School meal

The principal of Nauru Secondary School inspecting school lunches (2012)
A school lunch in Washington, D.C.

A school meal or school lunch (also known as hot lunch, a school dinner, or school breakfast) is a meal, typically in the middle or beginning of the school day, provided to students at school. Countries all over the world have various kinds of school meal programmes. Millions of children from all standards and grades get their meals at their respective schools every day. Scientifically and medically, school meals are regarded as an essential component of children's upbringing and growth. School meals provide high-energy food with high nutritional values for free, or at economical rates.

The benefits of school meals vary from country to country. While in developed countries the school meal is a source of nutritious meals, in developing countries it is an incentive to send children to school and continue their education. In developing countries, school meals provide food security at times of crisis and help children to become healthy and productive adults, thus breaking the cycle of poverty and hunger. In all cases, school meals allow children to focus on their studies, without hunger as a distraction.

Types

Free school meals

Sweden, Finland, the Czech Republic, and Estonia are among the few countries which provide free school meals to all pupils in compulsory education, regardless of their ability to pay.[1][2][3] Many governments in developing countries are increasingly using free school meals to improve attendance rates and reduce malnutrition.

In high-income countries, free school meals are usually available to children who meet income-based criteria. (The exception is Australia, where free school meals are not available).

Reduced price meals

Reduced price meals are also available in some countries to those who need a degree of assistance with costs. Lower-cost meals are available to students in such countries as the Republic of Ireland, France, Italy, Hong Kong, Japan, and the United States.[1]

Stigma

When they are not provided to all students, free school meals can stigmatize children who do receive them. Studies have shown that many children entitled to free meals do not take them, and those who do may suffer negative consequences. Additionally, not all children who could benefit from free or reduced-price lunch qualify for it. Organisations such as the Child Poverty Action Group have called for school meals to be provided free of charge for all pupils to address these issues. In the United States of America, Share Our Strength has funded free-school-meal-to-all pilot programs in some school districts.[4]

History

Growing rates of obesity in children have encouraged governments to provide healthier, more balanced school lunches.

For example, in the United Kingdom, significant changes have been made from when school meals were introduced in the 19th century. The first National School Meals Policy was published across the United Kingdom in 1941. The Policy set the first nutritional guidelines for school lunches, requiring balanced meals which include the appropriate levels of protein, fat, and calories.[5]

Europe

United Kingdom

History

In 1944, the United Kingdom required local authorities to provide school dinners that were consistent with legal nutritional requirements. The government paid the full cost of school meals in 1947.[5] Free school meals were available to children with families on very low incomes.[6] As a result, from the 1950s onward, staple traditional "school dinner" foods became embedded in the national psyche. "School puddings" in particular refers to desserts historically served with school dinners in state and private schools. Examples include tarts such as gypsy tart and Manchester tart, and hot puddings such as spotted dick and treacle sponge pudding.[lower-alpha 1]

In the 1980s, Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government ended entitlement to free meals for thousands of children, and obliged local authorities to open up provision of school meals to competitive tender. This was intended to reduce the cost of school meals provided by local authorities. However, it caused a substantial decrease in the standard of school food. A 1999 survey by the Medical Research Council suggested that despite rationing, children in 1950 had healthier diets than their counterparts in the 1990s, with more nutrients and less fat and sugar.[8]

This became a major topic of debate in 2004, when chef Jamie Oliver spearheaded a campaign to improve the quality of school meals. At this time, school dinners at state schools were normally made by outside caterers. The schools sold a lot of deep-fried fast food, like chips, fried turkey nuggets, pizza, and pies. After the "Jamie's School Dinners" programme was shown on Channel 4, sections of the public showed support for increased school meal funding, causing the government to create the School Food Trust. This topic became a factor in the 2005 UK general election.

Martha Payne's blog NeverSeconds, which discussed the quality of school meals at her primary school in Lochgilphead, made national headlines after gaining support from Jamie Oliver.

