H-2A Visa

An H-2A visa allows a foreign national entry into the U.S. for temporary or seasonal agricultural work. There are several requirements of the employer in regard to this visa. The H-2A temporary agricultural program establishes a means for agricultural employers who anticipate a shortage of domestic workers to bring non-immigrant foreign workers to the U.S. to perform agricultural labor or services of a temporary or seasonal nature.[1] In 2015 there were approximately 140,000 total temporary agricultural workers under this visa program. Terms of work can be as short as a month or two or as long as 10 months in most cases, although there are some special procedures that allow workers to stay longer than 10 months. All of these workers are covered by U.S. wage laws, workers' compensation and other standards, additionally temporary workers and their employers are subject to the employer and/or individual mandates under the Affordable Care Act. Because of concern that guest workers might be unfairly exploited the US Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division is especially vigilant in auditing and inspecting H-2A employers. H-2A employers are the only group of employers who are required to pay inbound and outbound transportation, free housing, and provide meals for their workers. H-2A agricultural employers are among the most heavily regulated and monitored employers in the US.

Employing H-2A workers

Wages

The wage or rate of pay must be the same for U.S. workers and H-2A workers. The hourly rate must be at least as high as the applicable Adverse Effect Wage Rate (AEWR),[2] federal or state minimum wage, or the applicable prevailing hourly wage rate, whichever is higher. The AEWR is established every year by the Department of Labor for every state except Alaska.

If a worker will be paid on a piece rate basis, the worker must be paid the prevailing piece rate as determined by the State Workers Agency (SWA). If the piece rate does not result in average hourly piece rate earnings during the pay period at least equal to the amount the worker would have earned had the worker been paid at the hourly rate, then the worker’s pay must be supplemented to the equivalent hourly level. The piece rate offered must be no less than what is prevailing in the area for the same crop and/or activity.[2]

Hiring

Hiring means an active effort, including newspaper and radio advertising in areas of expected labor supply. Such recruitment must be at least equivalent to that conducted by non-H-2A agricultural employers in the same or similar crops and area to secure U.S. workers. This must be an effort independent of and in addition to the efforts of the SWA for at least 15 days. In establishing worker qualifications and/or job specifications, the employer must designate only those qualifications and specifications which are essential to carrying out the job and which are normally required by other employers who do not hire foreign workers.

Livelihood of workers

Housing and meals

The employer must provide free housing to all workers who are not reasonably able to return to their homes or residences the same day. Such housing must be inspected and approved according to appropriate standards. The housing provided by the employer must meet all of the Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards that were set forth at CFR 1910.142 or the full set of standards at 654.404-645.417.[2]

An alternative form of housing is rental housing, which has to meet local or state health and safety standards. In North Carolina, the current state standards include no provision for locks on doors and windows, 75 ft3 per person or 27 people per refrigerator, one wash tub per 30 people with hot and cold water, facilities for drying clothes; there are no sanitary requirements for mattresses provided, 1 toilet/15 people or 1 urinal/25 men, and 1 shower per 10 people with no privacy stalls.[3]

The employer must either provide three meals a day to each of the workers or furnish free and convenient cooking and kitchen for workers to prepare and cook their own meals. If the employer provides the meals, then the employer has the right to charge each worker a certain amount per day for the three meals.[2]

Transportation and tools

There are several provisions on the transportation of workers. The amount of transportation payment shall be no less (and shall not be required to be more) than the most economical and reasonably similar to the transportation charges for the distances involved.[2] The employer is responsible for several forms of transportation depending on the situation. After the worker completes at least half of the work contract period, the employer must reimburse the worker for the costs of transportation and subsistence from the place of recruitment to the place of work if these expenses were charged to the worker. The employer must provide free transportation to the worker between the employer's housing and the area of work. And upon completion of the work contract, the employer must pay the costs of a worker's subsistence and transportation back to the place of recruitment. Some special conditions apply when the worker does not return to the area of recruitment because they are moving to another job. If the employer compensates foreign workers for transportation costs then they must do so for US workers as well. If the employer provides transportation for foreign workers, they must provide transportation to US workers as well.

