Heneral Luna

Heneral Luna

Official movie poster
Directed by Jerrold Tarog
Produced by Fernando Ortigas
Written by Henry Francia
E.A. Rocha
Jerrold Tarog
Starring John Arcilla
Mon Confiado
Arron Villaflor
Joem Bascon
Archie Alemania
Epi Quizon
Nonie Buencamino
Paulo Avelino
Leo Martinez
Mylene Dizon
Ronnie Lazaro
Music by Jerrold Tarog
Cinematography Pong Ignacio
Edited by Jerrold Tarog
Production
company
Artikulo Uno Productions
Distributed by Quantum Films
Abramorama (United States)[1]
Release dates
Running time
 118 minutes
Country Philippines
Language Tagalog
Budget ₱80 million[2]
Box office ₱256 million[3]

Heneral Luna (lit. General Luna) is a 2015 Filipino historical biopic film depicting General Antonio Luna's leadership of the Philippine Revolutionary Army during the Philippine-American War. It opens with the beginning of hostilities with the American colonizers, and ends with the assassination of Luna on June 5, 1899 - a period in which Luna served as Supreme Chief of the Army under the First Philippine Republic.

Directed by Jerrold Tarog and produced by Artikulo Uno Productions, the film received critical acclaim from critics and audiences alike, praising its cinematography, writing, acting and plot. The film was selected as the Philippine entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 88th Academy Awards but it was not nominated.[4]

With a production budget of 80 million pesos,[5][6] it is one of the most expensive Filipino epic historical films ever released. On September 29, 2015, it broke previous record of ₱160 million to become the highest grossing Filipino historical film of all time.[7][8] Despite a 50% discount offered student viewers,[9] by the beginning of its fourth week the film was well on its way to reaching the ₱200 million gross ticket sales.[10] In October 11, it was officially announced that the film had reached its ₱240 million break even point.[5]

Plot

President Emilio Aguinaldo (Mon Confiado) together with his Prime Minister Apolinario Mabini (Epi Quizon) and the whole presidential cabinet are debating the issue of the American presence in the Philippines. Felipe Buencamino (Nonie Buencamino) and Pedro Paterno (Leo Martinez) support a trade with Americans while General Antonio Luna (John Arcilla) and General José Alejandrino (Alvin Anson) want to wage war to gain independence for the Philippines. Luna asks the cabinet to authorize a pre-emptive strike while the Americans have yet to land their ground troops. Aguinaldo however assured his cabinet that the Americans had promised to help win freedom from their Spanish overlords. Unfortunately, the Americans have invaded key cities in Manila, indicating a possible war against the Filipinos.

Luna and his trusted comrades – General José Alejandrino, Colonel Francisco “Paco” Román (Joem Bascon), Captain Eduardo Rusca (Archie Alemania), Captain José Bernal (Alex Medina) and Major Manuel Bernal (Art Acuña) – embark on an arduous campaign against the invading American forces. During an intense battle against American troops led by General Arthur MacArthur Jr. (Miguel Faustmann) and General Elwell Otis (E.A. Rocha), Luna asks for reinforcements from the Kawit Battalion but its commander, Captain Pedro Janolino (Ketchup Eusebio), refuses to comply because the order did not come from President Aguinaldo himself. Luna angrily rides to Janolino's camp, humiliates him in front his men, and dismisses the battalion for insubordination. Luna then assembles an army of 4,000 soldiers by declaring his infamous "Article One", stating that all who refuse to follow his orders shall be executed without the benefit of a trial in a military court. He also recruits Lieutenant García (Ronnie Lazaro) after seeing his marksmanship skills, and makes him commander of his elite unit of sharpshooters.