Current status

Since September 2014, all infant pupils in England's schools have been entitled to a free hot meal at lunchtime every day. This was an initiative of Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, who launched the plan at the Liberal Democrats conference in 2013. At the initiative's inception, the government was paying £2.30 for each meal taken by newly eligible pupils.[9]

The English government uses entitlement to free school meals as a measure of deprivation. For the financial year 2014-2015, the government paid schools a premium of £1,300 for primary-aged pupils, or £935 for secondary-aged pupils, for each eligible child. 11% of families entitled to free meals do not claim them, which means that their schools do not receive the extra funding. It is unclear how this will be affected by the introduction of universal free meals for the youngest British schoolchildren.[10]

Since January 2015, the Scottish government has provided free school meals for all children in Primary One to Three.[9]

Advocacy

The National Union of Teachers supports free school meals for all children. Fiona Twycross campaigned to persuade the Labour Party to commit to providing universal free school meals. She argues that according to the Institute for Fiscal Studies and the National Centre for Social Research, free school meals for all students significantly increases attainment in schools.[11]

The Chartwells catering company, which supplies meals to schools in Dorset, was threatened with litigation over its failure to provide hot meals after a fire at one of its kitchens.[12]

Estonia

In Estonia, free school dinners are served in elementary and secondary schools.[2]

Nutritional guidelines

Nutritional guidelines for Estonian school meals are based on the Estonian food pyramid. At the pyramid's base are water and exercise. The next tier up includes starches, fruits, and vegetables. According to Estonia's Food-Based Dietary Guidelines, these foods should comprise the majority of each meal. The middle section of the pyramid includes dairy products and meat. The Guidelines suggest eating these foods in small portions on a daily basis. Just below the top tier are oils, butter and nuts. At the peak of the pyramid are foods like ice cream, soft drinks, honey, and biscuits: high-sugar foods which should be eaten sparingly, as special treats.[13]

Finland

A typical Finnish school lunch served free of charge to all pupils.

History

Finland provides free, catered hot school meals to all pupils from pre-primary to upper secondary education every school day, as guaranteed by the 1948 Basic Education Act.[14] Section 31 of the Basic Education Act states: "A pupil attending basic education shall be provided with a balanced and appropriately organised and supervised meal on every school day."[15]

Some Finnish cities had offered poor students free school dinners since the beginning of the 20th century. For example, Kuopio did so starting in 1902, and extended school dinners to all students in 1945.[16]

Current status

According to Finnish National Board of Education statistics from the year 2014, the average school meal was valued at 2.80 euros per student-school day, totaling 532 euros per student for the school year.[17] This sum included ingredients, labor costs, kitchen equipment, and other fixed expenses, but neither property costs nor taxes.

Children taking part in before- and after-school activities are also served a free healthy snack.[18]

Higher education

Lunches for higher education students (like those attending universities and polytechnics) are also subsidized in Finland. Kela, the Social Insurance Institution of Finland, compensates student meals that fulfill the nutritional and pricing criteria for government meal subsidies.[19] This program's purpose is to promote positive health and nutritional trends among students. The program accommodates special dietary needs – whether in connection with religion, ethical beliefs, or health issues – without extra costs.

Objectives and role in learning

Free school meals in Finland are viewed as an investment for the future; the aim is to maintain and improve children's health, well-being, and learning.[14] The school meal is used as a pedagogical tool for teaching table manners, food culture, nutrition, and healthy eating habits, as well as for increasing the consumption of vegetables, fruits and berries, full corn bread, and skimmed or low-fat milk.[20][21] One of the basic lessons is cooperation between students, head teachers, teachers, parents, and catering staff. In many schools, students participate in the work of the school canteen during their working life practice period. Most schools have a school meal committee where students, teachers, and catering staff develop school catering together. Most schools also welcome parents to come and taste school meals. There are always adults present in the school restaurant. The pedagogical role of the school catering staff is seen as important, as is teachers' knowledge of nutrition. In 2009, Finland began developing school meal and nutrition education for teachers, and pedagogical education for school catering personnel.[22]

National and local regulations form the basis for Finnish school meal practices. Education acts and decrees[15][23][24] and local curricula are central documents governing school meals.[25] Local and school-level curricula define the central principles of arranging school catering. The curricula also describe the objectives for education in health, nutrition, and manners. The health-related and social role of school meals, the objectives of teaching nutrition and manners, and the recreational aspect of lunch breaks are taken into account when arranging school meals and snacks. Students are allowed at least 30 minutes for eating, after which they have a short recess outdoors.