The employer must cover the cost of tools and supplies necessary to carry out the work at no cost to the worker, unless this is uncommon and the occupation calls for the worker to provide certain items.

Application process

The process in order for a worker to be able to start in H-2A status involves a job order from a State Workforce Agency, a Temporary Labor Certification from the U.S. Department of Labor Employment & Training Administration's Office of Foreign Labor Certification, a Form I-129 approval from the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (a branch of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security), a visa from a consular officer representing the U.S. Department of State, and a Form I-94 issued by U.S. Customs and Border Protection at a port of entry.[4][5][6]

Job order (ETA Form 790)

A job offer (ETA Form 790) must be filed with the State Workforce Agency (SWA) in the area of intended employment between 60 and 75 days before the date of need for workers.[4] Each State Workforce Agency has a mailing address and some have websites, contact email addresses, and phone numbers. The State Workforce Agency is also responsible for handling job orders for the H-2B visa, but the specific contact person or mailing address may differ.[7] The job orders are publicly listed by the State Workforce Agency (including on their website). Additionally, the employer must advertise for the position in local newspapers. Any United States citizen who applies for the job must be given one.[8]

H-2A Temporary Labor Certification from the U.S. Department of Labor

The employer needs to obtain a Temporary Labor Certification (TLC) from the United States Department of Labor Employment & Training Administration's Office of Foreign Labor Certification.[4] Note that this labor certification should not be confused with PERM labor certification for employment-based permanent immigration, or with the Labor Condition Application for H-1B and similar statuses. It is also separate from a similar process for H-2B temporary labor certification.

The application package must include ETA Form 9142A and an accepted Job Order (ETA Form 790) from the State Workforce Agency. It must be filed with the Chicago National Processing Center or online through the iCert portal, no less than 45 days prior to the employer's date of need.[4]

In order to approve the certification, the Department must verify that:

  1. there are not sufficient able, willing, and qualified U.S. workers available to perform the temporary and seasonal agricultural employment for which nonimmigrant foreign workers are being requested; and
  2. employment of H-2A workers will not adversely affect the wages and working conditions of similarly employed U.S. workers. The statute and Departmental regulations provide numerous worker protections and employer requirements with respect to wages and working conditions. The Department's Wage and Hour Division (WHD) has responsibility for enforcing provisions of worker contracts.

Form I-129 petition submitted to U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services

See also: Form I-129

The employer must submit a Form I-129 (Petition for a Nonimmigrant Worker) on behalf of the prospective worker (beneficiary) with the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, with the job order (ETA Form 790) and the approved H-2A Temporary Labor Certification as initial evidence.[5] Note that Form I-129 is used for a large number of nonimmigrant worker statuses, not just the H-2A. Those using it for the H-2A status need to fill the main form followed by the H classification supplement, Pages 13–17.[9]

The H-2A status is one of the statuses where it is possible for a single Form I-129 to be used for multiple beneficiaries. Additional beneficiaries may be listed on Attachment 1 (Pages 35–36) of Form I-129. However, all beneficiaries listed in a single petition must have the same requested start and end date, and they are all approved together. In case different start dates are needed for different beneficiaries, or one of them has a more complicated situation (so that beneficiary's petition may be delayed) employers are advised to file separate I-129s for such employees.[5][9][10]

The filing fee for Form I-129 is $325. Forms are automatically expedited given the seasonal and time-sensitive nature of agricultural work, but it is also possible to request Premium Processing Service for $1225 to get an initial response within 15 calendar days.[11]

In general, Form I-129 petitions can be submitted six months in advance of the job start date. However, since the petition's initial evidence includes a job order, that must be filed between 60 and 75 days before the start date, the application can effectively be submitted at most 75 days prior to the start date.

