Gyeongbu Line

For the high speed railway, see Gyeongbu High Speed Railway.
Gyeongbu Line
Overview
Native name 경부선(京釜線)
Type Passenger/freight rail
Termini Seoul
Busan
Stations 90
Line number 201 (KR)
Operation
Opened January 1, 1905
Owner Korea Rail Network Authority
Operator(s) Korail
Technical
Line length 441.7 km (274.5 mi)
Number of tracks 6 (Seoul–Guro)
4 (Guro–Cheonan)
2 (Cheonan–Busan)
Track gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
Electrification 25 kV/60 Hz Catenary
Operating speed 150 km/h (93 mph)
Route map
Legend
 Gyeongui Line
 0.0 Seoul
3.2 Yongsan
9.1 Yeongdeungpo
11.7 Guro
23.9 Anyang
27.5 Geumjeong
33.9 Uiwang
41.5 Suwon
48.7 Byeongjeom
56.5 Osan
75.0 Pyeongtaek
 ↑Gyeonggi/South Chungcheong↓
 84.4 Seonghwan
 89.8 Jiksan
96.6 Cheonan
 Janghang Line
 ↑South Chungcheong/Sejong↓
 107.4 Sojeong-ri
 114.9 Jeonui
 122.6 Jeondong (Signal Box)
 126.1 Seochang (Signal Box)
 Osong line
Chungbuk Line
 129.3 Jochiwon
 134.9 Naepan (Signal Box)
 139.8 Bugang
 144.4 Maepo
 ↑Sejong/Daejeon↓
 151.9 Sintanjin
 157.5 Hoedeok
 161.6 Daejon Rail Yard
Honam Line
Honam HSR Line
164.2 Gyeongbu HSR Line
 Daejeon Line
 166.3 Daejeon
 173.6 Secheon
 ↑Daejeon/North Chungcheong↓
 182.5 Okcheon
182.9 Gyeongbu HSR Line
 190.8 Iwon
 196.4 Jitan
 200.8 Simcheon
 204.6 Kakkye
 211.6 Yeongdong
 226.2 Hwanggan
 234.7 Chupungnyeong
 ↑North Chungcheong/North Gyeongsang↓
 240.7 Sinam (Signal Box)
 246.2 Jikjisa
 Gyeongbuk Line
 253.8 Gimcheon
 263.5 Daeshin
 269.2 Apo
 276.7 Gumi
 281.3 Sagok
 289.5 Yamok
 296.0 Waegwan
 302.2 Yeonhwa
 305.9 Sindong
308.2 Gyeongbu HSR Line
 313.3 Jicheon
 ↑North Gyeongsang/Daegu↓
 323.1 Deagu
 326.3 East Daegu
 331.8 Gomo
 333.4 Gacheon
 Daegu Line
 ↑Daegu/North Gyeongsang↓
 338.6 Gyeongsan
 345.7 Samseong
 353.1 Namseonghyeon
 361.8 Cheongdo
 367.4 Singeo
 ↑North Gyeongsang/South Gyeongsang↓
 372.2 Sangdong
 381.6 Miryang
 392.6 Mijeon (Signal Box) ←Mijeon Line

Gyeongjeon Line
 394.1 Samnangjin
 403.2 Wondong
 Yangsan Freight Line
 412.4 Mulgeum
 ↑South Gyeongsang/Busan↓
 421.8 Hwamyeong
 425.2 Gupo
 430.3 Sasang
Gaya Line
Donghae Nambu Line
 439.9 Busanjin
 Uam Line
 441.7 Busan
Gyeongbu Line
Hangul 경부선
Hanja 京釜線
Revised Romanization Gyeongbuseon
McCune–Reischauer Kyŏngbusŏn

The Gyeongbu Line (Gyeongbuseon) is the most important railway line in South Korea and one of the oldest. Constructed in 1905, connecting Seoul to Suwon, Daejeon, Daegu, and Busan. The Gyeongbu Line is by far the most heavily travelled rail line in South Korea. High-speed, express, local, and freight trains provide frequent service along its entire length.