School lunches can also be a channel for empowering local food producers. Introducing locally produced fish to the offerings of institutional kitchens, such as school canteens, is an ethical and ecological alternative to mass-produced meat or imported fish.[26]

Contents and nutritional guidelines

School meals generally consist of typical Finnish foods. A basic school meal consists of a warm main course, vegetables, bread, a table spread, and a drink.[27] The school lunch is calculated to equate to about one-third of a child’s daily nutritional needs. School catering is designed to follow the National Nutrition Council's dietary guidelines for schools.[18] The recommendations for school meals are being updated during the year 2016.

Normally, Finnish schools provide lunch at school canteens in the form of a buffet, where pupils serve themselves as much as they want. Schools often use a model plate to guide eating habits towards the following recommendations:[lower-alpha 2][18][29]

Children with special dietary needs – whether in connection with religion, ethical beliefs or health issues – are entitled to a special diet without costs. School menus are designed to be suitable for most students, with minor adjustments if needed. If a child has special dietary needs, their school requires specific information about those needs to ensure food safety and the elimination of possible cross contamination. In the case of health-related special diets, schools require the assessment of a doctor, nurse, or dietitian.[30]

As with school lunches, before- and after-school snacks are used as a pedagogical tool in teaching children about proper nutrition, table manners, and food culture. Snacks are designed to offer variety and take into consideration Finnish Nutrition Recommendations as well as children’s individual needs.[18]

The School Lunch Diploma

Finland has no national accreditation system to evaluate the quality of school lunches. However, by the end of 2015, over 200 schools had been awarded the School Lunch Diploma.[31] The diploma certifies a school's commitment to the national standards and recommendations for nutritionally, educationally, and ecologically sustainable school lunches.[31] It is also an indication of excellent collaboration among interest groups within the school. The School Lunch Diploma is coordinated by the Finnish Kitchen Professionals Association.

Italy

School meals in Italy provide regular Italian cuisine, although they may vary among regions and towns. The Italian government is very "down to people" and is doing a large-scale study to measure and involve students in food habits, diets, and food choices.[32]

Sweden

School dinner has been free in Swedish elementary and secondary schools since 1973.[33] The government or municipality covers all charges. Normally, school lunches are buffet-style. Buffets chiefly include potatoes or rice; meat or fish; and vegetables. Milk and water are usually offered as drinks. There are also vegetarian options, as well as foods that meet religious requirements; these foods are also free of charge.

Usually, each city signs a private contract with a catering company which provides school food. Many of the food products are imported, but still have a good standard. In many schools, teachers or the school principal eat with the pupils, with the goal of creating a stronger connection between students and school authorities.[34] In Swedish schools there are also international food weeks, or vegetarian weeks.

Denmark

School lunches in Denmark may include items like fruit, roasted duck, potatoes, and red or white cabbage.[35]

Norway

Norwegian school lunch was supplied from Sweden during World War II, partly privately financed. Later, all public school lunches were discontinued, so most Norwegian students bring a packed lunch from home. In 2007, schools began providing one free piece of fruit each day for all pupils in grades 8–10. Norwegian schools also sell subsidized milk.

France

History

In the 1970s, the French government began to work on improving school lunches. In 1971, the government established nutritional guidelines for French school meals. The 1971 food recommendation guidelines stated that each meal should contain raw vegetables, such as salads and fruits; protein in the form of milk or other dairy products; cooked vegetables twice per week; and carbohydrates on the remaining days.[36]

Current status

In France, lunch is considered the most important meal of the day. Students can get lunch at school or go home for it. The lunch break is one to two hours long. French students are taught to take time to savor and enjoy their meals.[37] Students have to pay for cafeteria lunches; the cost of the meal varies by region. A student's family pays for half of the meal, while the school pays for the remainder. For example, a typical meal may cost $6, with the family paying $3 instead of the full price.[36]

Contents and nutritional guidelines

The 2001 food recommendation guidelines, signed by the Minister for National Education, state that school lunches must be healthy and balanced. Menus vary daily, and are posted for parents. Specifically, the guidelines state that:[37]

School cafeterias serve five-course meals, even for preschoolers.[38] Schoolchildren eat the same things as adults.[39] A school lunch in France contains an appetizer, salad, main course, cheese plate, and dessert.[38] Bread may accompany each meal. A menu might include potato leek soup, carrot and bean salad, lamb with saffron, an assortment of cheeses, and grapefruit. Each meal is accompanied with water.[40]

