Handgun

"Handguns" redirects here. For the band, see Handguns (band).
A 9×19mm Walther P99, German semi-automatic pistol
.44 Magnum revolver and bullet, photographed with an air-gap flash.

A handgun is a firearm designed to be handheld, in either one or both hands. This characteristic differentiates handguns as a general class of firearms from long guns such as rifles and shotguns (which usually can be braced against the shoulder).

Major handgun subtypes are the revolver and pistol (including single-shot pistols, semi-automatic pistols, and machine pistols); other subtypes include derringers and pepperboxes.

The words "pistol" and "handgun" have overlapping variations, in meaning.

Although handgun use often includes bracing with a second hand, the essential distinguishing characteristic of a handgun is its facility for one-handed operation.

Nomenclature variations

Multiple senses of the word "pistol"

SIG Pro semi-automatic pistol

The word "pistol" is often synonymous with the word "handgun". Some handgun experts make a technical distinction that views pistols as a subset of handguns. Sometimes in American usage, the term "pistol" refers to a handgun having one chamber integral with the barrel, making pistols distinct from the other main type of handgun, the revolver, which has a revolving cylinder containing multiple chambers. But UK/Commonwealth usage often does not make this distinction. For example, the official designation of the Webley Mk VI was "Pistol, Revolver, Webley No. 1 Mk VI", and the designation "Pistol No. 2 Mk I" was used to refer to both the Enfield Revolver and the later Browning Hi-Power semi-automatic.[1][2][3][4]

Handheld firearms were first made in China where gunpowder was first developed. They were hand cannons (although they were not necessarily fired from the hand, but rather at the end of a handle). By the 14th century, they existed in Europe as well. The first handheld firearms that might better be called "pistols" were made as early as the 15th century, but their creator is unknown.[5] By the 18th century, the term came to be used often to refer to handheld firearms. Practical revolver designs appeared in the 19th century, but it was not until the mid-twentieth century that the (sometimes-observed) differentiation in usage of the words "pistol" and "revolver" evolved among some speakers and the use of "handgun" became prevalent. Previously there had been no such differentiation, and in fact Samuel Colt's original patent was for a "revolving-breech pistol." There is no literal equivalent for "handgun" in the Romance languages, which continue to use cognates of the word "pistol".

Types of handguns

The general types of handguns are listed below in their order of historical appearance. Each type can be classified into many sub-types. Some of these types can also be differently classified using the general distinction between muzzle-loading firearms (loading from the front of the barrel) and breech-loading firearms (loading from behind the barrel).

Single-shot pistols

Hand cannon from the Chinese Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368).
Western European handgun, circa AD 1380. It is 18 cm long and weighs 1.04 kg. It was fixed to a wooden handle to facilitate manipulation (e.g., aiming; holding while firing; holding while hot). (Musée de l'Armée.)

Single-shot pistols are the simplest possible form of pistols and are known to have existed in AD 1365.[6] The earliest handguns were single-shot, muzzle-loading guns with ignition provided by inserting a smoldering match cord into a touch hole. As such, they were essentially nothing more than miniature cannon, small enough to be handheld.

Improvements followed in subsequent centuries, as various types of locks (ignition devices) were invented. In the matchlock, the separate match cord was affixed to a spring-loaded pivot which could be tripped by a trigger. In the wheellock, a mechanism analogous to that used in today's cigarette lighters replaced the smoldering match cord. In the 17th century, the flintlock, which strikes a flint against steel, appeared. (The flintlock, amazingly, remained state-of-the-art for some two hundred years.) In the 19th century, percussion caps were developed, followed shortly by modern integrated-primer cartridges, and hammers therefore traded their flint for firing pins.

An example of a single-shot pistol is the flare gun. Although not intended to be a weapon, many variants have been made (See Flare gun). One example is the Kampfpistole, or Sturmpistole in its final form, which was designed to function as an anti-tank weapon.[7]

Single-shot pistols continue to be manufactured today and are often used for target shooting. They are also sometimes used for handgun hunting of game, including big game. The most powerful handguns are capable of killing all game, including elephants.

Multi-barreled pistols

Not long after the very beginning of firearms, inventors began experimenting with multi-barreled weapons in the quest for the ability to fire more than one shot before needing to reload. Not surprisingly, all types of firearms were included in their efforts, from volley guns to analogously devised handguns. Before anyone had developed a practical capability for delivering multiple loads to one barrel in quick succession (which is how repeating fire is usually accomplished today), gunsmiths were aggregating multiple loaded barrels into one place.