History

Groundbreaking celebration of the railway line from Seoul to Busan in 1901
Evolution of shortest travel times and top speeds between Seoul and Busan on the Gyeongbu Line

The Gyeongbu Line was originally constructed as a vehicle of colonialism.[1] In 1894-1895, Imperial Japan and Qing Dynasty China fought the First Sino-Japanese War for influence over Korea. Following the war, in competition with Russia's rail expansion across China, Japan sought the right from the Korean Empire to build a railway from Busan to Seoul, the Gyeonbu Line.[1] Surveying began in 1896, and in spite of local protests, the Korean Empire gave Japan the right to build the line in 1898.[2] Construction of the Gyeongbu Line started on August 20, 1901, with a ceremony at Yeongdeungpo, Seoul.[2] Construction was done by locals commanded to do forced labour, and paid with coupons.[2]

Japan also sought to gain control of the Gyeongui Line project that was to continue tracks further north, recognising the trunk route as a means to keep Korea under its influence.[1] The line was also advanced for military considerations in expectation of a confrontation with Russia, which came in 1904 as the Russo-Japanese War.[1] At the start of the war, Japan ignored Korea's declaration of neutrality and transported troops to Incheon, and forced the Korean government to sign an agreement that gave Japan's military control of the railway. Troop bases were established in connection with the railway, the biggest of them next to Yongsan Station in Seoul.[1]

Construction of the Gyeongbu Line was completed on January 1, 1905.[2] The first trains travelled the line in 17 hours 4 minutes.[3] By April 1906, travel time was reduced to 11 hours,[3] while top speed was 60 km/h (37 mph).[4] The line developed into the backbone of transport in Korea under Japanese rule. Following the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, from April 1, 1933, the line was traversed by direct trains from Busan to Andong (today Dandong) across the border.[5] From December 1, 1936, the Akatsuki luxury express trains ran on the line with a maximum speed of 90 km/h (56 mph), and achieved the shortest pre-war travel time of 6 hours 30 minutes[3] in the timetable valid from November 1, 1940.[6]

Travel times increased greatly while the line was used for transport in World War II.[6] Following World War II, the Seoul–Busan express train re-established on May 20, 1946,[6] was named Chosun Liberator.[5] During the Korean War, the line transported troops and refugees.[7] The line remained the backbone of transport in South Korea after the war,[8] when diesel locomotives[5] and the cross-country Mugunghwa-ho train class was introduced.[3] Following the 1961 coup, the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction started South Korea's first five-year plan, which included a construction program to complete the railway network, to foster economic growth.[9] On the Gyeongbu Line, the effort was advertised with a new class of express trains named Jaegeon-ho, (Reconstruction train) introduced on May 15, 1962.[5] These trains reduced travel times below the best pre-WWII travel times for the first time, connecting Seoul and Busan in 6 hours 10 minutes at a top speed of 100 km/h (62 mph).[3]

From the 1960s, road construction began to make road transport more attractive and faster. Although top speed rose to 110 km/h (68 mph) and the Seoul–Busan travel time along the Gyeongbu Line was reduced to 4 hours 50 minutes by June 10, 1969,[3] on the parallel Gyeongbu Expressway, completed in 1970, travel time was only 4 hours to 4 hours 30 minutes.[8] Korean National Railroad responded by introducing the Saemaul-ho class of elevated-comfort express trains on August 15, 1974.[3] with the introduction of new streamlined diesel locomotives and then diesel multiple units in Saemaul-ho service,[5] top speed was raised to 140 km/h (87 mph) and travel time was reduced to 4 hours 10 minutes with the timetable valid from November 16, 1985.[3]

Upgrade

The Gyeongbu Line was extensively upgraded in parallel with the development of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway urban rapid transit system and the Korea Train Express (KTX) high-speed rail system from the 1970s.