French schools do not have vending machines.[40]

Asia

China

A typical school lunch in the People's Republic of China may include items like white rice, fish, a potato and onion mix, and green beans.[35]

India

Main article: Midday Meal Scheme

History

In 1925, the Indian government created the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) programme. This makes the initiative one of the oldest free food programmes for schoolchildren. Through this initiative, called the Midday Meal Scheme, government high schools and partially aided schools, along with Anganwadis, provide midday meals to students. The meals are free of cost and meet guidelines that have been set by policy.

By 1998, India had deployed the National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education (NP-NSPE) scheme. During the 2013-2014 school year, the scheme covered 104 million children in 1.16 million schools.[41]

The Akshaya Patra Foundation, a public-private partnership in the Midday Meal Program, is a school meal program run by a non-governmental organization. Akshaya Patra started serving 1,500 children in the year 2000. Today it serves lunch to over 1.4 million school children in 10 Indian states every day.[42]

Contents

A single afternoon lunch usually contains a cereal which is locally available, made in a way that conforms to prevailing local customs. Each child receives milk, and either soup or vegetables cooked as curry. The menu is occasionally varied to appeal to students.

Children in private schools usually carry their own lunch boxes. Many schools also have canteens, and street food vendors can often be found in front of school campuses.

Iran

In the 1960s, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi had intended a non-violent regeneration of Iranian society through economic and social reforms called the White Revolution. The reforms' long-term goal was to transform Iran into a global economic and industrial power. The White Revolution consisted of 19 elements that were introduced over a period of 15 years. In 1975, the Shah started a program for 'Free and Compulsory Education and a daily free meal' for all children from kindergarten to 14 years of age. It provided one-third of a pint of free milk to all children in Iran, as well as pistachios, fresh fruit, and biscuits.

Japan

History

In Japan, the tradition of providing school lunches started in the early 20th century. After World War II, which brought near-famine conditions to the country, the Japanese government re-introduced school lunches in urban areas. School lunch was extended to all elementary schools in Japan in 1952. With the enactment of the School Lunch Law in 1954, school meals were extended to junior high schools as well.

These early lunches initially included items such as bread, bread rolls, and skimmed milk powder (replaced in 1958 by milk bottles and cartons). Later, lunches were expanded to include flour donated by an American charity; a dessert; and a dish (such as daikon) that changed daily.[43] Other dishes included inexpensive protein such as stewed bean dishes, fried white fish, and, until the 1970s, whale meat. Provisions of rice were introduced in 1976, following a surplus of government-distributed Japanese rice, and became increasingly frequent during the 1980s. Hamburg steak, stew and Japanese curry became staples as well.

Current status

As of 2004, 99% of elementary school students and 82% of junior high school students in Japan ate kyūshoku (school lunch).[44] The food is grown locally, is almost never frozen, and (barring dietary restrictions) is the same for every student.[43] Children in most districts cannot bring their own meals to school until they reach high school, nor do schools have vending machines; instead, children are taught to eat what they are served.[43]

In both elementary school and middle school, students put on white coats and caps and serve their classmates, who then all eat together in their classrooms instead of in a cafeteria.[43]

To make lunches affordable for students, municipalities pay for the labor costs, while parents, who are billed monthly, pay for the ingredients.[43] These typically cost about 250 to 300 yen (about USD $3) per meal per student. There are reduced-price and free options for poorer families.[43]

Contents and nutritional guidelines

The daily bento boxes are designed by nutritionists to provide a balanced yet tasty meal for schoolchildren, working especially to appeal to picky or unhealthy eaters.[43] According to Chico Harlan:[43]

“ Though Japan's central government sets basic nutritional guidelines, regulation is surprisingly minimal. Not every meal has to meet precise caloric guidelines......Central government officials say they have ultimate authority to step in if schools are serving unhealthy food, but they can’t think of any examples where that actually happened. ... And because this is food-obsessed Japan, those standard meals are restaurant-worthy; in fact, Adachi Ward publishes a full-color cookbook based on its best school meals. [However,] Japanese food, contrary to the common perception, isn't automatically healthy; it includes crispy chicken, rich bowls of salty ramen with pork belly and battered and deep-fried tempura. But, like most cuisines, it can be healthy. [For example, y]ou don't see low-fat options. You don't see dessert, other than fruit and yogurt. You occasionally see fried food, but in stark moderation. ”

Common dishes range from Asian foods such as naengmyeon, tom yam, and ma po tofu to Western foods such as spaghetti, stew, and clam chowder.