Eligible Countries List

United States Citizenship and Immigration Services is given an Eligible Countries List for H-2 visas (with slight differences between the H-2A and H-2B) and generally approves petitions only if the beneficiary is from a country on the list. Updates to the Eligible Countries List are published in the Federal Register. Effective January 18, 2016 the Eligible Countries List contains 84 countries, and the full list can be found on the USCIS website.[5] The list has expanded since it originally started: 16 new countries having been added as recently as November 2015.[12]

According to official regulations, a national from a country not on the list may only be the beneficiary of an approved H-2A petition if the Secretary of Homeland Security determines that it is in the U.S. interest for him or her to be the beneficiary of such a petition.[5]

A country may be added to the list based on a recommendation from the U.S. Department of State, the country's government, an employer that would like to hire nationals of the country in H-2A status, or any other interested party or parties. When designating countries to include on the list, the Secretary of Homeland Security, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State, will take into account factors including, but not limited to:[5]

  1. The country's cooperation with issuing travel documents for citizens, subjects, nationals and residents of that country who are subject to a final order of removal;
  2. The number of final and unexecuted (meaning completed but not yet carried out) orders of removal against citizens, subjects, nationals and residents of that country;
  3. The number of orders of removal executed against citizens, subjects, nationals and residents of that country; and
  4. Other factors as may serve the U.S. interest.

Visa application

If the beneficiary is already in the United States in a valid status and with no requirement to leave the United States, the beneficiary can simply transition to H-2A status. If the beneficiary is outside the United States, two additional steps are needed:[5]

Validity

Basic rules

Below are the basic rules governing the H-2A status:[5]

Calculation of interrupted stay

For workers who leave the United States temporarily, the following rules apply with respect to excluding time outside the United States:[13]

Note that the time needed outside the United States in order to qualify for an interrupted stay exceeds the maximum time permissible for automatic visa revalidation, which is 30 days.

If the worker is outside the United States for 3 months or more, the worker's clock is completely reset, and whenever the worker next returns on a H-2 visa, the worker's time in the United States starts from zero.

History

Introduction in 1986

The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 introduced a temporary unskilled worker category, the H-2 category. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 subdivided this category into two subcategories: the H-2A (an uncapped category for temporary agricultural workers) and H-2B (a capped category for temporary workers in other domains). The particular importance given to temporary agricultural workers was intended to balance the potential decline in the illegal immigrant population due to the increased border security and immigration enforcement provisions of the Act.[14]

Introduction of Premium Processing Service in 2001

On June 1, 2001, the Premium Processing Service was introduced at a price of $1000, available for Form I-129 petitions for most statuses, including the H-2A status.[15] In November 2010, the Premium Processing Service fee was hiked from $1000 to $1225 as part of a general change to the fee schedule for USCIS forms. The change would become effective in 2011.[16]

Changes to the Eligible Countries List

The Eligible Countries List for the H-2A was created through a rule published by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security on December 18, 2008 and effective January 17, 2009.[17] The list has grown gradually from 28 countries in the beginning to 84 countries as of 2016. Summarized below are the dates of various Federal Register announcements on updates to the list, with the total number of countries, number of new countries added, and the names of the new countries added. The dates listed below are the announcement dates. The date that the list becomes effective may be a little after the announcement date. Generally, updated lists become effective starting around January 17 or January 18 of the year.

