Galveston Bay Area

This article is about the coastal communities around Galveston Bay. For the bay itself, see Galveston Bay.
Bay Area Houston
Region

The boardwalk rollercoaster appears in the background with the lake and the marina in the foreground

Kemah boardwalk and marina

Location of Bay Area within Texas
Country United States of America
State Texas
Metro Area Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land
Named for Galveston Bay
Largest city Pasadena
Other cities
List
Population [1]
 • Estimate (2000-2008) 566,850
Time zone CST (UTC-6)
 • Summer (DST) CDT (UTC-5)
Website www.bayareahouston.com

The Galveston Bay Area (known as the Bay Area)[2][3] is a region that surrounds the Galveston Bay estuary of Southeast Texas in the United States, within Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan area. Normally the term refers to the mainland communities around the bay and excludes Galveston as well as most of Houston.

Originally part of the pirate kingdom of Jean Lafitte, this area played a role in the early history of Texas having been the site of some early rebellions against Mexican rule and the site of the victory of the Texas army over the Mexican army during the Texas Revolution. Ranching interests became early economic drivers around the bay. As the nearby cities of Galveston and Houston developed as commercial centers, the Bay Area communities became part of a principal commercial corridor between the cities.

The Bay Area is also the location of NASA's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center which houses the Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center. The City of Houston's official nickname as "Space City" is derived from this. In addition, a large tourist attraction for area visitors is Space Center Houston.

The landscape around the bay features a mix of swamps, beaches, industrial facilities, tourist attractions, and historic sites. The area's developing population is ethnically diverse with a growing international community. The communities host cultural events ranging from ballet and musical theater to fairs and rodeos. The bay itself supports a commercial fishing industry and features one of the highest concentrations of marinas in the nation. On land the area holds numerous historic sites such as the San Jacinto Monument, and many parks and nature preserves such as the Armand Bayou Nature Center.

Boundaries

The shores of Galveston Bay are home to many different municipalities and communities. The region is part of the larger Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown Metropolitan Area. Though the term Bay Area in its broadest sense refers to all communities near the shoreline, some sources, such as the Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership (BAHEP), use more limited definitions, often referring more specifically to the clusters of communities nearest to Houston.[4][5][6][7][3][8]

Municipalities

The coastline of the Gulf of Mexico runs northeast to southwest with the Galveston Bay an irregularly shaped inlet covering the upper left of the map. The bayside communities are highlighted with major towns such as Pasadena, Baytown, and Texas City explicitly labeled. Houston is labeled in the far northwest of the drawing.
Map of the Bay Area

The following communities lie on the shores of Galveston Bay proper and Trinity Bay, the two main components of the Galveston Bay complex (excluding those along the Gulf of Mexico):

Anahuac, Bacliff, Baytown, Beach City, Kemah, La Porte, Morgan's Point, Seabrook, Shoreacres, Pasadena, Texas City

The BAHEP and the Clear Lake Area Chamber of Commerce (CLACC) include the following additional communities in their membership:

Clear Lake superneighborhood of Houston (which includes Clear Lake City and JSC), Clear Lake Shores, Deer Park, Dickinson, El Lago, Friendswood, League City, Nassau Bay, Taylor Lake Village, Webster.[6][9]

Some additional communities such as La Marque, adjacent to Texas City, are treated as bayside communities by some sources.[10]

Subdivisions

Harris County Courthouse Bay Area Annex

The Bay Area can be sub-divided based on the histories and economic connections of the different communities.

History

Spain, Mexico, and the Republic of Texas

The Battle of San Jacinto-1895 painting by Henry Arthur McArdle

Prior to European settlement the area around Galveston Bay was settled by the Karankawa and Atakapan tribes, who lived throughout the Gulf coast region. Spanish explorers such as the Rivas-Iriarte expedition and José Antonio de Evia charted the bay and gave it its name.[24] In 1816 the pirate Louis-Michel Aury established a settlement on Galveston Island but was soon succeeded by the pirate Jean Lafitte. Lafitte transformed Galveston and the bay into a pirate kingdom establishing bases and hide-outs at locations such as Trinity Bay, Clear Lake, and Eagle Point.[25] In 1821, however, the United States Navy ousted Lafitte and the colony was largely abandoned.[26]

Following its declaration of independence from Spain the new nation of Mexico moved to colonize its northern territory of Texas by offering land grants to settlers both from within Mexico and from the nearby United States.[27] Small settlements such as Lynchburg and San Jacinto were gradually established around the bay and in 1830 Mexican authorities created a customs and garrison post at Anahuac commanded by Juan Davis Bradburn.[28] Conflicts between Bradburn and the settlers in the region led to the Anahuac Disturbances, a prelude to the larger Texas rebellion that was to come. Following a coup in the Mexican government many freedoms previously enjoyed by the Texans were revoked causing Texas to revolt and declare its independence in 1835. After a number of battles the Texas army, under the leadership of General Sam Houston, finally defeated the Mexican Army in the Battle of San Jacinto, near modern Pasadena.[29]

The new Republic of Texas grew rapidly. The shores of the bay were initially mostly home to farms and ranches such as the famed Allen Ranch.[30] New communities such as Goose Creek (modern Baytown) were established.[31]

U.S. annexation

The Longhorn became an important economic resource.

Texas succeeded in its bid to join the United States in 1845 which helped launch the Mexican-American War. Texas' annexation brought more people to Texas and ranching interests around the bay began to grow. Throughout the 19th century Galveston remained Texas' dominant metropolis and the communities around the bay were strongly tied economically and culturally to the city though, as Houston began to develop, so did the Bay Area's ties to it. The construction of the Galveston, Houston and Henderson Railroad further spurred growth in the area.[32][33]

During the American Civil War, during which Texas seceded from the United States, the area served a limited role in the conflict as new fortifications like Fort Chambers, near Anahuac, were constructed to ward off a mainland invasion by Union forces and to protect supply routes to and from Galveston. The Bay Area sat in the middle of the conflict as the most important battles in Texas occurred at Galveston with the conflict moving through the area on to Harrisburg and Houston after Galveston's fall.[34]

In the aftermath of the war the Texas economy declined for a period. Nevertheless, ranching interests became major economic drivers in the area spawning many other economic enterprises such as hide processing plants and shipping concerns.[30][35] The success of these enterprises and the growth of Galveston as one of the prime commercial centers in the South and Southwest helped promote the construction of the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway; and the La Porte, Houston and Northern Railroad through the area over the course of the 19th century. These railroads running along the southwest shore of the bay would spawn new communities such as Clear Creek (League City), Webster, and later Texas City.[33][20] Some of these new communities would develop initially as stop-over points for travelers on the rail lines. Toward the end of the century, as ranching's profitability declined, many communities turned increasingly to agriculture.[33] The farming community of Pasadena was established during this time.

