Genoplesium

Genoplesium
G. fimbriatum in Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Orchidoideae
Tribe: Diurideae
Subtribe: Prasophyllinae
Genus: Genoplesium
R.Br.
Synonyms[1]

Corunastylis Fitzg.

Genoplesium commonly known as midge orchids, is a genus of about 50 species of flowering plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae and is found in Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia. Midge orchids are terrestrial herbs with a single leaf at the base of the plant. They are similar to orchids in the genus Prasophyllum in that plants without flowers have a hollow, onion-like leaf. The flowers are small but often scented and attractive to their insect pollinators. There is disagreement about which species belong to this genus and some taxonomists suggest that most belong in the genus Corunastylis.

Description

Orchids in the genus Genoplesium are terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herbs, usually with a few inconspicuous, fine roots and a pair of more or less spherical tubers. The tubers are partly covered by a protective fibrous sheath which extends to the soil surface. Replacement tubers form at the end of short root-like stolons. Orchids in this genus do not reproduce using "daughter" tubers, but rely on their flowers for reproduction. A single long, cylindrical, glabrous leaf develops near the base of the plant and is fused to the flowering stem. The leaf of flowering plants is solid but those of sterile plants are hollow.[2][3][4]

The inflorescence is a spike or raceme with a few to many non-resupinate flowers which are often have reddish brown or purple parts and often smell fruity. The dorsal sepal is usually shorter and wider than two lateral sepals, dished on the lower surface and often forms a hood over the column. The lateral sepals are often joined near their bases and the lateral petals are shorter and narrower than the sepals. As is usual in orchids, one petal is highly modified as the central labellum, much different from the other petals and sepals. The labellum is above the column and joined to it by a flexible attachment, so that the labellum vibrates in a breeze. The edge of the labellum sometimes has fine teeth, glands or hairs. The labellum has a callus which consists often covers its surface and which consists of a raised, fleshy plate. The sexual parts of the flower are fused to the column which is short and has narrow wings, often with an extension at the front. Midge orchids usually flower in summer, autumn or winter, depending on species, and the fruit that follows flowering is a non-fleshy, dehiscent capsule containing up to 500 seeds.[2][3][4]

Taxonomy and naming

The genus Genoplesium was first formally described by Robert Brown in 1810 and the description was published in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae. The type species is G. baueri.[5][6]

The name Genoplesium is derived from the Ancient Greek words genos meaning "race", "stock" or "kind"[7]:366 and plesios meaning "near"[7]:618 referring to the similarity of these orchids to those in the genus Prasophyllum.[3]

Jones and Clements proposed moving all but one species of Genoplesium to Corunastylis however the change has not been accepted by most authorities, including Index Kewensis[1] and the National Herbarium of New South Wales.[4] The change has been accepted by Royal Botanic Gardens, Victoria who list 11 species of Corunastylis.[8]

Distribution and habitat

Midge orchids mainly occur in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. [3] There is one species (G. calopterum) in New Caledonia and two (G. nudum and G. pumilum) in New Zealand.[9] Most Genoplesium species occur in near-coastal regions but also grow in montane and sub-alpine areas. In Australia they are most common in moss beds over rock, in forest, woodland, heath and mallee. Genoplesium species in New Zealand grow in grassy places as well as in swamps and the New Caledonian species grows in stunted maquis.[3]

Ecology

Some of the characteristics of the flowers of midge orchids, such as small size, dull colours and hairy parts waving in a breeze, suggest pollination by small flies. Some studies have suggested that the flowers are pollinated exclusively by flies of the Superfamily Chloropoidea (now in the Family Milichiidae). A few species, such as the New Zealand G. nudum appear to exclusively self-pollinate.[3]

Species list

The species recognised by Index Kewensis as at July 2016 are:[1]