In Japan, students set and clean the tables

Malaysia

In most Malaysian schools, students eat in a canteen where they purchase food and drinks from vendors. School canteens usually offer Malay, Chinese, and Indian foods, with varieties of rice, noodles, and breads. The average Malaysian school canteen offers varieties of Nasi Lemak, Nasi Goreng, Chicken Rice, Popiah, and Laksa.[45]

School canteens sell food and drinks at reduced prices. Underprivileged students can apply for the free-food program – which, depending on the school, is either sponsored by the school's parent-teacher association or by the Ministry of Education.[45] Low-income students may also be eligible for the School Milk Program, which is funded by milk companies and non-governmental organizations.[46]

The Philippines

School meals in the Philippines appear to be relatively simplistic, consisting mainly of rice, meat, and gravy.[47]

Singapore

School meals in most Singaporean primary and secondary schools, as well as junior colleges, are provided in each school's canteen (or tuckshop). The canteens consist of stalls which sell a variety of foods as well as beverages. To cater to the many races, religions, and cultures in Singapore, canteens often offer a range of cuisines, like Chinese, Indian, Malay, and Western foods.[48]

To encourage healthier eating habits among children, the Health Promotion Board of Singapore launched the Healthy Eating in Schools Programme, which gives an award to schools which serve healthy meals. To receive the award, schools must reduce the sugar content in drinks and desserts, serve fewer deep-fried and fatty foods, and include two servings of greens in their meals.[49]

South Korea

A South Korean school lunch

School lunches in South Korea include traditional foods like rice and kimchi (fermented cabbage).[35] Other dishes may include sesame leaves stuffed with rice and covered with honey sauce; pumpkin potato soup; pancakes made of egg batter and green onions, with optional peppers and octopus; and cucumber-and-carrot salads.[47]

In most schools, the students set and hand out the various dishes, and then clean them up.

United Arab Emirates

Due to the economic boom, obesity has developed into a known health concern amongst adolescents in the United Arab Emirates. The past three decades have seen the largest increases in child obesity. Studies have shown that rates of obesity among the UAE's schoolchildren have surpassed the child obesity rates in both the United States and Europe. Traditional cuisine in the Persian Gulf region, once high-fibre and low-fat, has become Westernized, and now consists of many more high-fat, high-sodium, and high-cholesterol foods. Exercise levels among children have also decreased rapidly, causing the surge of obesity in adolescents.[50]

North America

Canada

Children eating their lunch in a Montreal school, 1943

Canada has no national school meal program,[51] and elementary schools are usually not equipped with kitchen facilities. Parents are generally expected to provide a packed lunch for their children to take to school, or have their children return home to eat during the lunch period. However, some non-profit organizations dedicated to student nutrition programs do exist.[52]

Most Canadian middle schools (grades 6-8) and high schools (grades 9-12) have cafeterias that serve hot meals.

United States

Recipient of the U.S. School Lunch Program in 1936

History

The National School Lunch Program was created in 1946, when President Harry Truman signed the National School Lunch Act into law.[53] This legislation was originally created to aid farms struggling with their surplus provisions, in a way that was also beneficial to society.[54] Truman intended these meals to promote and protect child nutrition, while also supporting the consumption of American farm products.[55]

Current status

Today, the National School Lunch Program is a federal nutrition assistance program operating in over 101,000 public schools, non-profit private schools, and residential care institutions. It is regulated and administered at the federal level by the Food and Nutrition Service of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The program provides "nutritionally balanced meals" at low or no cost to more than 31 million children each school day.[53]

Since its inception, the Program has expanded substantially. It now includes the School Breakfast Program, the Snack Program, a Child and Adult Care Food Program, and the Summer Food Service Program. At the State level, the National School Lunch Program is usually administered by state education agencies, which operate the program through agreements with school food authorities.[56]

School meal programs in the United States provide meals free of charge, or at a reduced (government-subsidized) price, to the children of low-income families. Those who do not qualify for free or reduced price are charged a nominal fee.[53]

Generally, private schools cannot participate in the school lunch program. Public or nonprofit private residential child care institutions may or may not participate. School districts and independent schools that choose to take part in the program get minimal cash subsidies and donated commodities from the USDA for each meal they serve. In return, they must serve lunches that meet federal requirements, and they must offer free or reduced-price lunches to eligible children. School food authorities can also be reimbursed for snacks served to children through age 18 in after-school education or enrichment programs.