The Galveston Hurricane of 1900 devastated the city of Galveston and heavily damaged communities around the bay (according to some estimates the Bay Area death toll may have been as high as 2000).[36] Bridges between Galveston and the mainland were destroyed.[37] Communities along the shoreline declined for some time as economic growth moved inland and Houston became the dominant economic center in the region. The region received a population boost from some Galveston refugees who relocated to the mainland following the catastrophe.[38][39]

20th century

The Goose Creek oil field in 1919

The sparsely populated Bay Area transformed during the 20th century. Following the hurricane, donations by the newly established Red Cross helped revive area farming communities.[13] The newly established community of Texas City opened its port and railroad junctions shipping cotton and grain.[40] Commercial fishing, particularly for oysters and shrimp, grew as a significant area industry.[41]

In the early 1900s the Goose Creek Oil Field was discovered launching an oil boom at Galveston Bay.[42] In 1915 Goose Creek acquired the first offshore oil drilling site in the state and soon after refineries opened in Texas City, Baytown and Pasadena.[13][43] The Humble Oil refinery in Baytown became the largest in the Houston area.[44] The wealth brought on by the boom transformed the region and population surged.[45] Manufacturing and refining expanded rapidly.[46] During the Roaring 20s, tourism and resort communities developed around Clear Lake and the bay shoreline in communities such as Morgan's Point, Seabrook, Kemah.[47][48]

The World Wars created new manufacturing opportunities for factories around the bay and the area's population grew even faster than Houston.[49] Ellington Air Force Base was built becoming a major air field and flight training center during the wars.[50]

After the war area economic diversification brought on by the war effort helped in the transition to a peacetime economy. NASA's Johnson Space Center was established in 1963 helping to spur explosive growth in the mid-20th century, especially the 1970s and 1980s. The remainder of the communities on the southwestern shore urbanized and development connected the area to Houston.[35][46] Tourism and recreation re-emerged and blossomed particularly around the Clear Lake area and the nearby shoreline.[51]

Hurricane Ike struck the Bay Area in 2008 causing substantial damage both environmentally and economically, the most destructive event since 1900.[52] As of 2009 a proposal to build a levee system, the Ike Dike, to protect the bay is under discussion.[53]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Houston
A simulated-color image of Galveston Bay

The Galveston Bay Area is located on the gulf coastal plain, and its vegetation is classified as temperate grassland and marshes. The municipalities have been built on reclaimed marshes, swamps, and prairies, which are all still visible in undeveloped areas.[54] Flatness of the local terrain and proximity to the Bay and the Gulf have made flooding a recurring problem for the area.[55] The region once relied on groundwater for its needs, but land subsidence has forced much of the region to turn to ground-level water sources.[56]

Geology

The land beneath the Bay Area consists of layers of sand and clay to great depths. These layers were created by millennia of river-borne sediments which gradually incorporated plant and animal matter creating the petroleum deposits for which the Gulf Coast is known.[57]

The region has numerous faults, many considered active, but none has produced significant earthquakes in recorded history.[58] These faults tend to move at a smooth rate in what is termed fault creep, which reduces the risk of an earthquake.[56]

Bay and coastline

See also: Galveston Bay

Galveston Bay is an estuary along the Texas Gulf Coast.[59] The bay as a whole is composed of four major sub-bays: Galveston Bay proper, Trinity Bay, East Bay, and West Bay.[60] Other smaller bays and lakes connecting to this complex of waterways in the Bay Area include San Jacinto Bay, Burnet Bay, Scott Bay, Crystal Bay, Goose Lake, Clear Lake, Dickinson Bay, and Moses Lake.[61][62]

Galveston Bay is mostly shallow with an average depth of 7–9 feet. It is fed by the Trinity River and the San Jacinto River, numerous local bayous and incoming tides from the Gulf of Mexico. This unique and complex mixing of waters from different sources supports many types of marine life including crabs, shrimp, oysters, and many varieties of fish thereby supporting a substantial fishing industry. Additionally the system of bayous, rivers, and marshes that ring the Bay support their own ecosystems allowing for diverse wildlife and enabling freshwater farming of crawfish.[63] The areas near the bay shore in fact have a higher diversity of habitats than the nearby Gulf coast.[64]

The bay receives the fourth highest level of toxic chemicals in the state from bayside industrial discharge, in addition to pollutants washing in from the Houston Ship Channel.[65] Although contaminants from the major industrial complexes along the bay contribute substantially to bay pollution, most is the result of storm run-off from various commercial, agricultural, and residential sources.[66] In recent decades, conservation efforts have been enacted which have improved water quality in the bay.[67]

Climate

Further information: Climate of Houston
League City
Climate chart (explanation)
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
4.8
 
 
62
43
 
 
2.9
 
 
66
46
 
 
3.1
 
 
72
53
 
 
3.2
 
 
77
60
 
 
4.9
 
 
84
67
 
 
5.4
 
 
89
73
 
 
4.8
 
 
91
74
 
 
3.8
 
 
92
74
 
 
7.1
 
 
88
70
 
 
3.9
 
 
81
60
 
 
4.4
 
 
72
52
 
 
3.4
 
 
65
45
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Source: The Weather Channel: Monthly Averages for League City, TX (77573)

The Bay Area's climate is classified as humid subtropical (Cfa in Köppen climate classification system).[68] Spring supercell thunderstorms sometimes create tornados (but not to the extent found in tornado alley).[69] Prevailing winds from the south and southeast bring heat from the deserts of Mexico and moisture from the Gulf of Mexico.[70]

Summer temperatures regularly exceed 90 °F (32 °C).[71] The area's proximity to the bay and the winds that it generates moderate the area's temperatures and ease the effects of the humidity creating a more pleasant climate than inland communities like Houston[72] (e.g. the average July high in Texas City is 89 °F (32 °C) with 9.8 mph (15.8 km/h) winds vs. 94 °F (34 °C) with 6.7 mph (10.8 km/h) winds in Houston).[73] Winters in the area are temperate with typical January highs above 60 °F (16 °C) and lows are near 40 °F (4 °C). Snowfall is rare. Annual rainfall averages can range from 40 to 50 inches (100 to 130 cm) depending on the community.[74]

Excessive ozone levels can occur due to industrial activities; nearby Houston is ranked among the most ozone-polluted cities in the United States.[75] The industries located along the ship channel and the bay are a major cause of the pollution.[76]

Hurricanes are a substantial concern during the fall season. Though Galveston Island and the Bolivar Peninsula provide some shielding, the Bay Area still faces more danger than Houston and other inland communities, particularly because of storm surge.[77][78][79]

Economy

The Bay Area has a diverse economy with much of it built around aerospace, petrochemicals, and high tech industries.[80][81] The region's economy is closely tied to the rest of the Houston area though the mix of local businesses is somewhat unique. In 2005, the median household income for the Clear Lake area was $62,061 compared to $50,868 for the Houston area as whole and $45,472 for all of Texas.[82][83]

Overview

Aerial view of the NASA's Johnson Space Center with Clear Lake in the background

The Bay Area's four major employment sectors are aerospace, petrochemicals and chemical processing, high-tech (software, biotechnology, electronics, etc.), and tourism.[84] Most other employment in the region is supported by these industries although some smaller, independent industries exist as well.