The Gyeongbu Line is six-tracked from Seoul to Guro, four-tracked from Guro to Cheonan,[10] and double-tracked from Cheonan all the way to Busan. The entire line is electrified.[10]

Relationship with the KTX project

The Seoul-Busan axis is Korea's main traffic corridor. In 1995, it housed 73.3% of Korea's population, and conducted 70% of the freight traffic and 66% of the passenger traffic. With both the Gyeongbu Expressway and Korail's Gyeongbu Line congested, the government saw the need to develop railways.[8] The first proposals for a second Seoul-Busan railway line originated from a study prepared between 1972 and 1974 by experts of France's SNCF and Japan Railway Technical Service (JARTS) on a request from the IBRD.[8][11] A more detailed 1978-1981 study by KAIST, focusing on the needs of freight transport, also came to the conclusion that the necessary capacity for freight transport on the existing Gyeongbu Line could best be released by separating off long-distance passenger traffic on a parallel high speed passenger railway, which was then taken up in Korea's next Five Year Plan.[8]

Following the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, the government decided to finish the Gyeongbu High Speed Railway (Gyeongbu HSR) in two phases, and upgrade and electrify the conventional Gyeongbu Line for KTX services on the sections paralleling the parts of the high-speed line not completed in the first phase.[8][12]

Plans foresaw the development of the Gyeongbu Line into a high-capacity freight corridor after the completion of the second phase of the Gyeongbu HSR.[13] At the time of the opening of the Daegu–Busan section of the high-speed line on November 1, 2010, capacity available for freight trains on the conventional line was expected to increase by a factor of 7.7, while the capacity for passenger transport in the entire corridor increased by a factor of 3.4.[14]

Electrification

The line was electrified in stages from 1974 to 2006:[10]

Section Length Start of electric operation Notes
Seoul–Suwon 41.5 km August 15, 1974 Integration into Seoul Subway Line 1
 Yeongdeungpo–Suwon 32.3 km December 23, 1981 Second pair of tracks
 Yongsan–Guro 8.5 km December 30, 1996 Third pair of tracks
Suwon–Byeongjeom 7.2 km April 30, 2003 Four tracks; extension of Seoul Subway Line 1
Byeongjeom–Cheonan 48.4 km January 20, 2005 Four tracks
Cheonan–Jochiwon 32.7 km March 30, 2005
Jochiwon–Daejeonjochajang 34.9 km July 1, 2005
Daejeonjochajang–Daejeon–Okcheon 20.7 km April 1, 2004 For KTX trains
Okcheon–Sangdong 125.3 km Dec 8, 2006
Sangdong–Daegu–Busan 132.8 km April 1, 2004 For KTX trains

For KTX trains and new electric locomotives, top speed was also raised to up to 150 km/h.[10][15]

Services

The Gyeongbu Line is the major route out of Seoul and Yongsan Stations and, in addition to regular departures for Busan, trains travel along the Gyeongbu Line en route to Janghang, Gwangju, Mokpo, Suncheon, Yeosu, Pohang, Ulsan, Haeundae, Masan, and Jinju. Trains for Jecheon, Andong, and Yeongju also operate along sections of the Gyeongbu Line.

On the section between Seoul Station, Guro (where roughly half of the trains leave the Gyeongbu Line to head out to Incheon via the Gyeongin Line), Suwon, and Byeongjeom, Seoul Subway Line 1 provides frequent commuter services.

The Gyeongbu Line is served along its entire length by frequent intercity Saemaul-ho and cross-country Mugunghwa-ho trains. Some trains run along the entire length of the line, others only on some sections, including trains diverging to the connected lines. As of October 2010, direct Saemaul day trains connect Seoul to Busan in a minimum 4 hours 50 minutes, and Mughungwa trains in a minimum 5 hours 28 minutes.[16]

KTX

Korail launched KTX high-speed services with the opening of the first phase of the Gyeongbu HSR on April 1, 2004.[8] The Seoul–Busan travel distance was shortened to 408.5 km, the shortest travel time was 2 hours 40 minutes.[8]