Controversy

There is some controversy over the fact that the USDA is simultaneously responsible for promoting health through nutritious school meals and diet guidelines, and for promoting the consumption of major agricultural products such as dairy and pork.[57] Critics say this is an innate conflict of interest, evident in the degree to which setting the National School Lunch Program standards remains a political process, influenced to a degree by food industry lobbyists. These critics argue that school meals' nutritional standards do not include some of the basics needed for a healthy diet, as established by nutrition science.[58]

Contents and nutritional guidelines

School lunches must meet the applicable recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. These guidelines state that no more than 30 percent of an individual's calories should come from fat, and less than 10 percent from saturated fat. Regulations also state that school lunches must provide one-third of the Recommended Dietary Allowances of protein, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, iron, calcium, and calories. School lunches must meet federal nutrition requirements over the course of one week's worth of lunches. However, local school food authorities may make decisions about which specific foods to serve and how they are prepared.

Vending machines in schools are also a major source of food for students. Under pressure from parents and anti-obesity advocates, many school districts moved to ban sodas, junk foods, and candy from vending machines and cafeterias.[59] Various laws have also been passed to limit foods sold in school vending machines. With increasing concern over traditional vending machines in schools, healthier vending options have gained popularity and are steadily being adopted by schools around the nation.[60][61] Marketing for such "healthy vending machines" states that they allow students to perform better in school while also attaining better health.

Africa

Nigeria

In April 2012, the State of Osun in Nigeria pioneered a statewide school meals programme for all public elementary school pupils. It is called the O'Meals programme (an acronym for the Osun Elementary School Feeding and Health Programme). As of July 2014, it was providing lunch to over 252,000 children in 100% of Osun's elementary schools. In addition to staples such as rice, beans, and yams served with stews, soups, and vegetables, the programme provides daily fruits. Its estimated cost is N50 (USD $0.31) per child per day.[62]

According to a report on O'Meals' benefits:[62]

“ Within four weeks of the O'Meals launch, school enrollment increase[d] by approximately 25%. According to the Nigerian National Bureau of Statistics July 2013 edition, Osun has the highest primary school enrollment rates in Nigeria – a feat largely attributable to O'Meals. [Additionally,] O'Meals promotes and boosts income generation opportunities, particularly for women. To date, the program has economically empowered over 3,000 previously unemployed women by hiring them as food vendors[.] ”

All food items are sourced locally from farmers and others on the supply chain, enhancing employment within the state. Addressing child malnutrition has raised students' academic performance, and has increased school enrollment by 24% compared to figures from before April 2012.[63]

In 2015, the manifesto of the All Progressives Congress (APC) advocated for the adoption of a nationwide free meal plan. Since he became President, Muhammadu Buhari has made the implementation of this policy one of his foremost priorities. A national School Meals programme is the subject of a budgetary proposal before the National Assembly. Also, the government of Kaduna State has implemented a school feeding programme.

Australia

Healthy Kids Association

The Healthy Kids Association (previously The Healthy Kids School Canteen Association) is a not-for-profit, non-governmental, health promotion organization based in Sydney, Australia.[64] It is a peak organisation for school canteens in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT).[65]

In Australia, many school canteens have returned to offering junk food, or pupils have started buying fast food outside their schools. The Association has developed policies intended to counter these trends; in some schools, they have taken over providing school food.[66]

In response to the 2002 Childhood Obesity Summit, former Premier of New South Wales Bob Carr launched the "Fresh Tastes NSW Healthy School Canteen Strategy." Healthy Kids has become a key partner of the Ministry of Health in developing this plan. The strategy is to develop a taste for healthier foods among schoolchildren by promoting and featuring healthier menu options, while limiting the availability of less nutritious foods.[67] The program's menu guide was partially created by Rosemary Stanton.[68]