  • Genoplesium acuminatum (R.S.Rogers) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. (NSW)
  • Genoplesium alticola D.L.Jones & B.Gray (Qld)
  • Genoplesium anthracinum (D.L.Jones) J.M.H. Shaw (NSW)
  • Genoplesium apostasioides (Fitzg.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. (NSW)
  • Genoplesium archeri (Hook.f.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. - variable midge-orchid (Vic, Tas, NSW, Qld)
  • Genoplesium arrectum D.L.Jones (Vic, NSW, ACT)
  • Genoplesium baueri R.Br, (NSW)
  • Genoplesium bishopii D.L.Jones (NSW)
  • Genoplesium brachystachyum (Lindl.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. (Tas)
  • Genoplesium calopterum (Rchb.f.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. (New Caledonia)
  • Genoplesium citriodorum D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. (NSW)
  • Genoplesium clivicola (D.L.Jones) J.M.H.Shaw (NSW, ACT)
  • Genoplesium confertum (D.L.Jones) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. (Qld)
  • Genoplesium cornutum (D.L.Jones) J.M.H.Shaw (NSW, ACT)
  • Genoplesium cranei D.L.Jones (Qld)
  • Genoplesium despectans (Hook.f.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. - sharp midge-orchid (SA, Vic, Tas, NSW)
  • Genoplesium ectopum D.L.Jones (ACT)
  • Genoplesium eriochilum (Fitzg.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. (NSW)
  • Genoplesium filiforme (Fitzg.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. (NSW, Qld)
  • Genoplesium fimbriatum (R.Br.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. - fringed midge-orchid (NSW, Qld)
  • Genoplesium firthii (L.Cady) D.L.Jones (Tas)
  • Genoplesium formosum D.L.Jones (NSW)
  • Genoplesium insigne D.L.Jones (NSW)
  • Genoplesium littorale D.L.Jones (NSW)
  • Genoplesium morinum D.L.Jones (Vic, NSW)
  • Genoplesium morrisii (Nicholls) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. - bearded midge-orchid (SA, Vic, Tas, NSW)
  • Genoplesium nigricans (R.Br.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. - mallee midge-orchid (SA)
  • Genoplesium nudiscapum (Hook.f.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. - dense midge-orchid (Vic, Tas)
  • Genoplesium nudum (Hook.f.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. - tiny midge-orchid (NZ, Vic, Tas, NSW, ACT)
  • Genoplesium oliganthum D.L.Jones (NSW)
  • Genoplesium ostrinum D.L.Jones (Vic, NSW)
  • Genoplesium parvicallum (Rupp) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. (Qld)
  • Genoplesium pedersonii D.L.Jones (Qld)
  • Genoplesium plumosum (Rupp) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. - Tallong midge-orchid or plumed midge-orchid (NSW)
  • Genoplesium psammophilum D.L.Jones (Qld)
  • Genoplesium pumilum (Hook.f.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. - green midge orchid (NZ, Vic, Tas, NSW, Qld)
  • Genoplesium rhyoliticum D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. (NSW)
  • Genoplesium rufum (R.Br.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. - red midge orchid (NSW, Qld)
  • Genoplesium ruppii (R.S.Rogers) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. (NSW)
  • Genoplesium sagittiferum (Rupp) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. (NSW, Qld)
  • Genoplesium sigmoideum D.L.Jones (Qld)
  • Genoplesium simulans D.L.Jones (NSW)
  • Genoplesium superbum D.L.Jones (NSW)
  • Genoplesium systenum D.L.Jones (NSW)
  • Genoplesium tasmanicum D.L.Jones (Tas)
  • Genoplesium tectum D.L.Jones (Qld)
  • Genoplesium turfosum D.L.Jones (Vic, NSW, ACT)
  • Genoplesium validum D.L.Jones (Qld)
  • Genoplesium vernale D.L.Jones (NSW)
  • Genoplesium woollsii (F.Muell.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. (NSW)

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Genoplesium". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  2. 1 2 Jones, David L. (1998). "A Taxonomic Review of Prasophyllum R.Br. in Tasmania". Australian Orchid Research. 3: 86–93.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pridgeon (ed.), Alec M.; Cribb (ed.), Phillip J.; Chase (ed.), Mark W.; Rasmussen (ed.), Finn (2001). Genera Orchidacearum, Volume 2, Orchidoideae (part 1). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 177–181. ISBN 0198507100.
  4. 1 2 3 Jones, David L. "Genus Genoplesium". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney: plantnet. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  5. ↑ "Prasophyllum". APNI. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  6. ↑ Brown, Robert (1810). Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae. London. p. 319. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  7. 1 2 Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). The Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
  8. ↑ "Flora of Victoria: Corunastylis". Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  9. ↑ "Species List". New Zealand Native Orchids; New Zealand Orchid Group. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
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