affairs	(1988–1993 ): Matilde Fernández (1993–1996 ): Cristina Alberdi
Minister of Transport (included in the Ministry of Public Works after 1991)	(1982–1985): Enrique Barón (1985–1988): Abel Caballero (1988–1991): José Barrionuevo
Spokesman of the Government	(1982–1985): Eduardo Sotillo (1985–1988): Javier Solana (1988–1993): Rosa Conde (1993–1996): Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba
Presidents of the Congress of Deputies	(1982–1986): Gregorio Peces-Barba (1986–1996): Félix Pons
Presidents of the Senate	(1982–1993): José Federico de Carvajal (1989–1996): Juan José Laborda Martín

After the premiership

González ended his fourth term on 4 May 1996. Since September 1996 he has headed the Madrid-based Global Progress Foundation (FPG). At the beginning of the 34th PSOE National Congress on 20 June 1997 he surprisingly resigned as leader of the party. He also resigned from the federal executive committee, though retaining his seat in the Congress. With no clear successor he continued to exert an enormous influence over the party. He was only replaced at the 35th party Congress in July 2000 when José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero became the leader.

In 1997 he was considered a leading candidate to take over the position of President of the European Commission after Jacques Santer.^[14] The position ultimately went to Italy's Romano Prodi.

Felipe Gonzalez with President Cristina Fernandez at Nestor Kirchner's funeral in 2010.

In 1999 González was put in charge of the party's Global Progress Commission in response to globalisation. The Commission's report formed the basis of the closing declaration of the 21st Socialist International Congress on 8–9 November 1999.

He stood down as a deputy in the Spanish Parliament in March 2004.

On 27 July 2007 the Spanish Government appointed him plenipotentiary and extraordinary ambassador for the bicentenary celebrations in commemoration of the independence of Latin America. The celebrations will begin in September 2010 in Mexico.^[15]

At a summit held in Brussels on 14 December 2007, heads of state and government of European Union member states appointed González chairman of a think tank on the future of Europe. The group, consisting of up to nine prestigious personalities commissioned to drawing up a report, by June 2010, on the challenges facing the European Union from 2020 to 2030, will also look at how to achieve a closer understanding between citizens and the Union.^[16]

From 2010 to 2015, González was appointed independent director in Gas Natural-Fenosa, one of the leading energy companies in Spain, being one of the best known high-profile cases of revolving doors in Spanish politics. ^[17]

Since 2015 he has taken an active role in criticizing the emerging party Podemos, which he considers a populist threat, and have actively lobbied the PSOE against approaching Podemos for any possible government coalition.^[18] González supported PSOE candidate Pedro Sánchez in the 2015 and 2016 general elections, but in the aftermath Sánchez announced talks with Podemos and Catalonian separatits parties. González then supported Susana Diaz faction in a bitter internal struggle which ended with PSOE facilitating then investiture of the conservative government and the dismissal of Pedro Sánchez.^[19]

In 2015 González traveled to Venezuela to support Leopoldo López and other imprisoned opposition leaders.^[20] His involvement came at the same time mainstream media and political parties were accusing emerging Podemos of having links with the Venezuelan government.^[21]

González is a member of the Club of Madrid,^[22] an independent non-profit organisation composed of 81 democratic former Presidents and Prime Ministers from 57 different countries.

Personal life

González married María del Carmen Julia Romero y López in Seville on 16 July 1969 and had three children: Pablo González Romero, David González Romero and María González Romero (lawyer). He divorced Carmen Romero in 2008. In 2012 he married Mar García Vaquero.^[23]

One of his hobbies is tending bonsai trees. During his tenure at Moncloa, he received and cultivated several of them, mostly Mediterranean species, that he later donated to the Royal Botanic Garden of Madrid.

Published works

"Un discurso ético" (co-authorship with Víctor Márquez Reviriego, 1982).
"El Socialismo" (1997).
"El futuro no es lo que era" (co-authorship with Juan Luis Cebrián, 2001).
"Memorias del futuro" (2003).
"Mi idea de Europa" (2011).