Some examples of multi-barreled pistols are:

Revolvers

Main article: Revolver
Colt Model 1873 Single-Action "New Model Army Metallic Cartridge Revolving Pistol"
Colt M1911 pistol, the longest serving service pistol of the U.S.

With the development of the revolver in the 19th century, gunsmiths had finally achieved the goal of a practical capability for delivering multiple loads to one pistol barrel in quick succession. Revolvers feed ammunition via the rotation of a cartridge-filled cylinder, in which each cartridge is contained in its own ignition chamber, and is sequentially brought into alignment with the firearms barrel by an indexing mechanism linked to the firearms trigger (double-action) or its hammer (single-action). These nominally cylindrical chambers, usually numbering between five and ten depending on the size of the revolver and the size of the cartridge being fired, are bored through the cylinder so that their axes are parallel to the cylinder's axis of rotation; thus, as the cylinder rotates, the chambers revolve about the cylinder's axis.

Semi-automatic pistols

Compact semi-automatic Smith & Wesson .45 ACP Chief's Special — Model CS45.
Luger or Parabellum Model 1900, used by the Swiss Army from 1900 to 1949 (among other Parabellum models).

The next development in handgun history after a practical revolver was the development of the semi-automatic pistol, which uses the energy of one shot to reload the next. Typically recoil energy from a fired round is mechanically harnessed; however, pistols chambered for more powerful cartridges may be gas operated (e.g., Desert Eagle), or for less powerful cartridges, blowback. After a round is fired, the pistol will cycle, ejecting the spent casing and chambering a new round from the magazine, allowing another shot to take place immediately.

Some terms that have been, or still are, used as synonyms for "semi-automatic pistol" are automatic pistol, autopistol, autoloader, self-loading pistol and selfloader.

Machine pistols

A machine pistol is generally defined as a firearm designed to be fired with one hand, and capable of fully automatic or selective fire. While there are a number of machine pistols such as the Glock 18 and later models of the Mauser C96, these are rare; the light weight, small size, and extremely rapid rates of fire of a machine pistol make them difficult to control, making the larger and heavier submachine gun a better choice in cases where the small size of a machine pistol is not needed. Most machine pistols can attach a shoulder stock (the Heckler & Koch VP70 would only fire single rounds at a time unless the stock was attached); others, such as the Beretta 93R, add a forward handgrip. Either of these additions technically create a legal non-pistol under the US National Firearms Act, as pistols are by definition designed to be fired with one hand. The addition of a stock or forward handgrip is considered a design change that creates either a short-barreled rifle or any other weapon, and therefore such additions are generally only found on legal machine guns.

Operating mechanisms

Jericho 941 F (DA), 9 mm with magazine removed.
Remington Model 1858 with cylinder magazine removed. It is the first known way of using a speedloader in a handgun

Single-action handguns have a trigger whose sole function is to drop a pre-cocked hammer to discharge a cartridge. For revolvers, the popular Colt Peacemaker of Old West fame is typically thought of. Its hammer must be manually cocked for each shot. For auto-loading pistols the Colt 1911 or Browning Hi-Power are typical examples. They must be cocked for the first shot, but subsequent shots are cocked automatically due to the racking of the slide. These types of guns typically have a very light and crisp trigger pull, making for more accurate target shooting.

Traditional double-action handguns have a mechanism that can be either pre-cocked, like the above single-action gun, or can be fired with the gun uncocked. In this case, the gun has an additional mechanism added to the trigger that will cock the gun (and rotate the cylinder in the case of revolvers) as the trigger is pulled. Once the trigger is pulled far enough, the hammer is released and the gun fired. For autoloading pistols the self-loading mechanism will also re-cock the hammer after the first shot is fired so that subsequent shots are fired single-action. For revolvers, each shot is fired with the hammer initially uncocked unless the shooter manually cocked the gun. Popular auto pistols in this category include the Walther P38 and Beretta 92. These guns typically have a longer, heavier trigger pull for the first shot then light, crisp pulls for subsequent shots. Popular revolvers include the Ruger Redhawk and Smith & Wesson Model 29. These have comparatively long, heavy trigger pulls for all shots unless the revolver is manually cocked.