As the war drags on, Buencamino and Paterno indicate their support of a proposal by the Americans for Philippine autonomy. Enraged by this, Luna orders their arrest. Luna’s campaign is undermined by General Tomás Mascardo (Lorenz Martinez), who opposes Luna's order for reinforcements, stating that he will only follow the President's direct orders. While the two generals are about to clash in Pampanga, the Americans advance steadily as other Filipino generals like Gregorio del Pilar (Paulo Avelino) retreat to the north. Luna visits Aguinaldo and Mabini to file his resignation, knowing that Buencamino and Paterno had been set free. Aguinaldo refuses to accept his resignation, but agrees to let Luna establish a headquarters for the Philippine Army in the north.

Later, Luna is summoned by a telegram to the President’s headquarters in Cabanatuan. Although his officers are suspicious, Luna rides to Cabanatuan, bringing only Román and Rusca with him. Most of the soldiers had already left headquarters under Aguinaldo's orders, with the exception of some elements of the Kawit Battalion. Luna discovers upon arrival that Aguinaldo had already left and only Buencamino remains in the office. As they exchange heated words, a single shot is fired outside. Luna investigates and encounters Captain Janolino and his men, who attack him. Luna is shot, stabbed, and hacked repeatedly to death. Román is also killed while a wounded Rusca surrenders to the Kawit soldiers. Most of Luna's remaining loyal officers are arrested, while some are killed, including the Bernal brothers.

As ordered by Aguinaldo, Luna and Román are buried with full military honors by the Kawit Battalion - the same men who killed them. Mabini, who is among the mourners, notices a bloodied Bolo of one of the soldiers; however, the Kawit Battalion would be exonerated thereafter.

While American newspapers quickly blame Aguinaldo for the death of Luna, after the war an aged Aguinaldo denies his involvement on the assassination; he acknowledges Antonio Luna as his most brilliant and most capable general. MacArthur and Otis acknowledge Luna as a worthy adversary, laughing at the fact that the Filipinos killed the only real general they had.

In the mid-credits scene, General Gregorio del Pilar makes ready to cover Aguinaldo's retreat to the north. He gathers Luna's remaining men and orders his aide to select 60 of them.

Cast

Historical characters

Members of Aguinaldo's Presidential Cabinet

Antonio Luna's general staff

Members of the Cavite Faction of the Philippine Revolutionary Army

Other Philippine Revolutionary Army personnel

United States Army personnel

Other supporting characters

Fictional or composite characters

Production

Screenplay

The first draft of Heneral Luna was written in 1998 by E.A. Rocha and Henry Hunt Francia, who chose to write about Antonio Luna after being hired by Cirio Santiago to write a television script for a television series in celebration of the centennial of Philippine independence. When the series failed to push through, Rocha and Francia were asked to rewrite the script as a feature-length film. The film did not go into production, however, and was shelved for seventeen years.[15] Francia died before the film's release.[16] Eventually, Leo Martinez convinced Rocha to submit the script to the Film Development Council of the Philippines.[17]

Jerrold Tarog, who had separately developed an interest in making a film about Antonio Luna after reading literature about him, learned about the Rocha and Francia script, and asked if he could use it for his planned film. Tarog got permission to re-write the script, which was originally written entirely in English,[18] and then asked fellow director Alvin Yapan to help translate it into formal Tagalog.[15] Tarog then tweaked the script further, simplifying it, and adapting it further for the appreciation of modern audiences.[18][19]

Notably, one of Tarog's later changes was to separate the Mascardo and Janolino characters, which at one point had been merged into a composite character, "Mascolino", who would have taken on characteristics of both historical characters. Tarog indicated that separating the characters would help flesh the film out further, and give it more highlights.[17]

The characters of Paco Román and Eduardo Rusca, who were portrayed in a character triptych with Luna in the film, were written to be polar opposites. Román would be a more controlled, logical character who would help bring out a more controlled side of Luna, while Rusca would be a more passionate character who could provide moments of levity throughout the film.[20]

In an interview on Filipino music website Radio Republic, Tarog, who has a degree in music composition from the College of Music at the University of the Philippines Diliman,[21] indicated that he approached Heneral Luna, as with all his other films, from a musical perspective. He revealed that he sometimes even did so literally - using a musical staff to lay out scenes, plotting out highs and lows, with notes corresponding scenes, and the pitch of the note corresponding to the mood.[18]