Date Size of Eligible Countries List Number of new countries Number of removed countries Full list New countries Removed countries
December 18, 2008[17] 28 Argentina, Australia, Belize, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Indonesia, Israel, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Moldova, New Zealand, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom
January 19, 2010[18] 39 11 0 Argentina, Australia, Belize, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Honduras, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Jamaica, Japan, Lithuania, Mexico, Moldova, Netherlands, Nicaragua, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uruguay Croatia, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Ireland, Lithuania, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Serbia, Uruguay --
January 18, 2011[19] 53 15 1 Argentina, Australia, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Guatemala, Honduras, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Jamaica, Japan, Kiribati, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Mexico, Moldova, Nauru, Netherlands, Nicaragua, New Zealand, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Samoa, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, South Korea, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Vanuatu Barbados, Estonia, Fiji, Hungary, Kiribati, Latvia, Macedonia, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu Indonesia
January 18, 2012[20] 58 5 0 Argentina, Australia, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Jamaica, Japan, Kiribati, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, Nauru, Netherlands, Nicaragua, New Zealand, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Samoa, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Vanuatu Haiti, Iceland, Montenegro, Spain, Switzerland --
January 18, 2013[21] 59 1 0 Argentina, Australia, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Jamaica, Japan, Kiribati, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, Nauru, Netherlands, Nicaragua, New Zealand, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Samoa, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Vanuatu Grenada --
January 17, 2014[22] 63 4 0 Argentina, Australia, Austria, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kiribati, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, Nauru, Netherlands, Nicaragua, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Samoa, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Vanuatu Austria, Italy, Panama, Thailand --
December 16, 2014[23] 68 5 0 Argentina, Australia, Austria, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kiribati, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Madagascar, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, Nauru, The Netherlands, Nicaragua, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, The Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Samoa, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Vanuatu Czech Republic, Denmark, Madagascar, Portugal, Sweden --
November 18, 2015[12][24] 84 16 0 Andorra, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kiribati, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malta, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Nauru, The Netherlands, Nicaragua, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, The Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Samoa, San Marino, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Vanuatu Andorra, Belgium, Brunei, Colombia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, San Marino, Singapore, Taiwan, Timor-Leste --

Statistics

Visa approvals by fiscal year and country

Note that the count below is of the number of visas issued by a United States consular officer. The years here are Fiscal Years, so for instance the year 2004 refers to the period from October 1, 2003 to September 30, 2004. These should approximately match but may not exactly match with the number of Form I-129 approvals of H-2A status by the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, or the actual number of workers who arrive in the United States in H-2A status.[25] The countries included in the chart below are selected as the top users in Fiscal Year 2014. In addition to the top users of Fiscal Year 2014, Thailand and Haiti are included because they used to be bigger users of the program in past years. Note that the Eligible Countries List became active starting January 2009, so Haiti and Thailand had a dip in their usage between the time the list became active and the time they were added to the list.

As we can see from the data below, Mexico has consistently accounted for over 90% of the use of the H-2A visa. Currently, the other source countries for H-2A visa holders are mostly from the Americas, in regions physically close to the United States. The biggest user from the African continent is South Africa (accounting for over 90% of usage from Africa) and the biggest user from Europe is Romania (accounting for about half of the usage from Europe). Also, whereas Mexico and Peru have been consistently strong users of the program since 1997 (when records started being kept), the usage by other countries has started more recently.

Fiscal Year Total number of H-2A visas Mexico South Africa Guatemala Peru Honduras Nicaragua (became eligible in 2010) Romania Thailand (became eligible in 2014) Haiti (became eligible in 2012)
1997 16,011 15,335 0 0 349 0 2 0 0 0
1998 22,676 21,969 6 0 378 7 0 0 0 0
1999 28,568 27,293 173 5 468 12 11 0 0 0
2000 30,201 28,442 551 93 407 6 21 0 2 0
2001 31,523 29,273 971 4 458 5 27 1 3 4
2002 31,538 29,006 1,209 0 466 1 27 0 3 0
2003 29,882 27,117 1,323 17 480 4 63 1 110 3
2004 31,774 28,683 1,326 39 614 3 114 368 339 3
2005 31,892 28,563 1,247 87 687 15 130 150 374 5
2006 37,149 34,195 1,054 110 841 3 146 87 11 78
2007 50,791 47,399 1,159 179 900 21 166 157 10 110
2008 64,404 59,669 1,375 534 887 21 225 242 32 558
2009 60,112 55,693 1,234 807 910 8 128 166 11 296
2010 55,921 52,317 1,123 660 830 20 194 206 11 0
2011 55,384 51,927 1,018 624 809 20 240 165 9 0
2012 65,345 61,324 1,122 702 993 33 260 185 11 58
2013 74,192 69,787 1,298 982 361 173 276 164 7 14
2014 89,274 83,674 1,591 1,453 790 525 318 195 15 15

Number of petitions approved by USCIS broken down by quarter and state

Since Fiscal Year 2012, the USCIS has released data on the number of H-2A petitions (Forms I-129) received, approved, and denied, broken down by quarter, U.S. state, and employer.[26] Note the following caveats:

Variation based on the quarter and state reflects seasonal and geographical differences in demand for agricultural labor.