Double-action only handguns do not have the ability to be cocked and is usually evidenced by a lack of either the hammer spur or the entire hammer. A typical autopistol in this category is the Ruger KP93DAO and a typical revolver is the Smith & Wesson Centennial or the Enfield No 2 Mk I*. All pistols in this category have a long, heavy trigger pull for all shots.

Pre-set triggers are only on autoloading pistols. In this case the pistol mechanism is always partially cocked while being carried and during firing. The partially cocked firing pin or striker is not cocked enough to cause an accidental release to discharge a cartridge, adding to the safety of the design, but is cocked enough to remove much of the trigger pull and weight of a purely double-action pistol. These types of pistols do not have external hammers and do not generally have a decock function. Common pistols in the category are the HS2000 (Springfield XD) and the various forms of the extremely popular Glock. The trigger pull of these guns is between double-action and single-action pistols. Pre-set triggers may or may not have a second-strike feature on a dud cartridge.

Some automatic pistol models such as the HK USP Universal Self-loading Pistol (or U.S.P.) come in a variety of mechanism types and can be easily changed by a gunsmith for both left- and right-handed shooters and for different operating mechanism and safety features.

Glock introduced a new "Safe Action" mechanism that is neither a single nor double action.[8] The weapon is never "cocked" in terms of a hammer being "cocked". The partly tensioned firing pin lock is released by pressing the trigger, resulting in the first and subsequent trigger pulls all being the same.

3D printed handguns

The Solid Concepts 1911DMLS is a 3D printed version of the M1911 pistol.[9][10] It was made public around November 2013[9][10] and was printed via the direct metal laser sintering method.[9][10] It was created by Solid Concepts.[9][10][11] The Solid concepts browning M1911 replica fired more than 600 bullets without any damage to the gun.[10] The metal printer used to create the weapon cost between $500,000 to $1,000,000 at the time the gun was created as of November 2013.[10] The gun is made up of 34 3D-printed components.[12]

Comparison with long guns

Clockwise start at the top left: Glock G22, Glock G21, Kimber Stainless Raptor II, Dan Wesson Commander Classic Bobtail, Smith & Wesson .357, Ruger Blackhawk .357, Ruger SP101, SIG Sauer P220 Combat.

Advantages

In comparison to long guns (rifles and shotguns), handguns are smaller, lighter, and easier to carry. Since firearms do not rely entirely on the user's strength, they put weaker individuals on an equal footing; when Colt produced the first practical repeating handgun, it gave rise to the saying "God created men, but Colt made them equal."[13][14]

Since using a handgun, at a minimum, requires one hand whereas long guns often require both, that leaves a handgun user with a free hand. One example of where this is an advantage is with tactical lights, where the light and handgun can be used independently or in coordination; mounted lights, as used on long guns and submachine guns, don't allow the light to be pointed independently of the firearm. In addition, handguns can be more easily used ambidextrously, and therefore the user can switch firing hands depending on the situation.

Another important tactical consideration is maneuverability. In close quarters, an opponent could more easily wrestle a long gun's muzzle to a position where it is not covering him, or could more easily wrestle the gun away from its owner, whereas a handgun offers little to grab, and would be more likely to still be covering some portion of the opponent during the struggle.[15]

Disadvantages

Handguns are often considered self-defense weapons for use under 50 yards (46 m). While a handgun in the hands of an experienced shooter may be effective at distances greater than 50 yards (46 m), a handgun cartridge is much more limited in its energy capacity than many long gun cartridges. Many handgun cartridges are optimized for best performance from shorter barrels than typically found in rifles.[16]

Many rifles are able to achieve bullet velocities of over 3,000 ft/s (914 m/s), but rounds for handguns are rarely capable of achieving velocities over 1,500 ft/s (457 m/s). Thus, long guns are generally more powerful at any given range, and especially more effective at longer ranges than handguns. Because of the pistol's seemingly low power, many ballistic vest and armor have the capability of stopping pistol bullets. This is largely due to both facts that pistols have shorter barrel, producing a reduced rifling, and the shape of the nose, which also reduces penetration. These problems also apply to submachine guns. Demonstration project armor issued by NIJ was designed to ensure a 95 percent probability of survival after being hit with a .38 caliber and the widely used 9mm bullet at a velocity of 800 ft/s. Furthermore, the probability of requiring surgery if hit by a projectile was to be 10 percent or less.[17]

A shooter is generally able to achieve considerably greater accuracy with a long gun than with a handgun. This is due to several aspects, such as:

The longer distance between the rear and front sights of a long gun makes for better aim. The larger size of a long gun allows a shooter to get a more stable hold. A long gun also achieves a higher muzzle velocity, which reduces the bullet travel time and thus reduces external effects on the bullet such as gravitational drop and wind. Longer barrels also means more bullet spin attained while in the barrel, to improve the geometric accuracy of the moment of inertia.