All KTX services use the conventional Gyeongbu Line between Seoul and the start of the Siheung Interconnection at a junction after Geumcheon-gu Office Station, until the Siheung Interconnection diverges in a tunnel towards the present start of the Gyeongbu HSR. The terminal for most Gyeongbu KTX services is Seoul Station, for most Honam KTX services, Yongsan Station.[8][16] In addition, some trains continue beyond Seoul station for 14.9 km along the Gyeongui Line to terminate at Haengsin Station,[16] next to which KTX trains have a depot.[17] An additional stop at Yeongdeungpo Station was proposed in 2004, however, the plans were dropped in face of opposition from locals living around Gwangmyeong Station along the Gyeongbu HSR, who feared that Yeongdeungpo would draw away passengers from the new station and force its closing.[18] However, the November 1, 2010, timetable change made Yeongdeungpo a KTX stop, for newly introduced trains that also use the Gyeongbu Line on the entire Seoul–Daejeon section, to serve Suwon.[16][19]

From its opening, the Gyeongbu KTX service also returned to the Gyeongbu Line for two short sections crossing Daejeon and Daegu, where local disputes about the high-speed line alignment across urban areas held up construction;[20] and all the way from Daegu to Busan. Consequently, all but two of the stations of the Gyeongbu KTX service were on the conventional Gyeongbu Line: after the two stations on the high-speed line, Gwangmyeong and Cheonan-Asan, stops were at Daejeon, Dongdaegu (East Daegu), Miryang, Gupo and Busan.[8] Some Gyeongbu KTX services maintained service on this relation after the November 1, 2010, opening of the second phase of the Gyeongbu HSR, with the daily number of halts in Miryang and Gupo increased.[16] Korail met local demands by introducing additional KTX services between Seoul and Dongdaegu in June 2007, which used the conventional Gyeongbu Line between Daejeon and Dongdaegu to serve Gimcheon and Gumi.[21] However, these services were discontinued with the opening of the Gimcheon–Gumi Station on the high-speed line.[21]

The section between Daegu and Samnangjin, the junction with the Gyeongjeon Line, is also used by the Gyeongjeon KTX services, which connect Seoul to Masan on the Gyeongjeon Line since December 15, 2010,[22] and will be extended to Jinju by 2012.[23] Stops along the Gyeongbu Line will be at Dongdaegu and Miryang.

Evolution of long-distance passenger traffic

Between Seoul and Cheonan, the Mugunghwa and Saemaul express trains on the Gyeongbu Line gave rail around a fifth of the modal share before the launch of KTX services. Due to the short distance and the location of the KTX station outside the city, the conventional line could retain most of its passengers, and the increase in the total modal share of rail was modest.[8] On the medium-distance relation from Seoul to Daejeon, KTX gained market share mostly at the expense of normal express services on the Gyeongbu Line, which decreased by half in the first year, while the total share of rail increased to a third.[8] On the long-distance relations from Seoul to Daegu and Busan, the total share of rail increased from around two-fifths to a market dominating three-fifths, with the bulk of that traffic taken by the KTX. For intercity passenger traffic on the conventional Gyeongbu Line, that translates to a sharp drop on the Daejeon-Daegu section (bypassed by KTX trains) and a sharp increase on the Daegu-Busan section.[8]

Railway modal share in intercity traffic[8]
Seoul to... Cheonan Daejeon Daegu Busan
Period Total Without KTX Total Without KTX Total Without KTX Total Without KTX
2003/4 21.1% 21.1% 27.5% 27.5% 40.5% 40.5% 38.0% 38.0%
2004/5 24.2% 19.2% 33.9% 14.0% 63.6% 11.4% 60.9% 10.6%