Among Tarog's references during the rewriting of the script were Philippine National Artist Nick Joaquin's A Question of Heroes, which he used as a guide to the film's tone and in humanizing the character of the titular protagonist; and Vivencio José's The Rise and Fall of Antonio Luna, which Tarog used as the primary source on Antonio Luna's life.[15]

Pre-production

Before meeting with Rocha regarding revising the script for the film, Tarog approached mainstream producers to do the film; he was however met with skepticism and doubts over the film's marketability, as they assumed that such a historical film "will be boring" or would not appeal to a mainstream audience. Tarog expressed difficulty into convincing them otherwise, lamenting that the local film industry has been institutionalized into producing films solely for entertainment, without taking into account those that "contribute to the minds of the people".[15][22]

The film was bankrolled by businessman Fernando Ortigas' film production outfit Artikulo Uno Productions, which takes its name from the Philippine-American War military directive, prominently referenced in the Heneral Luna film. Ortigas himself makes a brief cameo in the film.[22][23] Ortigas and Rocha served as co-producers of the film.[22] Ortigas remarked that if he would have received the script for the film a week earlier than he did, he would have just junked the script because he was not in a good state of mind to work with films at that time. He comments that the script arrived "at the right time" and said he enjoyed it.[24]

The film went through a long pre-production phase, which allowed the film's various departments to cope with the challenges of filming a period film in contemporary settings.[22] With roughly 90% of the film needing to be shot on location, the film required extensive location shoots in the few areas in the Philippines which still matched the architecture and environment of the period.[25]

Casting

Speaking at a press conference for 2015 Quezon City International Film Festival, at the beginning of the film's fourth week, Producer and co-writer E.A. Rocha noted that no expense was to be spared in getting "only actors suited for the role" instead of big-name stars. Tarog said his experiences on watching John Arcilla's performance in Raymond Red's short film Anino and later in the feature film Metro Manila later influenced him to cast Arcilla as General Luna.[20]

Filming

To keep costs down and cope with the requirements of shooting a historical film in modern settings, the film hewed close to its very tightly planned shotlist.[20] Tarog revealed that he designed his shots to reflect the two sides of Luna's personality - mostly straightforward shots to reflect his bluntness, and longer steadicam shots in moments that revealed his poetic side.[20]

Cinematographer Pong Ignacio drew inspiration from paintings from the film's period, including Antonio Luna's brother, Juan, and referenced numerous films portraying trench warfare, citing Stanley Kubrick's 1957 film Paths of Glory as a particular inspiration.[25] Ignacio recounts that the flashback scene to Luna's childhood, which was a single long steadicam shot involving an elaborate set, was the most challenging shot of the film.[25]

Makeup and prosthetics

Makeup and prosthetics for the film referred extensively to actual pictures of the historical characters. Arcilla had to grow out his moustache for the film, while Confiado lost significant weight for the role. Confiado also had to spend a long time looking for a barber who could render Aguinaldo's iconic haircut well. Carmen Reyes, who oversaw the makeup and prosthetics for the film, revealed that the makeup for Bing Pimintel, who portrays Luna's mother in two time periods, was particularly challenging. She also added that the choice to portray General Mascardo with only a partially formed moustache was symbolic, reflecting his frustration about being overshadowed by Luna.[26]

Visual effects

Visual effects company BlackBurst Inc was tasked to take on the film's visual effects, often in an effort to make a scene shot in a modern location fit seamlessly into the period storytelling of the film.[27]

In many cases, BlackBurst removed modern elements such as electric wires from houses and other backgrounds shot on location, or changed details, such as roof shingles on buildings, to match the period. In other cases BlackBurst added digital set extensions, notably the ships in the scene of the Americans arriving in Manila, early in the film. All of the ships were added digitally using Autodesk Maya, and crafting that particular effect took the entire production timetable.[27]