See also

General:

Notes

  1. ↑ British celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay discusses school puddings as comfort food in The Times.[7]
  2. ↑ See, for example, this list of sample school menus from the city of Helsinki.[28]

References

  1. 1 2 Harper, Clare; Wood, Lesley & Mitchell, Claire (January 2008). The Provision of School Food in 18 Countries (Report). School Food Trust. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  2. 1 2 "The Swedish School Meal as Public Meal: Collective Thinking, Actions, and Meal Patterns". Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Social Sciences. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis Uppsala. 80: 9–81. 2012. ISBN 978-91-554-8431-6.
  3. ↑ "School Meals". World Food Programme. 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  4. ↑ "Our Partners". No Kid Hungry: Share Our Strength. 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  5. 1 2 Evans, C. E. L.; Harper, C. E. (April 2009). "A history and review of school meal standards in the UK". Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 22 (2). doi:10.1111/j.1365-277X.2008.00941.x.
  6. ↑ "Jamie's School Dinners". Channel 4. London: Channel 4 Television Corporation. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  7. ↑ Ramsay, Gordon. "Food and Drink: Gordon Ramsay". The Times Online. London. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  8. ↑ Gillard, Derek (June 2003). "Food for Thought: Child Nutrition, the School Dinner and the Food Industry". Education in England: The History of Our Schools. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  9. 1 2 "Q&A: Free School Meals for Infants". BBC News Online. 2 September 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  10. ↑ Coughlan, Sean (20 March 2014). "Free School Meals Threat to Poor Pupil Funds, Say Heads". BBC News Online. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  11. ↑ Twycross, Fiona (26 June 2013). "Why Free School Meals for All?". Socialist Health Association. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  12. ↑ "Dorset school dinners: Chartwells warned of legal action". BBC News. 16 October 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  13. ↑ "Food-Based Dietary Guidelines – Estonia". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  14. 1 2 Finnish National Board of Education (2008). School Meals in Finland: Investment in Learning (PDF) (Report). Finnish National Board of Education. p. 1. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  15. 1 2 "Basic Education Act 628/1998: Amendments up to 1136/2010 – Section 31: Free education" (PDF). FINLEX Data Base. Finnish Ministry of Justice. 1948. pp. 13–14. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  16. ↑ "Koulun arkea: rangaistukset". Paluu etusivulle (in Finnish). 1997. Retrieved 20 May 2016. English translation from Google Translate
  17. ↑ Finnish National Board of Education (2015). "Käyttökustannukset Opetuksenjärjestäjittäin (Euroa/Oppilas) Ilman Sairaala- Ja Vammaisopetusta". Opetushallitus (in Finnish). Finnish National Board of Education. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Lindqvist, Kai & Hallakorpi, Antti (2008). Kouluruokailusuositus: Valtion Ravitsemusneuvottelukanta 2008 (PDF) (Report) (in Finnish). Valtion Ravitsemus-Neuvottelukunta. pp. 1–14. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  19. ↑ "Meal Subsidy". Kela. Kansaneläkelaltos – The Social Insurance Institution of Finland. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  20. ↑ Fogelholm, Mikael; Hakala, Paula; Kara, Raija; et al. (2014). Suomalaiset Ravitsemussuositukset 2014 (PDF) (Report) (in Finnish). Valtion Ravitsemus-Neuvottelukunta. pp. 5–56. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  21. ↑ "Finnish Nutrition Recommendations 2014". The National Nutrition Council. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. 23 January 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  22. ↑ Peltonen, Maria (11 December 2009). "HY: Kouluruokailun henkilökunnalla on myös kasvattajan rooli". University of Helsinki Communications Department. Retrieved 20 May 2016. English translation from Google Translate
  23. ↑ "The General Upper Secondary Schools Act (629/1998)". EDILEX (in Finnish). Finnish Ministry of Education. 21 August 1998. Retrieved 20 May 2016. English translation from Google Translate
  24. ↑ "The Vocational Education and Training Act (630/1998)". FINLEX Data Base (in Finnish). Finnish Ministry of Justice. 21 August 1998. Retrieved 20 May 2016. English translation from Google Translate
  25. ↑ "Aamu – ja iltapäivätoiminnan perusteet". Opetushallitus Utbildningsstyrelsen. Opetushallitus Utbildningsstyrelsen. 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2016. English translation from Google Translate
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  31. 1 2 "The School Lunch Diploma". Kouluruoka Diplomi. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