The most widespread economic activities in the area revolve around petroleum and petrochemicals, largely centered in Baytown, Pasadena/La Porte, and Texas City. These industries in Houston and the Bay Area account for nearly half of the U.S. petrochemical manufacturing[85] and approximately one third of the U.S. petroleum refining capacity.[86] The Bay Area is home to the largest refineries and petrochemical complexes in the Greater Houston area and to the majority of the processing capacity.[87]

NASA's Johnson Space Center (JSC) is an important pillar of the Bay Area economy.[88][89] Businesses around this core include a broad range of high-tech development enterprises from aerospace engineering to software and electronics.

The tourism industry attracts millions of visitors each year with attractions ranging from Space Center Houston to the bay itself.[90] Ecotourism, in particular, is a growing sector with destinations such as the Armand Bayou Nature Center.[91] Biotechnology, which already employs nearly 3000 workers in the area, is a smaller but growing industry in the area enabled in large part by JSC and the Texas Medical Center in Houston.[92] Commercial fishing is one the older industries in the region and is still a significant economic sector.[93]

Some outlying areas around the bay remain semi-rural. Cattle ranching and agriculture remain staples of some local economies as well as shrimp fishing and oyster farming.[94]

Economic hubs

A large paved area appears in the foreground with many rows of cargo and storage facilities. It is adjacent to a ship channel with three docked freighters visible. In the background one sees the ship channel is part of a larger network of small bays at the mouth of Buffalo Bayou.
The Barbours Cut Container Terminal

Major Bay Area economic hubs include the following:

Demographics

Demographic Statistics
Community Total
population 		Median
household
income 		% White % African
American 		% Asian
Anahuac 2210 $40,924 68.3% 20.2% 0.7%
Bacliff 6962 $32,188 97.8% 1.8% 3.0%
Baytown 78,311 $48,398 64.1% 17.0% 2.0%
Beach City 1645 $70,104 96.0% 1.6% 0.0%
Clear Lake-Houston[103] 43,141 $68,815 77.8% 4.7% 11.4%
Clear Lake Shores 1205 $67,500 94.9% 3.3% 7.5%
Deer Park 28,520 $61,334 90.0% 1.3% 1.3%
Dickinson 17,093 $41,984 72.3% 10.5% 1.2%
El Lago 3075 $66,223 94.5% 7.8% 1.4%
Friendswood 38,327 $91,887 86.0% 1.9% 6.4%
Kemah 2330 $51,620 75.4% 3.8% 3.5%
La Marque 13,682 $34,841 55.8% 34.7% 0.5%
La Porte 31,880 $55,810 81.4% 6.3% 11.3%
League City 70,657 $80,432 82.6% 6.5% 5.0%
Morgan's Point 332 $57,917 88.7% 4.5% 0%
Nassau Bay 4170 $57,353 89.6% 1.9% 3.9%
Pasadena 151,960 $46,760 64.1% 1.8% 2.0%
San Leon 4365 $31,687 80.4% 0.8% 7.6%
Seabrook 9443 $54,175 88.9% 2.1% 3.3%
Shoreacres 1488 $71,985 94.15% 1.01% 0.94%
Taylor Lake Village 3694 $99,535 92.4% 2.7% 2.1%
Texas City 44,765 $43,078 62.4% 28.2% 1.1%
Webster 9083 $42,385 64.9% 9.0% 5.7%
Total 566,850 $56,827 72.9% 8.3% 3.9%

Home to a diverse set of communities, the Bay Area has a demographic distribution that varies greatly among these individual communities. Based on data from the U.S. Census Bureau and the City of Houston (2008, where available, and 2000 otherwise), the area demographic statistics are as follows (see table for more details). The total population was approximately 566,850. The median household income was $56,827. The white population was 72.9%, the African American population was 8.3%, and the Asian population was 3.9%.[104]

The most populous community in the region is Pasadena (though Houston is a much larger city, the portion within this region is smaller than Pasadena). Taylor Lake Village has (by far) the highest median household income; and Bacliff and San Leon have the lowest. Texas City and La Marque have the largest African-American populations. La Porte and the Clear Lake area of Houston have the largest Asian populations.

Education

Colleges and universities

University of Houston–Clear Lake

The Bay Area contains several institutions of higher education.[105] The largest is the University of Houston–Clear Lake (UHCL) located adjacent to Clear Lake City. UHCL is separate and distinct from the University of Houston (UH), but it is part of the larger University of Houston System. The university offers a wide spectrum of programs including what it touts as the most complete biotechnology graduate programs in the state.[106]

Texas Chiropractic College in Pasadena, one of only two schools of chiropractics in Texas and one of a handful in the nation, provides training for students from around the state.[107] Several community colleges serve communities in the area as well, including San Jacinto College, College of the Mainland, Lee College, and Houston Community College.[108]

Primary and secondary schools

Pasadena Memorial High School

The Bay Area covers multiple municipalities with multiple school districts. Most of the communities in the Clear Lake Area are served by Clear Creek Independent School District though some nearby areas are served by Dickinson and Houston Independent School Districts. Communities in the Pasadena/Baytown area are served by Deer Park, Goose Creek Consolidated, La Porte, and Pasadena Independent School Districts. The Friendswood area is served by the Friendswood Independent School District. The Texas City area is served by La Marque and Texas City Independent School Districts. The communities in Chambers County near Anahuac are served by Anahuac Independent School District and Barbers Hill Independent School District.[109]

As of 2009 these 11 districts, excluding Houston ISD, have a total of 190 primary and secondary schools. Of these Clear Creek, Deer Park, Goose Creek, Barbers Hill and Anahuac ISD were evaluated as "recognized" districts (the second highest ranking) by the Texas Education Agency, or TEA. All of the others were evaluated as "academically acceptable" with the exception of Texas City ISD, which was evaluated as "academically unacceptable".[110]

67 (35%) of the schools were ranked as "exemplary" (the highest ranking); 62 (33%) were ranked as "recognized"; 39 (21%) were ranked as "academically acceptable"; 2 (1%) were ranked as "academically unacceptable"; and 20 (11%) were not rated by the TEA. Notably 100% of Friendswood ISD schools and 65% of Clear Creek ISD schools were "exemplary", the highest percentages of these 10 districts.[110] Overall, of the schools that were rated, 37% of the schools in these 10 districts were "exemplary", compared with 29% for the entire state.[110][111]


Transportation

The Bay Area Houston Transportation Partnership (BayTran) coordinates planning for the transportation needs of the Bay Area.[112] Collaborative efforts by the local communities have helped push forward development of regional infrastructure.