References

↑ Merkel, Wolfgang; Alexander Petring; Christian Henkes; Christoph Egle (2008). Social Democracy in Power: the capacity to reform. London: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-43820-9.
↑ Parties and Elections in Europe: The database about parliamentary elections and political parties in Europe, by Wolfram Nordsieck
↑ David Wilsford, ed. Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary (Greenwood, 1995) pp 176-22
↑ Felipe González Marquez – GeneAll.net
↑ González, Felipe and Cebrián, Juan Luis (2001) El future no es lo sue era
↑ Luis Díez (2010) Las listas de los esclavos del franquismo, published in Cuarto Poder, 10 March 2010
↑ Spain's Ministry of the Interior: Official election results
↑ http://www.ine.es/daco/daco42/cne00/pib.xls#Tabla_2!A1
↑ "Felipe González Speaker, Speeches, Booking Agent, Agency". Thinking heads. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
↑ http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/1526/1/dt-0212e.pdf
↑ http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/2025/1/dt-9704.pdf
↑ Spain: From Dictatorship to Democracy by Javier Tusell
↑ Archived 3 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
↑ "Europe's presidential race: the form", The Economist, 11 June 1998, retrieved 16 September 2009
↑ , Cadena SER (in Spanish).
↑ , Público news (Spanish).
↑ "Gas Natural Fenosa incorporates Felipe González to its Board as an independent director". www.gasnaturalfenosa.com. Retrieved 2016-11-22.
↑ País, Ediciones El (2015-12-09). "Ex-PM González joins campaign fray with attack against Podemos". EL PAÍS. Retrieved 2016-11-22.
↑ Burgen, Stephen; agencies (2016-10-23). "Spain's Socialists lift veto to allow Rajoy minority government". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-11-22.
↑ "Felipe Gonzalez in Venezuela: Ex-Spain PM to help opposition". BBC News. 2015-06-07. Retrieved 2016-11-22.
↑ Minder, Raphael (2016-06-19). "Venezuela Casts a Long Shadow on Elections in Spain". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-11-22.
↑ The Club of Madrid is an independent non-profit organization composed of 81 democratic former Presidents and Prime Ministers from 57 different countries. It constitutes the world's largest forum of former Heads of State and Government, who have come together to respond to a growing demand for support among leaders in democratic leadership, governance, crisis and post-crisis situations. All lines of work share the common goal of building functional and inclusive societies, where the leadership experience of the members is most valuable.
↑ Template:Website citation

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Felipe González.

EU Council CV
Analysis of his rule
Felipe González at the Barcelona Centre for International Affairs (CIDOB) (Spanish)

Political offices
Position established	Leader of the Opposition 1977–1979	Position vacant
Position vacant	Leader of the Opposition 1979–1982	Succeeded by Manuel Fraga
Preceded by Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo	Prime Minister of Spain 1982–1996	Succeeded by José María Aznar
Preceded by José María Aznar	Leader of the Opposition 1996–1997	Succeeded by Joaquín Almunia
Party political offices
Preceded by Rodolfo Llopis	Secretary-General of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party 1974–1979	Succeeded by Caretaker committee
Position established	Chair of the Socialist Group in the Congress of Deputies 1977–1979	Succeeded by Alfonso Guerra
Preceded by Caretaker committee	Secretary-General of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party 1979–1997	Succeeded by Joaquín Almunia

Spanish Socialist Workers' Party

Secretary Generals of the PSOE	Pablo Iglesias (1879–1925) Julián Besteiro (1925–1931) Francisco Largo Caballero (1931–1935) Ramón Gómez Peña (1935–1948) José Gómez Osorio (1939–1940) Sócrates Gómez (1940–1944) Juan Gómez Egido (1944) Eduardo Villegas (1944–1946) Miguel Ángel Martínez (1946 – 1965) Antonio Trigo Mairal (1948–1949) Antonio Hernández Vizcaíno (1949–1952) Tomás Centeno (1952–1953) Teodomiro Menéndez (1953–1954) José María Fernández (1953–1954) Rodolfo Llopis (1954–1972) Felipe González (1972–1997) Joaquín Almunia (1997–2000) José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (2000–2012) Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba (2012–2014) Pedro Sánchez (2014–2016)

Presidents of the PSOE	Pablo Iglesias (1879–1925) Julián Besteiro (1925–1931) Francisco Largo Caballero (1931–1935) Indalecio Prieto (1935–1948) Trifón Gómez (1948–1955) Pascual Tomás (1964–1967) Ramón Rubial (1967–1970; 1976–1999) Manuel Chaves (2000–2012) José Antonio Griñán (2012–2014) Micaela Navarro (2014–2016)

Parties by autonomous community	Andalusia Aragon Asturias Balearic Islands Basque Country Canary Islands Cantabria Castile-La Mancha Castile and Leon Catalonia Extremadura Galicia La Rioja Madrid Murcia Navarre Valencian Community

Congresses	1888 1890 1892 1894 1899 1902 1905 1908 1912 1915 1918 1919 1920 1921 1925 1932 1944 1946 1948 1948 XVII 1952 XIX XX XXI 1964 1967 1970 1972 1974 1976 May 1979 Sep 1979 1981 1984 1988 1990 1994 1997 2000 2004 2008 2012 2014 next

Afiliated Organisations	Socialist Youth of Spain IDEAS Foundation for progress El Socialista Socialist Left

Prime Ministers of Spain

Acting prime ministers shown in italics.

