Jules Guesde
| Jules Guesde | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born |
11 November 1845 Paris |
| Died |
28 July 1922 (aged 76) Saint-Mandé |
| Relatives |
Lilian Constantini[1] (granddaughter) Dominique Schneidre[1] (great-granddaughter) |
Jules Bazile, known as Jules Guesde (11 November 1845 – 28 July 1922) was a French socialist journalist and politician.
Guesde was the inspiration for a famous quotation by Karl Marx. Shortly before Marx died in 1883, he wrote a letter to Guesde and Paul Lafargue, both of whom already claimed to represent "Marxist" principles. Marx accused them of "revolutionary phrase-mongering".[2] This exchange is the source of Marx's remark, reported by Friedrich Engels: "ce qu'il y a de certain c'est que moi, je ne suis pas Marxiste” (“what is certain is that [if they are Marxists], [then] I myself am not a Marxist”).
Biography
Early years
Jules Bazile Guesde was born in Paris, on the Ile-St-Louis. He began his career as a clerk in the Interior Ministry. He wrote in republican newspapers under the Second Empire and chose "Jules Guesde" as a pen name after his mother's name, Eléonor Guesde. On the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War, he was editing Les Droits de l'Homme at Montpellier, and had to take refuge in Geneva in 1871 from a prosecution instituted on account of articles which had appeared in his paper in defence of the Paris Commune. There he read the works of Karl Marx.
In 1876, he returned to France to become one of the chief French advocates of Marxism, being imprisoned for six months in 1878 for taking part in the first Parisian International Congress. He edited at different times Les Droits de l’Homme, Le Cri du peuple, and Le Socialiste, but his best-known organ was the weekly Égalité.
He had been in close association with Paul Lafargue, and through him with Karl Marx, whose daughter Lafargue had married. It was in conjunction with Marx and Lafargue that he drew up the programme accepted by the National Congress of the French Workers' Party at Le Havre in 1880, which laid stress on the formation of an international labour party working by revolutionary methods. The following year, at the Reims Congress, the orthodox Marxian programme of Guesde was opposed by the "possibilists", who rejected the intransigeant attitude of Guesde for the reformist policy of Benoît Malon.
Leader of the intransigents
At the Congress of Saint-Étienne, the difference developed into separation. Those who refused all compromise with a capitalist government followed Guesde, while the reformists formed several groups. Guesde took his full share in the consequent discussions between the Guesdists, the Blanquists, the Possibilists, and others. In 1893 he was returned to the Chamber of Deputies for Roubaix,[3] with a large majority over the Christian Socialist and Radical candidates. He brought forward various proposals in social legislation forming the programme of the Workers' Party, without reference to the divisions among the Socialists, and, on 20 November 1894, succeeded in raising a two days' discussion of the collectivist principle in the Chamber.
In 1902 he was not re-elected, but resumed his seat in 1906. In 1903 there was a formal reconciliation at the Reims Congress of the sections of the party, which then took the name of the Socialist Party of France. All socialist tendencies were then unified in 1905 in the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), the French section of the Second International. Guesde, nevertheless, continued to oppose the reformist policy of Jean Jaurès, whom he denounced for supporting one "bourgeois" party against another. In 1900, he had already opposed him on the question of socialist participation in "bourgeois" government.[4] His defence of the principle of freedom of association led him, incongruously enough, to support the religious Congregations against Émile Combes's Separation of the Churches and the State.
Later life
The outbreak of World War I, which was regarded as threatening France's existence, had the effect of changing the uncompromising attitude of Guesde. In August 1914, while the Reformist Jaures was assassinated due to his opposition to the war, Guesde was included in the national unity government of René Viviani as a Minister without Portfolio, and continued to serve in that role until the end of 1916. During this period, he adopted patriotic positions and sometimes even nationalist views.
Death and legacy
Guesde died on 28 July 1922.
Besides his numerous political and socialist pamphlets he published in 1901 two volumes of his speeches in the Chamber of Deputies entitled Quatre ans de lutte de classe 1893-1898 (Four years of class struggle).
Footnotes
- 1 2 Tami Williams, Germaine Dulac: A Cinema of Sensations, Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 2014, p. 164
- ↑ Marxists Internet Archive, introduction to "The Programme of the Parti Ouvrier", Footnote 5. Access date: September 4, 2007.
- ↑ Stone, Judith F. (August 1, 1985). The Search for Social Peace: Reform Legislation in France, 1890-1914. SUNY series in modern European social history. Albany (New York), USA: State University of New York Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-887-06023-6. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
In 1893, fifty socialists were elected to the Chamber. Among them were Jules Guesde for Roubaix, and the leading independents, Alexandre Millerand for the Parisian twelfth arrondissement and Jean Jaurès for Carmaux in the Midi.
- ↑ (French) See the November 26, 1900 discourse On Two Methods, and Jaurès' answer at the same meeting
Further reading
- Samuel Bernstein, "Jules Guesde, Pioneer of Marxism in France," Science and Society, vol. 4, no. 1 (Winter 1940), pp. 29–56. In JSTOR.
External links
- (English) Guesde' texts at Marxist Internet Archives
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "article name needed". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.