Ground transportation

Fred Hartman Bridge connecting Baytown and La Porte

The Bay Area's two interstate freeways act as linear backbones connecting the communities on either side of the ship channel. The few other freeways in the region provide access into the centers of heavy industry within the region. Connectivity within other communities mostly relies on uncontrolled, surface highways.

Interstate 45 (the Gulf Freeway) is the major freeway for the core areas of the Bay Area linking them with Houston and Galveston.[113] Highway 146 (Bayport Blvd.) is a coastal highway linking the waterfronts of the communities. The Gulf Freeway and Bayport Blvd. together are the main arteries linking the Clear Lake Area communities and Pasadena, though Highway 225, East Beltway 8, Highway 3 and others are important as well.[114] The Fred Hartman Bridge on Highway 146 crosses the ship channel connecting Baytown and Pasadena, while the Galveston Causeway on the Gulf Freeway crosses the bay connecting Texas City and Galveston Island.[115]

In the outlying north Bay Area, Interstate 10 links Anahuac and other communities nearby connecting them to Houston and the rest of the Bay Area. Highway 124 provides access to the Bolivar Peninsula.

The Houston Metro bus system provides service to the southeast Houston and Pasadena connecting the communities with central Houston.[116] The remaining communities in the Bay Area communities are not served by mass transit. Greyhound Bus Lines, which provides service to cities nationwide, has stations at Baytown and La Marque/Texas City.[117]

Air travel

Space Shuttle Challenger at Ellington Field in 1982

Houston Hobby Airport (HOU) is the nearest airport providing regular domestic service. It is in southeast Houston near the Bay Area and provides service to U.S. destinations. International service is provided by Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH) in north Houston.[118]

Ellington Airport, the other branch of the Houston Airport System (HAS), is a mixed-use airport. It acts as a reliever airport for Hobby, in addition to use by NASA, the military, and public aviation.[119] The system has performed significant expansion of the airport in recent years expecting significant growth in its usage in coming years. La Porte Municipal Airport in Pasadena and Chambers County Airport near Anahuac provide public air access to their respective communities.[120]

Shipping

For seagoing shipping the Barbours Cut and Bayport terminals (administered by the Port of Houston Authority), and the Port of Texas City are the major freight shipping points. For railway shipping the Union-Pacific Webster station, the Union-Pacific Deer Park station, the Union-Pacific Baytown station, and the Texas City Terminal Railway Company, are major access points.[121]

Healthcare and medicine

Bay Area Houston Healthcare Network hubs[122]
Provider Location
Bayshore Medical Center Pasadena
CHRISTUS St. John Hospital Houston-Clear Lake
Clear Lake Regional Medical Center Webster
Devereux Texas Treatment Network League City
M.D. Anderson Clinical Care
Center - Bay Area 		Nassau Bay
Memorial Hermann Southeast
Hospital 		Houston
Moody Health Center Pasadena
Texas Oncology Webster
Eye Clinic of Texas League City
University of Texas
Medical Branch 		Galveston

The Bay Area Houston Healthcare Network (BAHHN) is a collaboration of health care providers coordinating health care services in many of the west bay communities and Galveston.[123] The hubs of the network include Memorial Hermann Southeast Hospital in the Clear Lake City area, Bayshore Medical Center in Pasadena, and the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston.

Numerous other health care facilities exist in the region as well. Notable facilities outside the area covered by BAHHN include San Jacinto Methodist Hospital (Baytown) and Mainland Medical Center (Texas City).[124]

Culture

The Bay Area is a racially and ethnically diverse region.[125] The industrial centers of Pasadena and Baytown in particular have large international communities.[126] Multicultural events such as the Grito Fest (Baytown) celebrate the area's diversity.[127]

Many other annual events take place in the Bay Area as well. The Strawberry Festival in Pasadena celebrates the role the iconic fruit played in rescuing the town's economy following the 1900 Hurricane.[128] The Blessing of the Fleet boat parade in Kemah is an annual event that celebrates Kemah's history as a shrimp fishing town.[129] The Gulf Coast Film Festival annually showcases independent films from local, regional and international artists in various categories ranging from short films to documentaries. Other annual events include the Wings over Houston Air Fest (Ellington Field), the Music Fest by the Bay (Texas City), the Ballunar Festival, the Oak Tree Festival (League City), and the South Shore Dockside Food & Wine Festival (League City).[130] In Anahuac the annual Gatorfest celebrates the semi-rural culture of Chambers County.[131] And, of course, in the spirit of the state to which the area belongs, the annual Pasadena Livestock Show and Rodeo features traditional rodeo events for area spectators.[132]

Arts and theatre

The Bay Area has a substantial community of artists and artistic programs. The Bay Area Houston Ballet and Theatre group and the League City Ballet offer performances in genres ranging from ballet to American musicals.[133] The Clear Lake Symphony, the Pasadena Philharmonic Orchestra, and the Baytown Symphony Orchestra offer multiple performances each year ranging from classical to "pops" performances.[134]

Other arts and theatre programs exist in the area as well. The Arts Alliance at Clear Lake, a group of 50 area arts organizations, regularly schedules arts exhibits, musical performances, and other arts programs.[135] Community theater groups such as the Pasadena Little Theatre, the Clear Creek Country Theatre (Nassau Bay), the Harbour Playhouse (Dickinson), and the Baytown Little Theater offer a variety of regularly scheduled performances.[136] Regular free concerts and other cultural events take place in venues such as the Pasadena Fairgrounds and League Park Plaza (League City).

Parks and landmarks

San Jacinto Monument

The Bay Area contains parks and landmarks. One of the oldest landmarks is the San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site in La Porte which marks the site of the Battle of San Jacinto and holds the San Jacinto Monument and the USS Texas. Nearby, the Sterling Mansion, a former Governor's residence, at Morgan's Point marks the edge of the former Gold Coast of Texas.[137]

The Armand Bayou Nature Center in Pasadena is the largest urban wilderness preserve in the nation.[138] It features a boardwalk through the marshes, numerous nature trails, and boat tours offering views of natural habitats for animals ranging from bison to seagulls to butterflies. The Baytown Nature Center, located on two peninsulas along the ship channel, and the Texas City Prairie Preserve, located along Moses Lake and the bay, are largely undeveloped nature preserves with views of wetlands and coastal wildlife in addition to a variety of park facilities.[139] The Seabrook Trail System which includes Robinson and Pine Gully parks offers primitive access to natural habitats for numerous species.[140] These sites are all part of the larger Great Texas Coastal Birding Trail.