Data for some quarters is included below.[27][28][29]

State 2012Q1 2012Q2 2012Q3 2012Q4 2013Q1 2013Q2 2013Q3 2013Q4
Alabama 7 7 5 3 5 6 2 4
Alaska 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
Arizona 3 5 5 3 8 3 9 1
Arkansas 6 74 30 5 16 59 26 8
California 17 11 13 7 12 22 22 17
Colorado 27 77 30 8 29 54 33 11
Connecticut 0 1 4 0 0 0 1 0
Delaware 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
District of Columbia 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Florida 59 19 45 22 65 23 47 58
Georgia 14 29 48 30 31 100 56 72
Hawaii 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
Idaho 12 388 77 21 8 380 127 24
Illinois 0 10 9 2 0 5 2 2
Indiana 2 2 2 1 0 3 0 0
Iowa 5 9 17 6 15 11 28 52
Kansas 22 57 40 13 17 44 25 7
Kentucky 4 146 591 178 16 194 500 322
Louisiana 110 250 147 70 175 238 84 90
Maine 5 4 27 5 3 2 23 3
Maryland 1 33 11 3 3 24 6 4
Massachusetts 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 0
Michigan 0 8 3 0 0 3 1 1
Minnesota 7 39 31 11 8 38 22 12
Mississippi 4 35 18 9 16 24 16 13
Missouri 2 41 11 2 5 50 9 3
Montana 3 8 6 3 2 13 7 4
Nebraska 5 10 9 1 5 9 9 4
Nevada 1 7 14 8 5 6 5 7
New Hampshire 0 58 168 86 7 75 113 126
New Jersey 0 16 5 0 0 17 3 0
New Mexico 4 10 4 2 2 9 6 0
New York 8 97 86 61 4 91 52 78
North Carolina 103 262 267 81 101 288 227 125
North Dakota 11 85 58 21 13 92 67 31
Ohio 0 17 9 0 0 7 0 1
Oklahoma 17 52 45 22 18 61 42 29
Oregon 0 1 3 2 1 2 1 1
Pennsylvania 0 29 0 4 0 14 9 4
Rhode Island 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
South Carolina 1 13 4 1 4 9 5 0
South Dakota 21 34 31 15 14 33 29 19
Tennessee 1 29 81 20 1 28 27 11
Texas 29 145 91 42 42 142 78 58
Utah 211 232 161 157 138 340 130 189
Vermont 1 11 23 17 4 15 24 30
Virginia 1 25 23 17 16 124 60 30
Washington 11 4 21 12 3 7 25 41
West Virginia 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
Wisconsin 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0
Wyoming 107 218 119 82 130 178 110 85
Not reported by state 1 1 17 0 0 2 10 0
Total 847 2619 2435 945 2851 2079 1580