Background CEO Jauhn Dablo, who also served as the film's visual effects director, revealed that Tarog was very meticulous about the effects, paying attention even to the angle, power, and timing of individual gun shots.[27]

Music

Aside from taking on duties as the film's director, co-writer, and editor, Tarog also composed the score of the film,[15] drawing inspiration from numerous Russian classical composers, beginning with Igor Stravinsky mentor Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov.[20]

Acclaimed singer-songwriter Ebe Dancel, Tarog's fellow alumnus from the UP Rural High School in Los Baños, Laguna, was commissioned to write and perform the movie’s theme song, "Hanggang Wala Nang Bukas" (Until there's no Tomorrow) which was published in October 2015 under Star Music.[28][29][30]

Release

Pre-release screenings

Pre-release screenings of the film were held at selected venues in the United States; August 30, 2015 in Anthology Film Archives Cinema in New York City and AMC Rio Cinema in Maryland, Virginia and Washington D.C.; August 31, 2015 in Marina Theater in San Francisco and Krikorian Monrovia Cinema in Los Angeles, California. The film was also screened at the Philippine Consulate General in Dubai, United Arab Emirates on August 30.[16]

Marketing

The film was released with the tagline "Bayan o Sarili" (Tagalog, "Nation or Self?"), a tagline later used by fans on social media to criticize theaters who had pulled the film out in favor of mainstream films.[16][31]

Much of the public interest in the film came from word of mouth and social media.[31]

By September 19, the film's official trailer posted on YouTube has garnered over 1 million views.

Theatrical release

The film's general release in the Philippines nationwide began on September 9, 2015.[16][32]

After initially opening in about 100 theaters, Heneral Luna was pulled out in many theaters entering its second week, mostly to make way for the Hollywood and mainstream films that were scheduled to open. Down to around 40 cinemas, fans of the film rallied on social media and appealed to theater owners - especially the SM, Ayala and Robinsons cinema chains - to provide more venues for the film.[31]

On the opening of its second week, the film was shown to 79 theaters in the Philippines and then was increased to 94 by the weekends due to the increase of popularity. Word of mouth, critical acclaim, and social media coverage boosted the film's popularity, resulting in sold-out theaters nationwide - prompting cinema owners to show it again in their theaters.[31]

Reception

Box office

Since its theatrical release on September 9, 2015, Heneral Luna has made ₱180 in million gross sales at the box office - only ₱20 million short of the ₱200 million it needs to be able to break even at the box office, after cinemas' cut in ticket sales have been considered. On September 29, 2015, it passed the ₱160 million mark to become the highest grossing Filipino historical film of all time.[7]

As an independent film, Heneral Luna had a limited marketing budget, resulting in relatively low sales in its first week - ₱15 million from September 9 to 15, 2015.[8]

Due to positive word of mouth, ticket sales surged on Heneral Luna's second release week, earning ₱44 million from September 16 to 22.[8] despite the reduction in the number of theaters showing the film early in that week.[31] The distributor of the film, Joji Alonso, noted that “the 1st day gross of the second week is way higher than the 1st day gross of the 1st week. And to think the number of theaters was reduced by more than half!”[31]

On the third week, when even mainstream films normally see a drop in box office sales, Heneral Luna's numbers surged even higher, earning ₱104,010,219 from September 23 to 29.[33]

By the beginning of its fourth week, the film was averaging gross box office sales of about ₱8.5 million a day.[33]

Home media

A nationwide DVD release of Heneral Luna was done by distributor Magnavision, Inc. on December 18, 2015. Over 7,000 DVD copies of the film were sold in less than a month since its release making it the best-selling DVD of any Filipino historical film in the Philippines. Among the bonus features of the DVD are English subtitle, a music video for the film's official theme song, "Hanggang Wala Nang Bukas" by Ebe Dancel, a making of - documentary, and a short film entitled Illustrado Problems directed by JP Habac, which featured the illustrado characters from Heneral Luna in a comedic light.[34] On June 11, 2016, the film was broadcast for the first time on television through the ABS-CBN network.[35] Artikulo Uno Productions and ABS-CBN Corporation earlier announced a partnership to distribute Heneral Luna on all platforms of ABS-CBN including free-to-air, cable, global, video on demand, and pay per view.[36]