Further from the core on the northeast side of the bay sits the Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge, a 34,000-acre (140 km2) federal nature preserve.[141] The coastal habitats in the park offer opportunities for viewing species ranging from the American alligator and bobcat to bird species such as the fulvous whistling-duck and the yellow rail.[142]

Other major area parks include Clear Creek Nature Park (League City), Chandler Arboretum (Baytown), Challenger 7 Memorial Park (Webster), and Sylvan Beach Park (La Porte).[143]

Urban attractions

Space Center Houston is the tourist arm of the Johnson Space Center and one of the most visited tourist attractions in Texas.[144] Visitors can tour the Space Center grounds, view space capsules and artifacts, and find numerous educational activities including an IMAX theater.[145]

The Kemah Boardwalk is a waterfront attraction featuring a variety of rides, restaurants, shops, and other entertainment venues.[146] It is next to the Kemah Marina and hosts annual events such as the Boardwalk Wine Festival.[147]

The Eddie V. Gray Wetlands Education and Recreation Center in Baytown offers indoor and outdoor educational exhibits featuring wetlands wildlife and habitats. The exhibits range from aquariums to science labs. The site also includes hiking trails through primitive habitats.[148]

Museums in the area include the San Jacinto Museum of History, the Bay Area Museum[149] (Seabrook), the Pasadena Historical Museum, the West Bay Common School Museum (League City), the Baytown Historical Museum, the Texas City Museum, the Buttler Longhorn Museum (League City) and the Dickinson Railroad Museum.[150]

Farmers markets in the area, including the Nassau Bay Farmers Market and the Farmers Market at Clear Lake Shores, provide opportunities for area residents to connect with local growers, producers, and other businesses.[151] Historic districts such as the Goose Creek Historic District (Baytown), the Morgan's Point Historic District, and the League City Historic District are available providing views of early area architecture in addition to unique shopping venues.[152]

The area contains many marinas for boating and fishing enthusiasts such the Bayland Park Marina (Baytown) and the Watergate Yachting Center (Clear Lake Shores).[153] The shoreline of Clear Lake itself has the greatest concentration of recreational boats in Texas and ranks third nationwide (Watergate even claims to be the nation's largest).[154]

Sports

A view of a baseball diamond from the seats behind home plate.
Robinson Stadium in Texas City

The Bay Area Toros are the area's minor-league baseball team. The Toros play their home games at Robinson Stadium in Texas City.[155] The Texas City Rangers are a minor-league basketball team that plays its home games at La Marque High School.[156] The Houston Raceway Park in Baytown holds regular drag racing and speedway motorsport events through the year.[157] The park has a seating capacity of 30,000 with VIP suites.

The Galveston Bay Cruising Association holds regular regatta events on the bay such as the Bay Cup (Lakewood Yacht Club, Seabrook) and the Performance Cup.[158] The 2009 season had 22 events throughout the year offering entertainment for sportsmen and spectators. The Gulf Greyhound Park in LaMarque is a stadium complex offering dog racing exhibitions.[159] The park is the largest of its kind and features the state's largest restaurant among its amenities.[160]

Media

Major daily newspapers serving the area include the Galveston County Daily News, the Baytown Sun, and the Houston Chronicle.[161] Several smaller local newspapers serving the communities are available including the Bay Area Observer, the Bay Area Citizen, the Pasadena Citizen, and the Deer Park Progress.[162] The Bay Area Observer, Bay Area Houston Magazine and the Bay Area Houston .Directory are online publications providing area interest stories and information.[163]

