Gymnophyllum

Gymnophyllum Temporal range: 318.1–299 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Pennsylvanian

Gymnophyllum wardi
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Cnidaria
Class:	Anthozoa
Subclass:	Stauriida
Genus:	Gymnophyllum
Species:	G. wardi
Binomial name
*Gymnophyllum wardi* Howell, 1945

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Gymnophyllum wardi, commonly known as button coral, is an extinct coral from the Pennsylvanian part of the Carboniferous period.^[1] The fossils are found in relatively few places worldwide; most specimens are known from the upper part of the Wewoka formation in and around Lake Okmulgee in Okmulgee State Park or the adjoining Dripping Springs State Park in Okmulgee County, Oklahoma in the United States.^[2]^[3]

G. wardi was first described by B.F. Howell in 1945, and is the only species in the genus Gymnophyllum. Many specimens of G. wardi are known, ranging in age from very young and immature to very old individuals. The individuals are described as "flat disclike solitary corallites", with exposed septa almost everywhere on the base, though not at the peduncle in the center, which is depressed.^[1] The top of the coral disc has a "large smooth axial area" and shorter septa. The youngest individuals have long septa, which can be somewhat crooked; the axial center has a deep fossula which contains the caridnal septum, which is thick and short. Older corals have a large axial area with the cardinal fossula and projecting septa at their edges, making them appear like a "toothed wheel".^[1]

In mature specimens, the fossula has almost disappeared and the top axial area is smooth and wide with septa that project slightly starting outside this area, and continuing almost to the basal peduncle, which is small. The oldest specimens are flat, have "short deformed septa" and no fossula, but do have a theca between the basal septa.^[1] Some specimens consist of two corralites joined together.^[1] All of these physical characteristics are similar to those of some other fossil coral species, like Hadrophyllum orbignyi.^[4] G. wardi and other similar fossil corals may even have been able to move along the sea floor or right themselves if tipped over.^[5]

Samples of G. wardi can be 15.5 millimetres (0.61 in) in diameter. They are found in outcrops of shale from the Wewoka formation, and may be collected along the shores of Lake Okmulgee by getting in the shallow water, "washing the edge with a container of water, and watching carefully for little discs freed from the sediment".^[6] The University of Kansas Biodiversity Research Center has a large collection of fossils.^[7] Park rangers have discouraged fossil collection in the park; fossils are on display in the park's shop and are available for sale from some dealers.^[2]^[6]

References

1 2 3 4 5 Jeffords, Russell M. (June 1, 1955). "University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Coelenterata: Porpitid Corals" (PDF). University of Kansas Publications; Fres Voiland, Jr. State Printer. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
1 2 "More History on Okmulgee/Dripping Springs State Park". Shop Oklahoma. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
↑ Sutherland, P. K.; Haugh, B. N. (1969). "The Discoid Rugose Coral Gymnophyllum: Growth Form and Morphology". In Campbell, K. S. W. Stratigraphy and paleontology; essays in honour of Dorothy Hill. Australian National University Press. pp. 27–49.
↑ Plusquellec, Yves (2006). "Révision de Hadrophyllum orbignyi Milne-Edwards & Haime, 1850 Coelenterata, Rugosa) du Dévonien d'Amérique du Nord et discussion sur la systématique des Hadrophyllidae" (PDF). Geodiversitas (in French). 28 (2): 199–226. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
↑ Plusquellec, Yves; Webb, Gregory E.; Hoeksema, Bert W. (November 1999). "Automobility in Tabulata, Rugosa, and Extant Scleractinian Analogues: Stratigraphic and Paleogeographic Distribution of Paleozoic Mobile Corals". Journal of Paleontology (Subscription required)|format= requires |url= (help). 73 (6): 985–1001. JSTOR 1306815.
1 2 Lyon, Bill (April 2010). "Coral Buttons" (PDF). A View From The Arbuckles: The Newsletter of the Ada, Gem, Mineral & Fossil Club, Inc. 23 (4). Retrieved September 29, 2010.
↑ "Species: Gymnophyllum wardi". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved September 29, 2010.

Corals and coral reefs

Stony corals	Scleractinia Blue coral Brain coral Elkhorn coral Hermatypic coral Chalice coral Pillar coral Staghorn coral Table coral

Soft corals	Alcyonacea Black coral Bamboo coral Organ pipe coral Sea fans Sea pens

Coral reefs	Atoll reef Cay Fringing reef Microatoll Coral reef fish Census of Coral Reefs The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs Catlin Seaview Survey

Coral regions	List of reefs Deep-water coral African coral reefs Amazon Reef Andros, Bahamas Belize Barrier Reef Coral Sea Islands Coral Triangle Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Great Barrier Reef Maldives Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System New Caledonia Barrier Reef Pulley Ridge Raja Ampat Islands Red Sea Southeast Asian coral reefs

Coral diseases	Coral bleaching Black band disease Skeletal eroding band White band disease White pox disease

Protection	Coral Reef Alliance Coral reef protection Green Fins International Society for Reef Studies Project AWARE Reef Check Reef Ball

Other	Artificial reef Aquaculture of coral Coral dermatitis Precious coral Coral rag Coral reef organizations Coral sand Coralline alga Environmental issues with coral reefs Fire coral Reef resilience Rugosa (extinct) Symbiodinium Tabulata

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