Station list

Station Hangul Hanja Connecting lines
and services		 Station
distance		 Line
distance		 Location
km
Seoul 서울 서울 Gyeongbu HSR
Gyeongui Line
Gyeongin Line
Seoul Subway Line 1
Seoul Subway Line 4
AREX		 - 0.0 Seoul Jung-gu
Namyeong 남영 南營 Seoul Subway Line 1 1.7 1.7 Yongsan-gu
Yongsan 용산 龍山 Gyeongwon Line
(Jungang Line)
Yongsan Line
Honam Line
Honam KTX
Seoul Subway Line 1		 1.5 3.2
Noryangjin 노량진 鷺梁津 Seoul Subway Line 1
Seoul Subway Line 9		 2.6 5.8 Dongjak-gu
Daebang 대방 大方 Seoul Subway Line 1 1.5 7.3 Yeongdeungpo-gu
Singil 신길 新吉 Seoul Subway Line 1
Seoul Subway Line 5		 0.8 8.1
Yeongdeungpo 영등포 永登浦 Gyeongbu HSR
Seoul Subway Line 1		 1.0 9.1
Sindorim 신도림 新道林 Seoul Subway Line 1
Seoul Subway Line 2
Sinjeong Branch
(Seoul Subway Line 2)		 1.5 10.6 Guro-gu
Guro 구로 九老 Seoul Subway Line 1
Gyeongin Line
(Seoul Subway Line 1)		 1.1 11.7
Gasan Digital Complex 가산디지털단지 加山디지털團地 Seoul Subway Line 1
Seoul Subway Line 7		 2.4 14.1 Geumcheon-gu
Doksan
(Haan-dong)		 독산
(하안동입구)		 禿山
(下安洞入口)		 Seoul Subway Line 1 2.0 16.1
Geumcheon-gu Office 금천구청 衿川區廳 Seoul Subway Line 1
Gwangmyeong Line
(Seoul Subway Line 1)		 1.2 17.3
Seoksu 석수 石水 Seoul Subway Line 1 2.3 19.6 Gyeonggi-do Anyang
Gwanak 관악 冠岳 Seoul Subway Line 1 1.9 21.5
Anyang 안양 安養 Seoul Subway Line 1 2.4 23.9
Myeonghak
(Sungkyul University)		 명학
성결대앞		 鳴鶴
(聖潔大앞)		 Seoul Subway Line 1 2.2 26.1
Geumjeong 금정 衿井 Seoul Subway Line 1
Gwacheon Line
(Seoul Subway Line 4)
Ansan Line
(Seoul Subway Line 4)		 1.4 27.5 Gunpo
Gunpo 군포 軍浦 Seoul Subway Line 1 2.2 29.7
Dangjeong
(Hansei University)		 당정
(한세대앞)		 堂井
(韓世大앞)		 Seoul Subway Line 1 1.6 31.3
Uiwang
(Korea Railroad College)		 의왕
(철도대학)		 義王
(鐵道大學)		 Seoul Subway Line 1
Nambu Hwamulgiji Line		 4.2 33.9 Uiwang
Sungkyunkwan Univ. 성균관대 成均館大 Seoul Subway Line 1 2.9 36.8 Suwon
Hwaseo 화서 華西 Seoul Subway Line 1 2.6 39.4
Suwon 수원 水原 Gyeongbu HSR
Seoul Subway Line 1		 2.1 41.5
Seryu 세류 細柳 Seoul Subway Line 1 2.9 44.4
Byeongjeom
(Hanshin University)		 병점
(한신대)		 餅店
(韓神大)		 Seoul Subway Line 1
Byeongjeomgiji Line
(Seoul Subway Line 1)		 4.3 48.7 Hwaseong
Sema 세마 洗馬 Seoul Subway Line 1 2.4 51.1 Osan
Osan College
(Mulhyanggi Arboretum)		 오산대
(물향기수목원)		 烏山大
(물香気樹木園)		 Seoul Subway Line 1 2.7 53.8
Osan 오산 烏山 Seoul Subway Line 1 2.7 56.5
Jinwi 진위 振威 Seoul Subway Line 1 4.0 60.5 Pyeongtaek
Songtan 송탄 松炭 Seoul Subway Line 1 3.8 64.3
Seojeong-ri
(Kookje College)		 서정리
(국제대학)		 西井里
(國際大學)		 Seoul Subway Line 1 2.2 66.5
Jije 지제 芝制 Seoul Subway Line 1 4.8 71.3