The area receives many radio stations including some licensed within the area, such as KKBQ (country, Pasadena), KWWJ (gospel, Baytown), and KFTG and KLVL (Spanish religious, Pasadena).[164] Among the many television stations received in the area stations licensed in the area include KUBE-TV (TuVisión, Spanish language, Baytown).[165]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Number provided is a sum of data from U.S. Census and City of Houston; see Demographics
  2. ↑ Chang (2006), p. 186.
    Blackburn (2004), p. 64.
    Antrobus (2005), p. 57.
    "The City's Greatest Getaway: Boating, fishing, exploring and endless entertainment awaits you down by the bay". H Texas. Archived from the original on 4 October 2007. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
  3. 1 2 Shaw, William H. (2002). Business ethics. Wadsworth Publishing. p. 195. ISBN 0-534-57349-5.
  4. ↑ Galveston Bay Estuary Program (2002), Ch. 3
    Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership (200?). Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership: nine cities, two counties, one region. Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ↑ "Bay Area". First Books. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  6. 1 2 "City Data Profiles". Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership. Archived from the original on 17 June 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
  7. ↑ Chang (2006), p. 185.
  8. ↑ "Historical Society, Baytown". Retrieved 8 September 2009.
    "Electricity should be restored to city". Baytown Sun. 1 October 2005.
  9. ↑ "About the Chamber". Clear Lake Area Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved 3 November 2009.
  10. ↑ "Clear Lake-Bay Area". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  11. ↑ Barrington (2008), pp. 219–224.
    "Making Good in East Harris County and Beyond". East Harris County Manufacturer's Association. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
    "Pasadena, Deer Park, and Baytown". First Books. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  12. ↑ Benham, Priscilla Myers: Goose Creek, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State Historical Association.
  13. 1 2 3 Pomeroy, C. David, Jr.: Pasadena, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State History Association.
  14. ↑ Melosi (2007), p. 117.
  15. ↑ Blackburn (2004), p. 59.
    Barrington (2008), p. 225–235.
    Abbott (2003), p. 23
    "About the Chamber". Clear Lake Area Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
  16. ↑ Kearney (2008), p. 223.
    "Clear Lake". First Books. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
    Communications, Emmis (April 1997). "Mir Mortal". Indianapolis Monthly: 171.
  17. ↑ "Bay Area Houston: The Arts Alliance Center at Clear Lake". Guidry News. 10 September 2009. The Center ... is conveniently located in the heart of the Bay Area, across from NASA’s Johnson Space Center.
  18. ↑ Chang 2006, p.192.
    "About the Chamber". Texas City-La Marque Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
  19. ↑ Handbook of Texas (1952 edition). Texas State Historical Association. 1952. p. 324. ISBN 978-0-87611-027-0.
  20. 1 2 Benham, Priscilla Myers: Texas City, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State History Association.
  21. ↑ Barrington (2008), p. 210–212.
    "Anahuac Area Chamber of Commerce". Retrieved 17 September 2009.
  22. ↑ "Anahuac Area Chamber of Commerce". Anahuac Area Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
  23. ↑ McComb (2000), p. 12.
  24. ↑ Morris, John Miller: Exploration from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State Historical Association.
    Kleiner, Diana J.: Galveston County from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State Historical Association.
  25. ↑ "Fort Anahuac Visitors Center" (PDF). Chambers County. Retrieved 21 December 2009.
    Gard, Leigh: San Leon, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 22 December 2009.
    Chang (2006), p. 187.
    Kearney (2008), p. 177.
  26. ↑ Warren, Harris Gaylord: Laffite, Jean from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State Historical Association.
  27. ↑ Barker, Eugene C.: Austin, Stephen Fuller from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State Historical Association.
  28. ↑ Galveston Bay Estuary Program (2002), p. 27.
    Henson (1982), p. 49.
    Henson (1982), p. 51.
    Galveston Bay Estuary Program (2002), p. 27–28.
  29. ↑ Kemp, L. W.: Battle of San Jacinto from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State Historical Association.
  30. 1 2 Pomeroy, C. David, Jr.: Allen Ranch from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 16 October 2009. Texas State Historical Association.
  31. ↑ Benham, Priscilla Myers: Goose Creek, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 16 October 2009. Texas State Historical Association.
  32. ↑ Rocap, Pember W.: Dickinson, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State Historical Association.
  33. 1 2 3 Kleiner, Diana J.: League City, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State History Association.
    Kleiner, Diana J.: Webster, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State History Association.
  34. ↑ Johnston (1991), pp. 61–68.
  35. 1 2 Greene, Casey Edward: Clear Lake City Texas, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State Historical Association.
  36. ↑ "Weather Events: The 1900 Galveston Hurricane". The Weather Doctor. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
  37. ↑ Munsart (1997), p. 119.
  38. ↑ "Pasadena Texas - History". Global Oneness. Retrieved 12 September 2009. The Galveston Hurricane of 1900 caused many people to resettle in Pasadena.
  39. ↑ "Our City: The Birthplace of Free Texas". City of Pasadena. Archived from the original on 19 June 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
  40. ↑ "The Port of Texas City" (PDF). Texas City Library. Retrieved 12 September 2009. The Texas City Improvement Company, a forerunner of Texas City Terminal and the Mainland Company, Incorporated in April 1893. ... Competition for the shipment of cotton and grain was intense because of the established ports of Houston and Galveston.
  41. ↑ Galveston Bay Estuary Program (2002), p. 37.
  42. ↑ Olien, Roger M.: Oil and Gas Industry from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State Historical Association.
  43. ↑ Young, Buck A.: Baytown, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State History Association.
  44. ↑ Hinton (2002), p. 134.
  45. ↑ Rocap, Pember W.: Dickinson, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State Historical Association.
    Henson, Margaret Swett: Harris County from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State History Association.
  46. 1 2 Ramos (2004), p. 154.
  47. ↑ Kearney (2008), pp. 177-178.
    Fox (2007), p. 212.
  48. ↑ Communications, Emmis (December 1983). "Grande Dame of the Gulf". Texas Monthly: 168.
  49. ↑ Stephens (1997), p. 9.
    "Our City: The Birthplace of Free Texas". City of Pasadena. Retrieved 22 September 2009.
  50. ↑ Leatherwood, Art: Ellington Field from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Texas State History Association.
  51. ↑ Roddy (2008), p. 265.
    Barrington (2008), p. 266.
    Antrobus (2005), p. 57.
    Communications, Emmis (December 1983). "Grande Dame of the Gulf". Texas Monthly: 168.
  52. ↑ Tresaugue, Matthew (22 August 2009). "The state of the bay". Houston Chronicle.
  53. ↑ Casselman, Ben (4 June 2009). "Planning the 'Ike Dike' Defense". Wall Street Journal.
    Triarsi, Allison (15 January 2009). "Could Galveston's proposed Ike Dike work?". KHOU.
    "The Ike Dike: The Proposal to Prevent Severe Storm Destruction on the Texas Gulf Coast". Rice University: SSPEED - Severe Storm Prediction, Education, and Evacuation from Disasters. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
    Meyers, Rhiannon (14 January 2009). "Officials: Dikes, flood gates could protect area". Galveston County Daily News.
  54. ↑ Blackburn (2004), p. 40. "The acreage of swamps and bottomlands ... found in the Galveston Bay system ... [is] about 36,000 acres..."
    Eubanks (2006), p. 10.
    "Habitats page". Galveston Bay Estuary Program. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
    "Draining the Swamp: A scorched-earth management philosophy is sucking the life out of our region's wetlands". Houston Press. Retrieved 9 September 2009. Any local knows this city was built on a sweaty, pestilent, mosquito-infested swamp.
  55. ↑ "Flood Forecasting for the Buffalo Bayou Using CRWR-PrePro and HEC-HMS". Center for Research in Water Resources, The University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
  56. 1 2 "Houston-Galveston, Texas: Managing Coastal Subsidence" (pdf). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 11 January 2007.