See also

References

  1. ↑ Staff writer (17 January 2011). "Barbados added to US work visa list". BBCCaribbean.com. 21:40 GMT. Retrieved 17 January 2011. Barbados is among 15 countries added to a list eligible to participate in two United States foreign workers programmes known and H2A and H2B. [. . .] Jamaica, Belize and the Dominican Republic are among the 53 nations approved under both programmes.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Employment & Training Administration: H-2A Certification for Temporary or Seasonal Agricultural Work. 28 November 2007. U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C. 2 December 2007
  3. ↑ Farmworker Housing in North Carolina. Lori F. Khamala & Melinda Wiggins. September 2004. Farmworker Advocacy Network, North Carolina. 4 December 2007
  4. 1 2 3 4 "H-2A Certification". U.S. Department of Labor Employment & Training Administration Office of Foreign Labor Certification.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "H-2A Temporary Agricultural Workers". United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
  6. ↑ "H-2A and H-2B Nonimmigration Worker Classifications (presentation)" (PDF). 2010 National Congressional Conference. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  7. ↑ "Foreign Labor Certification Contacts List". U.S. Department of Labor Employment & Training Administration Office of Foreign Labor Certification. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  8. ↑ Clemens, Michael (February 28, 2012). "Do Farm Workers from Developing Countries Take Jobs from Americans?". Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  9. 1 2 "I-129, Petition for a Nonimmigrant Worker" (PDF). United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
  10. ↑ Kendall, Emily. "Can You File One I-129 Petition for Multiple Workers? For some types of work visas, employers may save time and money by filing one visa petition for more than one worker. There are some downsides though.". Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  11. ↑ "How Do I Use the Premium Processing Service?". United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
  12. 1 2 "USCIS Announces Addition of 16 Countries Eligible to Participate in the H-2A and H-2B Visa Programs". United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. November 18, 2015. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
  13. ↑ "Calculating Interrupted Stays for the H-2 Classifications". United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
  14. ↑ "Temporary worker programs: Introduction". Working Immigrants. January 12, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
  15. ↑ "Fact Sheet: Premium Processing Service" (PDF). United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
  16. ↑ "H1B Fee Increase". H1Base. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
  17. 1 2 Schneider, Paul (December 18, 2008). "Identification of Foreign Countries Whose Nationals Are Eligible To Participate in the H-2A Visa Program". Federal Register. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
  18. ↑ Napolitano, Janet (January 19, 2010). "Identification of Foreign Countries Whose Nationals Are Eligible To Participate in the H-2A and H-2B Visa Programs". Federal Register. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
  19. ↑ Napolitano, Janet (January 18, 2011). "Identification of Foreign Countries Whose Nationals Are Eligible To Participate in the H-2A and H-2B Nonimmigrant Worker Programs". Federal Register. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
  20. ↑ Napolitano, Janet (January 18, 2012). "Identification of Foreign Countries Whose Nationals Are Eligible To Participate in the H-2A and H-2B Nonimmigrant Worker Programs". Federal Register. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
  21. ↑ Napolitano, Janet (January 18, 2013). "Identification of Foreign Countries Whose Nationals Are Eligible To Participate in the H-2A and H-2B Nonimmigrant Worker Programs". Federal Register. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
  22. ↑ Johnson, Jeh Charles. "Identification of Foreign Countries Whose Nationals Are Eligible To Participate in the H-2A and H-2B Nonimmigrant Worker Programs". Federal Register.
  23. ↑ Johnson, Jeh Charles (December 16, 2014). "Identification of Foreign Countries Whose Nationals Are Eligible To Participate in the H-2A and H-2B Nonimmigrant Worker Programs". Federal Register. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
  24. ↑ Johnson, Jeh Charles (November 18, 2015). "Identification of Foreign Countries Whose Nationals Are Eligible to Participate in the H-2A and H-2B Nonimmigrant Worker Programs". Federal Register. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
  25. ↑ "Non-immigrant visa statistics". United States Department of State. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
  26. ↑ "Data Set: Form I-129 Petition for Temporary Agricultural (H-2A) Worker". United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
  27. ↑ "Petition for a Nonimmigrant Worker (I-129) with a Status of Temporary Agricultural Worker (H-2A), Receipts and Completions by Quarter by State by Company, Fiscal Year 2012" (PDF). United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. December 12, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
  28. ↑ "Form I-129 Petition for a Nonimmigrant Worker with a Status of Temporary Agricultural Worker. Receipts, Approvals and Denials by Petitioner State and Quarter. Fiscal Year 2013: October 2012 - June 2013" (PDF). January 22, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
  29. ↑ "Number of I-129 Petition for a Nonimmigrant Temporary Agricultural Worker (H-2A) by Case Status and State, July 1 - September 30, 2013" (PDF). United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. March 19, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2016.

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