Handguns and gun politics

Main article: Gun politics

Many handgun models are easily concealed on a person—a trait that is useful both to people wishing to bear arms for self-protection and to criminals wishing to carry a handgun for illegal purposes. For these reasons, handguns are a particular focus of debates on gun politics, and in many jurisdictions both keeping and bearing them is much more heavily regulated than with long guns.

Australia

Civilian ownership of handguns in Australia is legal, but heavily restricted. Handguns may not be owned for self-defense purposes (Target shooting, collecting, and occupational reasons for farmers/gun dealers are, by and large, the only legal reasons for handgun ownership), and anyone wishing to possess a handgun must obtain a firearms license and observe stringent storage regulations. Calibre for handguns is limited to .38; however, calibres up to .45 may be obtained with a permit for certain disciplines such as Metallic Silhouette. Minimum barrel lengths are imposed for handguns with 4" for Revolvers and 4.72"(120 mm) for Semi-Automatic Pistols. Pistol magazines with a capacity of over 10 rounds are restricted to collectors, security guards and firearms dealers.

Canada

In Canada, ownership of handguns is restricted and subject to registration. Guns with a barrel length of 105 mm (about 4.14 inches) or less and handguns that fire .25 or .32 caliber ammunition are classified as prohibited with certain International Sporting Handgun exceptions.[18] Some users are allowed to possess a handgun or rifle classified as prohibited (automatic and certain semi automatic firearms) if the firearm was owned and registered before the law came into effect on December 1, 1998.[19] A Possession and Acquisition or a Possession Only Licence is required to own all firearms. Permits to carry concealed weapons are rarely, if ever, granted to non-law enforcement personnel.[20]

Czech Republic

It is possible to buy and own a gun for collecting, sporting, gamekeeping, occupation (private security, money transport) and self-defense purposes. Unlike most countries in Europe, in the Czech Republic right to carry a concealed handgun is a natural part of self-defense gun license owner, after formal approval (no justification is needed) is written in the gun license.

Germany

Owning a handgun in Germany is legal with a firearm ownership license (Waffenbesitzkarte). The license is shall-issue for applicants who have met all requirements for it, which include a clean criminal background, proof of purchase of a gun safe, passing a test about handling and laws regarding firearms, and providing a genuine reason for owning the gun. While self-defence is usually not accepted as a valid cause for gun ownership, sports shooting, having a hunting license and collecting, are. Handguns with a caliber of less than 6,3 mm are banned, except those built for rimfire ammunition and those built before January 1, 1970. Carrying a handgun (and any other firearm) is legal with a firearm carrying permit (Waffenschein). It is only issued when the applicant shows exceptionally good reason why they are in danger (Politicians, businessmen, etc..).

Israel

In Israel, handguns are the only type of firearms that most private citizens may own. They are licensed for self-defense purposes to eligible individuals. Current regulations limit licenses to one handgun and 50 cartridges per licensee. Few places are off limits to handguns in Israel. Carrying of loaded handguns, openly or concealed, is slightly more common than other countries.

Italy

In Italy, private ownership of handguns is legal and allowed under any gun license, as for any other firearm; as such, handguns can be purchased by all individuals who hold a gun license of any kind, even a hunting license, although handgun hunting is not allowed in Italy. The law imposes limits to the number of handguns that can be owned, according to their destination of use: the maximum limit is three handguns listed as "Common firearms" (those normally employable for self-defense and other uses) and up to six handguns listed as "Sporting firearms" (those specifically engineered and manufactured for target competitions). Owners of handguns, and any other firearm, under a collector's license, may exceed limits and own an unlimited number of handguns, but may not own ammunition for them and may not use them under any situation.