  57. ↑ Vipulanandan, C. (2008). "Geotechnical Engineering Challengers in the Houston Area" (PDF). CIGMAT-2008 Conference & Exhibition.
  58. ↑ "Texas Earthquakes". University of Texas Institute for Geophysics. July 2001. Archived from the original on 15 July 2007. Retrieved 29 August 2007.
  59. ↑ "About Galveston Bay: Geography". Galveston Bay Estuary Program. Retrieved 3 September 2009.
  60. ↑ Melosi (2007), p. 12.
  61. ↑ "Regional Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program - Galveston Bay 1993" (PDF). Galveston Bay Information Center (Texas A&M Univ.). p. 100. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  62. ↑ City of Baytown Floodplain Mitigation Planning Committee (29 November 2005). "City of Baytown: Flood Mitigation Plan". City of Baytown, Texas. p. 34.
  63. ↑ "Rural areas east of Houston become crawfish havens". News 8 Austin. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
  64. ↑ Eubanks, Ted Lee, Jr.; Behrstock, Robert A.; Davidson, Seth (2008). Finding Birds On The Great Texas Coastal Birding Trail: Houston, Galveston, and the Upper Texas Coast. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-58544-534-9.
  65. ↑ Savitz, Jacqueline D.; Campbell, Christopher; Wiles, Richard; Hartmann, Carolyn (1994). "Dishonorable Discharge: Toxic Pollution of Texas Waters" (PDF). Environmental Working Group. p. 12.
  66. ↑ "Environmental News: Galveston Bay". Citizen's Environmental Coalition. Retrieved 6 September 2009. Contaminated storm water runoff, or nonpoint source (NPS) pollution, remains the top water quality problem facing Galveston Bay. NPS pollution is transported to our waterways via rainfall runoff from diffuse, landbased sources such as businesses, industries, farms, roads, parking lots, septic tanks, marinas, and residential yards.
  67. ↑ Cairns (1990), p. 215–216.
  68. ↑ "Weather Stats". Greater Houston Convention and Visitors Bureau. Retrieved 11 October 2008.
  69. ↑ Shippey, Karla C. (1995). USA business: the portable encyclopedia for doing business with the United States. World Trade Press. p. 203. ISBN 1-885073-01-1.
    "Houston/Galveston, Texas". NOAA: National Weather Service Forecast Office. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
  70. ↑ "Weather Stats". Greater Houston Convention and Visitors Bureau. Retrieved 11 October 2008.
    Melosi (2007), p. 13.
  71. ↑ "Monthly Averages for League City, TX (77573)". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2006.
  72. ↑ "WIND - AVERAGE SPEED (mph)". Department of Meteorology, University of Utah. 1993. Archived from the original on 9 December 2006. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
  73. ↑ "Wind- Average Wind Speed-(mph)". Golden Gate Weather Services. 2001. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
  74. ↑ "Monthly Averages for League City, TX (77573)". The Weather Channel web site. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
    "Monthly Averages for Pasadena, TX (77573)". The Weather Channel web site. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
  75. ↑ "State of the Air 2005, National and Regional Analysis". American Lung Association. 25 March 2005. Archived from the original on 24 November 2005. Retrieved 17 February 2006.
  76. ↑ "Summary of the Issues". Citizens League for Environmental Action Now. 1 August 2004. Archived from the original on 10 February 2006. Retrieved 17 February 2006.
  77. ↑ "Wide Ike and shallow coast mean strong surge". MSNBC. 12 September 2008. Houston is buffered by Galveston Island — which sits in the way of the surge — and the bay system
    Spinner, Kate (31 May 2009). "Hurricane forecasters zero in on threat of surge". Sarasota Herald Tribune. Just north of Galveston Island, the Bolivar Peninsula shields Galveston Bay much like Lido Key and Longboat Key shield Sarasota Bay.
  78. ↑ Broyles, William (December 1974). "Disaster Part II. Houston is sinking into the sea". Texas Monthly: 78. At the height of such a hurricane [the 1900 Galveston Hurricane] today, the temporary shoreline of the Gulf of Mexico will be ten miles inland.
  79. ↑ Berger, Eric (9 September 2008). "Would a category 3 hurricane surge flood your home?". Houston Chronicle Blogs.
  80. ↑ "Office Space Skyrocketing in Bay Area Houston". Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership. 2 October 2003.
    Chang (2006), p. 185.
  81. ↑ "Target Industries". Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership. Archived from the original on 18 May 2008. Retrieved 3 September 2009.
  82. ↑ "Demographic Detail Summary Report" (PDF). Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership. Retrieved 3 September 2009.
  83. ↑ Hodgin, Bob, Director, Center for Economic Education, University of Houston-Clear Lake (June 2007). "Bay Area Houston Overview" (PDF). Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership / University of Houston-Clear Lake. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
  84. ↑ "Bay Area Houston: Overview" (PDF). Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership. June 2007.
  85. ↑ Casselman, Ben (4 June 2009). "Planning the 'Ike Dike' Defense". Wall Street Journal.
  86. ↑ "Petroleum Refining & Chemical Products" (PDF). Office of the Texas Governor, Economic Development and Tourism Division. Jan 2009.
  87. ↑ Lewis (2006), pp. 304–305.
  88. ↑ "PROCLAMATION" (PDF). Office of the Mayor, City of Friendswood, Texas. 20 July 2009.
  89. 1 2 "Aerospace Engineering". Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership. Retrieved 18 September 2009. "Mining the Moon, Selling the Stars". Texas Monthly: 168. July 1986.
  90. ↑ Nathan Smith (28 March 2005). "Clear Lake at center of economy, community". The Galveston County Daily News. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
  91. ↑ White (2003), p. 46.
    "Wildbird's Top 50 Birding Hotspots: Upper Texas Coast". U.S. Geological Survey: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
    "Galveston Bay Eco-Paddle Association". Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  92. 1 2 Laura Elder (2006-08-31). "Who will build the next spacecraft?". The Galveston County Daily News. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
  93. ↑ "Social Marketing: A New Approach to Enhance Public Outreach and Education about Galveston Bay". Fall 2007.
    Galveston Bay is the second most productive estuary in the nation, producing more seafood than any other bay—trailing only Chesapeake Bay, which is over six times Galveston Bay’s size!
  94. ↑ "History: Chambers-Liberty Counties Navigation District". Chambers-Liberty Counties Navigation District. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
    "Anahuac Area Chamber of Commerce". Anahuac Area Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
  95. ↑ edited by Bruce W. Radford. (1983). Public utilities fortnightly. 112. Public Utilities Reports, inc. p. 61. ISBN 0-910325-28-6. Archived from the original on 13 May 2006. The Big Three complex at Bayport is one of the nation's largest industrial gas plants and the only one in the country which is steam-powered.
  96. ↑ "Bioscience/Biotech". Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
  97. ↑ "Economic Development". City of Baytown Texas. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
  98. 1 2 "U.S. Refineries* Operable Capacity". Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. July 2008.
  99. ↑ Proceedings - Refining Department. American Petroleum Institute. Refining Dept. 58: 326. 1979. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  100. ↑ Regester, Michael; Larkin, Judy (2008). Risk Issues and Crisis Management in Public Relations: A Casebook of Best. Kogan Page. p. 83. ISBN 0-7494-2393-5.
  101. ↑ "Agenda" (PDF). La Porte Independent School District. 26 February 2008. p. 100.
  102. ↑ "Ellington Field 147th Fighter Wing". Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership. 16 November 2003. Archived from the original on 25 April 2008.
    "Task force will continue work on Ellington". Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership. Archived from the original on 25 April 2008. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
  103. ↑ Houston super-neighborhood #81; includes Houston portion of Clear Lake City, Johnson Space Center, and nearby areas
  104. ↑ "Index - Census 2000 Data By Super Neighborhoods". City of Houston. Retrieved 3 November 2009.
    "U.S Census Bureau: American Factfinder". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 3 November 2009.
  105. ↑ Chang (2006), pp. 182, 188.
    "Higher Education". Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
  106. ↑ "Biotechnology Program". University of Houston-Clear Lake. Retrieved 22 September 2009. The University of Houston-Clear Lake is the first university in Texas to offer all three concentrations for a Master of Science in Biotechnology: Molecular Biotechnology, Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, and Biotechnology Management & Marketing