Queen Isabella II (1833–1868)	Martínez de la Rosa Toreno Álava Álvarez Mendizábal Istúriz Calatrava Espartero Bardají Heredia-Spínola Frías Alaix Pérez de Castro A. González Ferraz Cortázar Sancho Espartero Ferrer A. González Rodil J. M. López Gómez Becerra Olózaga González-Bravo Narváez Miraflores Narváez Sotomayor Pacheco Salamanca García Goyena Narváez Clonard Bravo Murillo Roncali Lersundi Sartorius Mendigorría Rivas Espartero O'Donnell Narváez Armero Istúriz O'Donnell Arrazola Mon Narváez O'Donnell Narváez González-Bravo Havana

Democratic Sexennium (1868–1874)	Madoz Serrano Prim Topete Serrano Ruiz Zorrilla Malcampo Sagasta Topete Serrano Mendigorría Ruiz Zorrilla Figueras Pi Salmerón Castelar Serrano Sierra Bullones Sagasta

The Restoration (1874–1931)	Cánovas Jovellar Martínez Campos Sagasta Posada Azcárraga Silvela Fernández-Villaverde Maura Montero Moret López Domínguez Vega de Armijo Canalejas García Prieto Romanones Dato Maura Sánchez de Toca Bugallal Sánchez-Guerra Primo de Rivera Berenguer Aznar-Cabañas

Second Republic (1931–1939)	Alcalá-Zamora Azaña Lerroux Martínez Barrio Samper Chapaprieta Portela Barcía Casares Martínez Barrio Giral Largo Negrín

Spain under Franco (1936–1975)	Franco Carrero Fernández-Miranda Arias

Since 1975	Arias Santiago Suárez Calvo-Sotelo F. González Aznar Zapatero Rajoy

Leaders of the Opposition of Spain

González Fraga Herrero de Miñón Hernández Fraga Aznar González Almunia Borrell Almunia Zapatero Rajoy Rubalcaba Sánchez Iglesias

Presidents of the European Council

President-in-Office (1975–2009)	Liam Cosgrave Aldo Moro Gaston Thorn Joop den Uyl James Callaghan Leo Tindemans Anker Jørgensen Helmut Schmidt Valéry Giscard d'Estaing Jack Lynch Francesco Cossiga Charles Haughey Pierre Werner Dries van Agt Margaret Thatcher Wilfried Martens Anker Jørgensen Poul Schlüter Helmut Kohl Andreas Papandreou François Mitterrand Garret FitzGerald Bettino Craxi Jacques Santer Ruud Lubbers Wilfried Martens Felipe González François Mitterrand Giulio Andreotti Ruud Lubbers Aníbal Cavaco Silva John Major Poul Nyrup Rasmussen Jean-Luc Dehaene Jacques Chirac Felipe González Lamberto Dini Romano Prodi John Bruton Wim Kok Jean-Claude Juncker Tony Blair Viktor Klima Gerhard Schröder Paavo Lipponen António Guterres Jacques Chirac Göran Persson Guy Verhofstadt José María Aznar López Anders Fogh Rasmussen Costas Simitis Silvio Berlusconi Bertie Ahern Jan Peter Balkenende Jean-Claude Juncker Tony Blair Wolfgang Schüssel Matti Vanhanen Angela Merkel José Sócrates Janez Janša Nicolas Sarkozy Mirek Topolánek Jan Fischer Fredrik Reinfeldt

Permanent President (since 2009)	Herman Van Rompuy Donald Tusk

Recipients of the Charlemagne Prize

1950–1975	1950 Richard Nikolaus Graf Coudenhove-Kalergi 1951 Hendrik Brugmans 1952 Alcide de Gasperi 1953 Jean Monnet 1954 Konrad Adenauer 1955 1956 Sir Winston S. Churchill 1957 Paul Henri Spaak 1958 Robert Schuman 1959 George C. Marshall 1960 Joseph Bech 1961 Walter Hallstein 1962 1963 Edward Heath 1964 Antonio Segni 1965 1966 Jens Otto Krag 1967 Joseph Luns 1968 1969 European Commission 1970 François Seydoux de Clausonne 1971 1972 Roy Jenkins 1973 Don Salvador de Madariaga 1974 1975

1976–2000	1976 Leo Tindemans 1977 Walter Scheel 1978 Konstantinos Karamanlis 1979 Emilio Colombo 1980 1981 Simone Veil 1982 King Juan Carlos I 1983 1984 1985 1986 People of Luxembourg 1987 Henry Kissinger 1988 François Mitterrand / Helmut Kohl 1989 Brother Roger 1990 Gyula Horn 1991 Václav Havel 1992 Jacques Delors 1993 Felipe González Márquez 1994 Gro Harlem Brundtland 1995 Franz Vranitzky 1996 Queen Beatrix 1997 Roman Herzog 1998 Bronisław Geremek 1999 Tony Blair 2000 Bill Clinton

2001–present	2001 György Konrád 2002 Euro 2003 Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 2004 Pat Cox / Pope John Paul II¹ 2005 Carlo Azeglio Ciampi 2006 Jean-Claude Juncker 2007 Javier Solana 2008 Angela Merkel 2009 Andrea Riccardi 2010 Donald Tusk 2011 Jean-Claude Trichet 2012 Wolfgang Schäuble 2013 Dalia Grybauskaitė 2014 Herman Van Rompuy 2015 Martin Schulz 2016 Pope Francis

¹ Received extraordinary prize.

Authority control	WorldCat Identities VIAF: 37717249 LCCN: n50035061 ISNI: 0000 0001 2320 504X GND: 119006146 SELIBR: 336015 SUDOC: 131470280 BNF: cb12264347g (data) BNE: XX1636739

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