The concealed carry of a handgun for personal defense purposes is instead illegal unless the individual is granted a specific license (Porto d'armi per difesa personale, "Self-Defense firearms carry license") which is extremely hard to obtain and is released only to those who can demonstrate to have a justified reason, and a factual and unarguable need, to carry a concealed firearm for self-defense; such license has to be renewed yearly, whereas all other gun licenses, which allow the purchase, ownership and transport, yet not the carry, of handguns, have a 5-years or 6-years expiry date. Owners of handguns under any other license than a concealed carry license are allowed to detain the firearm at home or in any of their premises for property defense, or to transport it unloaded, locked in a container and possibly partially stripped, to a shooting range or to any other location where target practice or recreational shooting can be safely practiced, but are not allowed to carry their firearm for self-defense, either open or concealed, nor to keep it loaded for any reason in any place other than their home or any of their premises, or outside of an authorized shooting range.

Some individuals, such as magistrates and high-rank military and Law Enforcement officials, don't need a license to privately procure and carry a concealed handgun for self-defense; Police officers under such high ranks are authorized to carry their service pistol off-duty, with their Police ID being the sole document needed, while they need a standard Concealed Carry license for the off-duty carry of non-issue firearm (on-duty carry of non-issue firearms is illegal for Police personnel in Italy); it should be noted anyway that even Police personnel is seldom, if ever, granted a Concealed Carry license, they are generally considered to "not need" it, being authorized to carry to the off-duty of their issue handgun.

Private security personnel is generally issued a 2-years-valid license allowing to carry firearms (both handguns and long guns) for service and self-defense, authorising also open carry, which is otherwise forbidden to civilians in the Country.

Kenya

In Kenya, private ownership of certain types of firearms and ammunition is legal under the Firearms Act (cap. 114), laws of Kenya. Applicants for a gun owner’s licence in Kenya are required by law to show genuine reason for wanting to possess a firearm. Reasons such as intention of using the firearm in target shooting, for protection or for personal security are often the ones given by gun license applicants. Anyone as young as 12 can actually apply for gun ownership under the aforementioned Kenyan law. However, an applicant for a firearm licence must pass stringent background checks which consider criminal, mental and domestic violence records before he or she can be permitted to privately own a firearm and ammunition. Where a history or apprehended likelihood of family violence exists, the law stipulates that a gun licence should be denied or revoked hencewith. Additionally, the law further requires that any possession, sale or transfer of a firearm be recorded and retained in a centralised and official register managed by the Kenya Police. Moreover, the firearm regulations in Kenya spell out the written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by all licensed gun owners. The regulations also specicify how such firearms and ammunition may be handled whilst on transit. As for carrying a concealed handgun in a public place, the law does not require one to have a permit to do so.

Pakistan

In Pakistan, citizens in the states of Punjab and Sindh are subject to strict gun control regulations and may only carry a concealed gun, even if it is with a bodyguard. Display of armory in public is banned, with fines of up to 50,000 Rupees. Citizens must also register guns and obtain licenses for them. In addition, for concealed carry, permits are also required which are issued separately by the home ministry of each province. Banned weapons are called prohibited-bore weapons which are calibers above 0.44 in handguns and 0.222 in rifles plus all automatic weapons. Licenses are issued for these in specific circumstances but only by the approval of the Prime Minister of Pakistan.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom (with the exception of Northern Ireland), possession of almost any handgun by most civilians has been outlawed since the Dunblane massacre of 1996; the only exclusions were single-shot, rimfire, and muzzleloading pistols/revolvers. So called "long barreled" cartridge-firing revolvers and semiautomatic pistols (.22LR only) are still legal providing that they meet the following requirements: overall length not less than 24 inches, barrel length not less than 12 inches. As with all other legal firearms in the UK, possession requires a Firearm Certificate. The application and vetting process is carried out by the local police force and is very in depth. Good reason (justification) for holding a firearm certificate in the UK would be target shooting (as part of a Home Office Approved Club) or hunting. "Self-defence" or other reasons of this nature are not allowed. The open carrying of any firearm in a public place is illegal in the UK unless you have a valid reason to do so, this also requires that you carry it in a gun carry case. Concealed carry of any firearm in a public place would normally be illegal, unless authorised by a firearms licence. Air pistols are still legal, however, those with energy levels over 6 foot pounds (8 joules) (half the limit for air rifles, which is 12 foot pound or 16.25 joules) are classified as firearms.[21][22][23]

United States

U.S. Army soldiers participate in tactical range training using Beretta M9.