  107. ↑ "Directory of Chiropractic Schools in the United States". All Schools.com (Monster.com). Archived from the original on 22 August 2008. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  108. ↑ Peterson's (2007), p. 53.
  109. ↑ Chang (2006), pp. 182, 185, 188, 193.
  110. 1 2 3 "2009 Accountability System: List by District". Texas Education Agency. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
  111. ↑ "2009 Accountability System: State Summary". Texas Education Agency. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
  112. ↑ "Bay Area Houston Transportation Partnership".
  113. ↑ Melosi (2007), p. 168–169.
  114. ↑ "Map of Bay Area Houston" (PDF). Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
  115. ↑ "Fred Hartman Bridge". Nicolas Janberg/Structurae. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
    "Galveston Causeway Bridge". Nicolas Janberg/Structurae. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
  116. ↑ "Overall System Map". Harris County Metropolitan Transit Authority. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
  117. ↑ "Baytown, Texas". Greyhound Bus Lines. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
    "La Marque Texas City, Texas". Greyhound Bus Lines. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
  118. ↑ "Houston Airport System". Houston Airport System. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
  119. ↑ "Ellington Field expanding". Houston Airport System. 11 August 2006.
  120. ↑ "La Porte Municipal Airport". AirNav. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
    "Chambers County Airport". AirNav. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
  121. ↑ Balaker, Ted; Staley, Sam (2008). The Road More Traveled: Why the Congestion Crisis Matters More Than You Think, and What We Can Do About It. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. pp. 126–127. ISBN 0-7425-5112-1.
    Henry, Thomas E (2008). Next Voyage Will Be Different!. Dog Ear Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-59858-627-5.
  122. ↑ "UTMB Clinic Locations".
  123. ↑ "Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership". Archived from the original on 17 June 2008. Retrieved 4 September 2009.
  124. ↑ Chang (2006), pp. 182, 193.
  125. ↑ "Study Area 12 (part of a larger planning study)" (PDF). City of Houston. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2007. Retrieved 18 September 2009. Throughout the area Hispanics and Asians increased the most. By 2000, Hispanics, Asians, and Blacks had increased to make-up almost half the population.
    "Bay Area Houston: Overview" (PDF). Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership. June 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2009.
  126. ↑ "Baytown, Texas". City-Data.com. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
    "Pasadena, Texas". City-Data.com. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
  127. ↑ Sullivan, Tara (14 August 2008). "Organizers predict greatest Grito Fest ever". Baytown Sun.
  128. ↑ Kearney (2005), p. 151.
  129. ↑ Barrington (2008), p. 260.
  130. ↑ Barrington (2008), p. 265.
    John F. Purner. (2004). 101 Best Aviation Attractions. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 213. ISBN 0-07-142519-5.
    "Third Annual Texas City Music Fest by the Bay". Office of the Governor, Economic Development and Tourism. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
    "Texas City Music Fest By The Bay". Texas City. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
    "Annual Oak Tree Festival". League City Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 17 September 2009.
    Barrington (2008), p. 271.
    "South Shore Dockside Food & Wine Festival". Clear Creek Community Charities. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  131. ↑ Antrobus (2005), p. 168.
  132. ↑ "Pasadena Livestock Show and Rodeo". Retrieved 18 September 2009.
  133. ↑ "Bay Area Houston Ballet & Theatre". Bay Area Houston Ballet & Theatre. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
  134. ↑ Kearney (2008), p. 76.
    Johnson, Robin (13 October 2006). "Baytown Symphony Orchestra begins 39th year". Baytown Sun.
    "Where did we come from?". Clear Lake Symphony. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
    "Spotlights". The City of Pasadena, Texas. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
    "Baytown Symphony Orchestra". Baytown Symphony Orchestra. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
  135. ↑ "Come See What's Behind the Blue Doors". The Arts Alliance at Clear Lake. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
  136. ↑ Kidwell, Harlan Jr. (July 2006). "Column: ENCORE! Arts and Entertainment" (PDF). Bay Area Houston Magazine.
    "Pasadena Little Theatre". Retrieved 19 September 2009.
    "Clear Creek Country Theatre". Retrieved 19 September 2009.
    "Bay Area Harbour Playhouse". Retrieved 19 September 2009.
    Gage, Erin (31 July 2005). "BLT ready to open 45th season". Baytown Sun.
    "Baytown Little Theater". American Towns. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
    "Baytown Little Theater". Retrieved 7 September 2009.
  137. ↑ Kearney (2008), p. 177–178.
  138. ↑ "Armand Bayou Nature Center". Retrieved 17 September 2009.
  139. ↑ Wauer (1998), p. 334.
  140. ↑ Antrobus (2005), p. 137.
  141. ↑ "Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Refuge. Retrieved 17 September 2009.
  142. ↑ Edelson, Morris (December 1981). "Beaumont / Port Arthur". Texas Monthly: 38.
    Eubanks (2008), p. 102.
    Wauer (1998), p. 315.
  143. ↑ "Parks & Picnic Areas: Dr. Ned and Fay Dudney Clear Creek Nature park". Bay Area Houston Convention & Visitors Bureau. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
    "Sylvan Beach Park". Bay Area Houston Convention & Visitors Bureau. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
    "Challenger 7 Memorial Park". Bay Area Houston Convention & Visitors Bureau. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
    "Chandler Arboretum". City of Baytown, Texas. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
  144. ↑ Campbell (2004), p. 663.
  145. ↑ Baird (2005), p. 188-189.
  146. ↑ Naylor (2006), p. 42.
  147. ↑ Torregrossa, Bernice (9 September 2009). "Festival features wines, cuisine from Northwest". Galveston County Daily News.
  148. ↑ Jeffrey, Britney: Eddie V Gray Wetlands Center from the Handbook of Texas Online Texas State History Association.
  149. ↑ "Bay Area Museum". Lunar Rendezvous Festival. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  150. ↑ "City of Dickinson: Dickinson Railroad Depot History". City of Dickinson. Retrieved 22 September 2009.
    "Texas State Travel Guide: Dickinson Railroad Museum". Office of the Governor of Texas, Economic Development and Tourism. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
  151. ↑ "Houston-area farmers markets". Houston Chronicle.
    "Houston Farmers Markets". Bayou City Outdoors. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  152. ↑ Kearney (2006), p. 227.
  153. ↑ Roddy (2008), p. 265.
    Barrington (2008), p. 266.
    Antrobus (2005), p. 57.
  154. ↑ Antrobus (2005), p. 57.
  155. ↑ Roepken, Corey (27 February 2008). "League City's pro baseball team". Galveston County Daily News.
  156. ↑ "Texas City Rangers basketball team (ABA)". Eurobasket Inc.
  157. ↑ "Houston Raceway Track". Retrieved 17 September 2009.
  158. ↑ "Galveston Bay Cruising Association". 17 September 2009.
  159. ↑ Baird (2005), p. 196.
  160. ↑ Communications, Emmis (December 1992). "Around the State: Sports". Texas Monthly. 20: 34.
  161. ↑ Chang (2006), pp. 182, 185.
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  162. ↑ Chang (2006), pp. 182, 185, 188, 193.
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  163. ↑ Chang (2006), pp. 182, 185, 188.
    "Business to Business: Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership (reprint from Houston Community Newspapers)" (PDF). Bay Area Houston Economic Partnership. December 2003.
    "http://www.onlinenewspapers.com/usstate/ustexas.htm". Web Wombat Pty Ltd. Retrieved 20 January 2010. External link in |title= (help)
  164. ↑ Vane, Edwin T.; Gross, Lynne S. (1994). Programming for TV, radio, and cable. Focal Press. p. 40. ISBN 0-240-80128-8.
    Frazier, Skipper Lee (2006). Tighten Up: The Autobiography of a Houston Disc Jockey. Trafford Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-55212-792-6.
  165. ↑ "KAZH-TV to lose Azteca America affiliation". Houston Business Journal. 3 April 2007.
    "Television Station Information: KAZH Channel 57". StationIndex. Retrieved 21 September 2009.

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