Pyeongtaek 평택 平澤 Seoul Subway Line 1 3.7 75.0
Seonghwan
(Namseoul University)		 성환
(남서울대)		 成歡
(南서울大)		 Seoul Subway Line 1 9.4 84.4 Chungcheongnam-do Cheonan
Jiksan 직산 稷山 Seoul Subway Line 1 5.4 89.8
Dujeong 두정 斗井 Seoul Subway Line 1 3.8 93.6
Cheonan 천안 天安 Seoul Subway Line 1
Janghang Line
Anseong Line (Closed)		 3.0 96.6
Sojeong-ri 소정리 小井里 - 10.8 107.4 Sejong City
Jeonui 전의 全義 - 7.5 114.9
Jeondong 전동 全東 - 7.7 122.6
Seochang 서창 瑞倉 Osong Line 3.5 126.1
Jochiwon 조치원 鳥致院 Chungbuk Line 3.2 129.3
Naepan 내판 內板 - 5.6 134.9
Bugang 부강 芙江 - 4.9 139.8
Maepo 매포 梅浦 - 4.6 144.4
Sintanjin 신탄진 新灘津 - 7.5 151.9 Daejeon Daedeok-gu
Hoedeok 회덕 懷德 - 5.6 157.5
Daejeonjochajang 대전조차장 大田操車場 Honam Line 4.1 161.6
Daejeon 대전 大田 Gyeongbu HSR
Daejeon Line
Daejeon Subway Line 1		 4.7 166.3 Dong-gu
Secheon 세천 細川 - 7.6 173.6
Jeungyak
(Closed)		 증약 增若 - - - Chungcheongbuk-do Okcheon-gun
Okcheon 옥천 沃川 - 8.0 182.5
Gapung
(Closed)		 가풍 加豊 - - -
Iwon 이원 伊院 - 8.3 190.8
Jitan 지탄 池灘 - 5.6 196.4
Simcheon 심천 深川 - 4.4 200.8 Yeongdong-gun
Gakgye 각계 覺溪 - 3.8 204.6
Yeongdong 영동 永同 - 7.0 211.6
Mireuk
(Closed)		 미륵 彌勒 - - -
Hwanggan 황간 黃澗 - 14.6 226.2
Chupungnyeong 추풍령 秋風嶺 - 8.5 234.7
Sinam 신암 新岩 - 6.0 240.7 Gyeongsangbuk-do Gimcheon
Jikjisa 직지사 直指寺 - 5.5 246.2
Gimcheon 김천 金泉 Gyeongbuk Line 7.6 253.8
Daesin 대신 大新 - 9.7 263.5
Apo 아포 牙浦 - 5.7 269.2
Gumi 구미 龜尾 7.5 276.7 Gumi
Sagok 사곡 沙谷 - 4.6 281.3
Yangmok 약목 若木 - 8.2 289.5 Chilgok-gun
Waegwan 왜관 倭館 - 6.5 296.0
Yeonhwa 연화 蓮花 - 6.2 302.2
Sindong 신동 新洞 - 3.7 305.9
Jicheon 지천 枝川 - 7.4 313.3
Daegu 대구 大邱 Daegu Subway Line 1 9.8 323.1 Daegu Buk-gu
Dongdaegu 동대구 東大邱 Gyeongbu HSR
Daegu Line
Daegu Subway Line 1		 3.2 326.3 Dong-gu
Gomo 고모 顧母 - 5.5 331.8 Suseong-gu
Gacheon 가천 佳川 Daegu Line 1.6 333.4
Gyeongsan 경산 慶山 - 5.2 338.6 Gyeongsangbuk-do Gyeongsan
Samseong 삼성 三省 - 7.1 345.7
Namseonghyeon 남성현 南省峴 - 7.4 353.1 Cheongdo-gun
Cheongdo 청도 淸道 - 8.7 361.8
Singeo 신거 新巨 - 5.6 367.4
Sangdong 상동 上東 - 4.8 372.2 Gyeongsangnam-do Miryang
Miryang 밀양 密陽 Gyeongbu HSR 9.4 381.6
Muwol
(Closed)		 무월 無月 - - -
Mijeon 미전 美田 Mijeon Line 11.0 392.6
Samnangjin 삼량진 三浪津 Gyeongjeon Line 1.5 394.1
Wondong 원동 院洞 - 9.1 403.2 Yangsan
Mulgeum 물금 勿禁 - 9.2 412.4
Hwamyeong 화명 華明 - 9.4 421.8 Busan Buk-gu
Gupo 구포 龜浦 Gyeongbu HSR
Busan Subway Line 3		 3.4 425.2
Sasang 사상 沙上 Gaya Line 5.1 430.3 Sasang-gu
Busanjin 부산진 釜山鎭 Donghae Nambu Line
Busan Subway Line 1		 9.6 439.9 Busanjin-gu
Busan 부산 釜山 Gyeongbu HSR
Busan Subway Line 1		 1.8 441.7 Dong-gu

