HMS Grafton (1892)

HMS Grafton
History
United Kingdom
Name:	HMS Grafton
Builder:	Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company
Laid down:	1 January 1890
Launched:	30 January 1892
Commissioned:	Portsmouth 10 September 1895
Fate:	Sold for breaking up 1 July 1920
General characteristics
Class and type:	Edgar-class cruiser
Displacement:	7,350 tons
Length:	387.5 ft (118.1 m)
Beam:	60 ft (18 m)
Armament:	2 × BL 9.2-inch (233.7 mm) Mk VI guns 10 × QF 6-inch (152.4 mm) guns 12 × 6-pounder guns

HMS Grafton was a first class cruiser of the Edgar class, launched in 1892. She served in colonial service and in the First World War. Grafton survived the war and was broken up in the 1920s.

Construction

Grafton was laid down at the Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company's London shipyard on 1 January 1890, and launched on 30 January 1892.^[1] She undertook sea trials in June 1893, maintaining a speed of 19 ¹⁄₂ knots (36.1 km/h; 22.4 mph) with her engines under natural draught, where they produced 10,957 indicated horsepower (8,171 kW), and 20 ¹⁄₅ knots (37.4 km/h; 23.2 mph) with engines under forced draught, when they were measured at 13,484 indicated horsepower (10,055 kW).^[2]

Service

Commissioned at Portsmouth on 10 September 1895, she served in the China sea on the China station from 22 April 1896 until 10 September 1899.

In December 1901 she was ordered to relieve Warspite as flagship on the Pacific Station.^[3] She was commissioned at Chatham by Captain John Locke Marx on 14 January 1902, with a complement of 571 officers and men.^[4] Leaving Plymouth on 31 January 1902,^[5] she stopped at Madeira, São Vicente, Montevideo and Sandy Point before arriving at the garrison of the Pacific station in Valparaíso in mid-March.^[6] Rear-Admiral Andrew Bickford hoisted his flag as Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Station, on Grafton a couple of days later.^[7] Captain Colin Richard Keppel transferred as flag captain from Warspite to Grafton on the same day, changing places with Marx.^[8]

Shortly thereafter, on 18 April 1902, Grafton landed two parties of fully armed sailors at San José, Guatemala, to suppress the revolutionary disturbance caused by the United Kingdom´s efforts to obtain re-payment of a loan from the Guatemalan government. The show of force sufficed, and the government paid.^[9] On 31 January 1903 Grafton was on passage from Callao, Peru to Coquimbo, Chile, when she struck and killed a large (estimated at 60 feet (18 m) long) whale.^[10]

On the outbreak of the First World War, Grafton was part of the 10th Cruiser Squadron, which was employed in enforcing the naval blockade of Germany.^[11] In December 1914,^[12] with the Edgar class having proved unsuitable for blockade work in the North Sea, Grafton was withdrawn from active service, with her two 9.2 inch guns removed to arm the M15-class monitors M23 and M28.^[13][14] It was decided to refit four ships of the Edgar class, including Grafton, for shore bombardment work for the planned operations in the Dardanelles. Two 6 inch guns replaced the 9.2 inch weapons that had been removed to arm the M15-class ships, while anti-torpedo bulges were fitted. These reduced the ship's speed by 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph).^[13][15]

Grafton, along with her sisters Endymion, Edgar and Theseus, served in the Gallipoli Campaign from July 1915. Grafton carried out shore bombardment during the landing at Suvla Bay and the Battle of Sari Bair in August 1915. She was struck by Turkish shells off Suvla on 12 August, killing nine of her crew.^[16] Grafton helped to cover the evacuations from Anzac Cove on 20 December 1915 and from Cape Helles in January 1916.^[17] Grafton was later awarded the battle honour "DARDANELLES, Feb 1915- Jan 1916" for her service off Gallipoli.^[18]

On 10 June 1917, Grafton was torpedoed by the German U-boat UB-43 150 nautical miles (280 km) east of Malta.^[19] Grafton's anti-torpedo bulges proved effective and damage was limited, allowing her to be safely brought into port at Malta under her own power with no casualties.^[19][20][21] She later took part in the Battle of Jaffa.

Grafton was sold for breaking up at Plymouth on 1 July 1920.^[22]

Notes

1. Chesneau and Kolesnik 1979, p. 66.
2. The Engineer 30 June 1895, p. 564.
3. "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times (36631). London. 6 December 1901. p. 6.
4. "Court circular". The Times (36665). London. 15 January 1902. p. 6.
5. "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times (36680). London. 1 February 1902. p. 13.
6. "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times (36717). London. 17 March 1902. p. 10.
7. "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times (36720). London. 20 March 1902. p. 10.
8. "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times (36638). London. 14 December 1901. p. 12.
9. "Latest intelligence - Great Britain and Guatemala". The Times (36764). London. 10 May 1902. p. 7.
10. "Miscellanea" (PDF). The Engineer. 20 March 1903. p. 292.
11. Jellicoe 1919, p. 11.
12. From the Royal Navy log book for HMS Grafton, 9 December 1914. Transcribed by the Old Weather^[?] project.
13. Gardiner and Gray 1985, pp. 10–11.
14. Gardiner and Gray 1985, pp. 47–48.
15. Brown 2010, p. 163.
16. Kindell, Don (2011). "1st – 31st August 1915: in date, ship/unit & name order". World War 1 - Casualty Lists of the Royal Navy and Dominion Navies. Naval-History.net. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
17. Corbett, Julian S. (2013) [Originally published by Longmans, Green and Co.: London, 1924]. "History of the Great War - Naval Operations, Volume 3, Spring 1915 to June 1916 (Part 1 of 2)". Naval-History.net. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
18. "Battle Honours and Single-Ship Actions of the Royal Navy 1914–18". Naval-History.net. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2014..
19. Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit during WWI: Grafton (hms)". U-Boat War in World War I. Uboat.net. Retrieved 11 February 2009.
20. Gibson and Prendergast, p. 260.
21. Brown 2010, pp. 163–164.
22. Dittmar and Colledge 1972, p. 38.

Sources

• Brown, David K. (2010). The Grand Fleet: Warship Design and Development 1906–1922. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-085-7.
• Chesneau, Roger; Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-133-5.
• Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8. OCLC 67375475.
• Dittmar, F.J.; Colledge, J.J. (1972). British Warships 1914–1919. Shepperton, UK: Ian Allen. ISBN 0-7110-0380-7.
• "The First Class Cruiser Grafton" (PDF). The Engineer. Vol. 75. 30 June 1893. pp. 563–564.
• Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
• Gibbs, Charles (1900). The Cruise of HMS Grafton - a record of her commission on China Station, April 1896, to September 1899. London: Gale & Polden Ltd. OCLC 37279613.
• Gibson, R. H.; Maurice Prendergast (2003) [1931]. The German Submarine War, 1914–1918. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-314-7. OCLC 52924732.
• Jellicoe, John (1919). The Grand Fleet 1914–1916: Its Creation, Development and Work. London: Cassell and Company.