In the United States, it is very easy to obtain a handgun compared to other nations . Federal law states that one must be at least 21 years of age to purchase a handgun or handgun ammunition from a Federal Firearms Dealer. The rules for carrying a handgun in public vary by local jurisdiction. While there are many exceptions, in general open carry is allowed, but concealed carry requires a permit in select states. In 41 states, acquiring such a permit is automatic, assuming the applicant has no criminal record and (in many states) has taken a firearms class. In 8 states and the District of Columbia, issuing such a permit is discretionary; one state, Vermont, does not issue such permits as one is not needed for lawful carry.[24] The states of Alaska, Arizona, Idaho, Mississippi, Maine, Kansas, West Virginia and Wyoming also allow permit-less carry, though these states still issue permits for reciprocity with other states. Some states place certain restrictions on who may purchase handguns, and some have waiting periods after purchase, though most do neither, aside for applicants with criminal records. Anyone selling handguns at retail must have a Federal Firearms License, in addition to any local requirements.[25] The U.S. has 90 guns for every 100 people, making it the most heavily armed society in the world.[26]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Stamps, Mark; Skennerton, Ian (1993). .380 Enfield Revolver No. 2. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-139-8.
  2. ↑ Maze, Robert J (2002). Howdah to High Power. Tucson, AZ, USA: Excalibur Publications. ISBN 1-880677-17-2.
  3. ↑ Skennerton, Ian (1997). Small Arms Identification Series No. 9: .455 Pistol, Revolver No 1 Mk VI. Gold Coast, QLD, Australia: Arms & Militaria Press. ISBN 0-949749-30-3.
  4. ↑ Smith, W.H.B. (1979). 1943 Basic Manual of Military Small Arms (Facsimile). Harrisburg, PA, USA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-1699-6.
  5. ↑ "Pistol, Britannica.com".
  6. ↑ Childs, John (2000). "The Military Revolution I:The Transition to Modern Warfare". In Charles Townshend. The Oxford History of Modern War. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 0-19-285373-2.
  7. ↑ Pembrey Airport: History
  8. ↑ "Glock Pistols". August 20, 2003. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
  9. 1 2 3 4 First metal 3D printed gun is capable of firing 50 shots, The Guardian, November 8, 2013. (archive)
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 World’s First 3D Printed Metal Gun Successfully Fires 600+ Rounds, CNS News, November 13, 2013. (archive)
  11. ↑ 5 Different 3D Printed Gun Models Have Been Fired Since May, 2013 – Here They Are, 3D Print, September 10, 2014. (archive)
  12. ↑ Solid Concepts 3D-printed 1911 gets version 2.0, Guns.com, November 20, 2013. (archive)
  13. ↑ Cary, Lucian (1961). The Colt GunBook (Fawcett Book 447). Greenwich, CT, USA: Fawcett Publications. p. 3.
  14. ↑ Hosley, William (1999). "Guns, Gun Culture, and the Peddling of Dreams". In Robert Merrill Muth; Jan E. Dizard; Stephen P. Andrews. Guns in America: A Reader. New York: NYU Press. p. 47. ISBN 0-8147-1879-5.
  15. ↑ Ayoob, Massad F. (1983). The Truth About Self-Protection. Originally published by Police Bookshelf, Concord, New Hampshire. Republished by Bantam Books. p. 333. ISBN 0-936279-13-3.
  16. ↑ "Ballistics By The Inch". Ballistics By The Inch. Retrieved 2011-08-03.
  17. ↑ Effectiveness of Bullet Resistant Vests
  18. ↑ http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-98-465/page-2.html
  19. ↑ "RCMP fact sheets on firearms". Cfc-cafc.gc.ca. 2008-12-31. Retrieved 2011-08-03.
  20. ↑ "Canadian Firearms Centre paper comparing Canadian and American gun laws". Cfc-cafc.gc.ca. 2008-12-31. Retrieved 2011-08-03.
  21. ↑ "United Kingdom Air Rifle Law & Safety Reference". Cbarker.ws. Retrieved 2011-08-03.
  22. ↑ "Safety and the Law in the U.K". F4bscale.worldonline.co.uk. 2011-02-10. Retrieved 2011-08-03.
  23. ↑ "Air Rifles Code of Practice (revised July 2007)". F4bscale.worldonline.co.uk. 2011-02-10. Retrieved 2011-08-03.
  24. ↑ Concealed carry in the United States
  25. ↑ "NRA-ILA Compendium of State Firearms Laws". Nraila.org. Retrieved 2011-08-03.
  26. ↑ http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/08/28/us-world-firearms-idUSL2834893820070828
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