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  36. 1 2 "School Meals Around the World". The Guardian. London. 30 March 2005. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  37. 1 2 Santich, Barbara (17 November 2009). "Sandwiches, Mais Non". The Age. Melbourne, Australia: Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
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  40. 1 2 "School Dinners Around the World". BBC News Online. BBC. 12 March 2005. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  41. ↑ "About the Indian Mid Day Meal Scheme". Mid Day Meal Scheme. Ministry of Human Resource Development, Department of School Education & Literacy, Government of India. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  42. ↑ "Mid-Day Meal". Akshaya Patra: Unlimited Food for Education. Akshaya Patra Foundation. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  43. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Harlan, Chico (30 January 2013). "On Japan's school lunch menu: A healthy meal, made from scratch". The Washington Post. WP Company LLC. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
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  46. ↑ "The Schools Milk Programme (SMP)". Ministry of Education of Malaysia. 24 December 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  47. 1 2 Zhao, Emmeline (9 November 2012). "What School Lunches Look Like Around The World". Huffington Post.
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  50. ↑ Bin Zaal, A.A.; Musaiger, A.O.; D'Souza, R. (2009). "Dietary habits associated with obesity among adolescents in Dubai, United Arab Emirates" (PDF). Nutrición Hospitalaria. 24 (4): 437–444. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  51. ↑ "Canada's Children Need a National Nutrition Program". Breakfast for Learning. 2012. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  52. ↑ "Funded Programs". Breakfast for Learning. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  53. 1 2 3 "National School Lunch Program" (PDF). Food and Nutrition Service. United States Department of Agriculture. September 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  54. ↑ Poppendieck, Janet (2010). Free For All: Fixing School Food in America. University of California, Berkeley. ISBN 0520269888.
  55. ↑ Ziperstein, Robyn (3 March 2013). "School Food, Inc.: The Contracting of America's National School Lunch Program and its Nutritional Consequences". The Cornell Policy Review. Cornell University Institute for Public Affairs. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  56. ↑ "Programs and Services". Food and Nutrition Service. United States Department of Agriculture. 26 March 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  57. ↑ Moss, Michael (6 November 2010). "While Warning About Fat, U.S. Pushes Cheese Sales". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  58. ↑ "Healthy Eating Plate vs. USDA's MyPlate". Nutrition Source. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  59. ↑ Otto, Mary & Aratani, Lori (4 May 2006). "Soda Ban Means Change at Schools: Policy Bolsters Regional Systems That Already Limited Sales". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  60. ↑ "School vending machine laws would help kids lose weight, study shows". CBS News. 13 August 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  61. ↑ Daly, Pete (29 December 2012). "Healthier snacks from smarter machines: Young entrepreneur studied vending machine management at MSU". Grand Rapids Business Journal Online. Gemini Publications. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  62. 1 2 "O'Meals – Why It's More Than Just Lunch". HGSF Nigeria. Home Grown School Feeding (HGSF). July 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  63. ↑ McGrath, Simon; Gu, Qing. Routledge Handbook of International Education and Development. Routledge. p. 174. ISBN 978-0415747547.
  64. ↑ Morgan, Emily (March 2009). Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Waste in Australia (Report). VicHealth: Victorian Health Promotion Foundation, State Government of Victoria. p. 38. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  65. ↑ Cornish, Ruby (15 June 2015). "Canberra school canteen overhaul proves a success, P&C encourages others to follow suit". ABC News Australia. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  66. ↑ "Health nazis losing obesity war as pies return to school canteens". The Daily Telegraph. Surry Hills, New South Wales: News Corp. 15 June 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  67. ↑ "Childhood Obesity: Healthy School Canteens". NSW Health. NSW Government. 15 July 2008. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  68. ↑ Browne, Rachel (19 September 2010). "Fat lot of good done by healthy canteen rules". The Sydney Morning Herald. Sydney, Australia: Fairfax Media. Retrieved 21 May 2016.

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