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Korea's Railway Network the Key to Imperial Japan's Control". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. Retrieved 2010-10-28.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "[책갈피 속의 오늘]1901년 경부선 철도 기공 ". The Dong-a Ilbo. 2007-08-20. Retrieved 2010-10-28.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "열차속도의 변천" (in Korean). Korail. Archived from the original on 2011-10-03. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
  4. ↑ 차량 기술현황 (in Korean). Woosong University. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "History of train operation". Korea Railway Industry information Center. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  6. 1 2 3 한국철도 열차운전속도 변천사 (in Korean). Rail Safety Information System. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
  7. ↑ "History". Korea Railway Industry information Center. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Cho, Nam-Geon; Chung, Jin-Kyu (2008). "High Speed Rail Construction of Korea and Its Impact" (PDF). KRIHS Special Report Series (in Korean). Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements. 12. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
  9. ↑ "철마 110년, 영고의 자취 [12] 경제개발과 철도" (in Korean). Silvernet News. 2010-03-20. Retrieved 2010-11-16.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Electricity Almanac 2009" (PDF). Korea Electric Association. Retrieved 2010-10-23.
  11. ↑ "Major Projects Overseas - I-K". JARTS. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
  12. ↑ D. Suh, Sunduck (2000). "RISK MANAGEMENT IN A LARGE-SCALE NEW RAILWAY TRANSPORT SYSTEM PROJECT ─ Evaluation of Korean High Speed Railway Experience ─" (PDF). IATSS Research. IATSS. 24 (2). Retrieved 2010-08-30. External link in |publisher= (help)
  13. ↑ "South Korea's growing network". Railway Gazette International. 2008-09-08. Archived from the original on 2010-08-14. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
  14. ↑ "KTX 경부선 개통 - 에어부산 취항 2주년" (in Korean). The Dong-a Ilbo. 2010-10-28. Retrieved 2010-11-01.
  15. ↑ "One year later, KTX faces rider shortfalls, complaints". JoongAng Daily. 2005-03-25. Retrieved 2010-10-21.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 "Booking". Korail. Retrieved 2010-10-28.
  17. ↑ Lee, Kyung Chul (August 2007). "Launch of Korean High-Speed Railway and Efforts to Innovate Future Korean Railway" (PDF). Japan Railway & Transport Review (48): 30–35. Retrieved 2010-10-23.
  18. ↑ 광명역은 이렇게 죽으라고? (in Korean). Pride of Gwang Myeong. 2010-10-08. Retrieved 2010-11-03.
  19. ↑ 경부고속철도 2단계 개통에 따른 열차운행 알림 (in Korean). Korail. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2010-10-31.
  20. ↑ "Bullet trains coming to a town near you by 2020". JoongAng Daily. 2010-09-02. Retrieved 2010-10-23.
  21. 1 2 "'KTX가 뭐기에'…김천·구미 끝없는 대립". JoongAng Ilbo. 2010-07-18. Retrieved 2010-10-23.
  22. ↑ "[오늘의 세상] 서울~부산 KTX 22분 단축" (in Korean). The Chosun Ilbo. 2010-10-07. Retrieved 2010-10-19.
  23. ↑ "KTX ready for big expansion in 2010". JoongAng Daily. 2009-12-31. Retrieved 2010-08-29.

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