Filmmakers

A forum dubbed as “The Heneral Luna Revolution: Game Changer in Film Distribution” was held at Cinema 1 of Trinoma on October 27, 2015. The forum co-presented by QCinema and InterAksyon.com mainly tackled about the box office success of Heneral Luna and how could other indie films replicate this feat. The forum was moderated by InterAksyon.com editor-in-chief Roby Alampay and led by panel members director Jerrold Tarog and associate producers Vincent Nebrida and Ria Limjap.

Critical reception

Ambeth Ocampo, historian and former National Commission for Culture and the Arts chairperson, was among the people who made a critical review on the film

Heneral Luna received mostly positive reviews from film critics in the Philippines[37][38][39][40][41] and historians alike.[42][43]

Historian and former National Commission for Culture and the Arts chair Ambeth Ocampo strongly recommended the film,[42] calling it "an engaging narrative, supported by wonderful cinematography and grounded on sound historical research." He added that "When I previewed the film, I commented that it should not open with a disclaimer simply because it is a cinematic retelling of what many consider textbook history and is not a doctoral dissertation."[42]

Comparisons have been drawn between Arcilla's portrayal of Luna in the film, and that of the character he played in John Sayles' 2010 film "Amigo", which was also set during the Filipino American War, albeit on a much smaller scale - depicting the war as it was experienced in a single Barrio.[44][45][46]

Philippine Daily Inquirer Arts and Books editor Lito B. Zulueta suggests that "By focusing on arguably the most rugged—and therefore the most dynamic—figure of the Philippine war against the American invaders, Jerrold Tarog’s 'Heneral Luna' revives the historical action movie and in effect, revitalizes two dormant genres—the action film and more important, the historical film."[47] Michael Kho Lim from the Daily Tribune also gave a positive review, saying “Timely as it is significant. John Arcilla breathes life to Luna. Complex. Poetic. Gripping.”[48]

Rappler critic Oggs Cruz calls the film “precise in its storytelling and in its depiction of the major players of the revolution," furthering that "John Arcilla is excellent. Tarog makes his character human… and creates an essay of everything that is wrong with our nationhood. Tarog’s Heneral Luna is fascinating, beautiful to gaze at, and genuinely affecting.” ClickTheCity critic Philbert Ortiz Dy gave the film 5 out of 5 stars, saying "Beyond its obvious technical achievement, Heneral Luna is worth seeing for its audacious approach to tackling our country’s tragic history. All at once bold, artful, darkly funny, informed and deeply entertaining, it makes the revolution come alive in surprising, delightful ways. This film triumphs in capturing the spirit of its subject, the whole enterprise fueled with a heady mix of rage, irreverence and a genuine love of country. It is everything that an Antonio Luna biopic should be.”

Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator gives the film a score of 71% based on 7 reviews, with an average rating of 5.2 out of 10.[49]

Heneral Luna received a Grade A from Cinema Evaluation Board of the Philippines.[50]

Accolades

List of accolades
Award / Film Festival Category Recipient(s) Result
Luna Awards 2016[51]
Best Picture Heneral Luna Won
Best Director Jerrold Tarrog Won
Best Screenplay Henry Francia, E.A. Rocha and Jerrold Tarog Won
Best Actor John Arcilla Won
Best Supporting Actor Nonie Buencamino Won
Best Supporting Actress Mylene Dizon Nominated
Best Cinematography Pong Ignacio Won
Best Production Design Benjamin Padero and Carlo Tabije Won
Best Editing Jerrold Tarog Won
Best Musical Scoring Jerrold Tarog Won
Best Sound Mikko Quizon Won
39th Gawad Urian Awards[52] Best Picture Heneral Luna Nominated
Best Director Jerrold Tarog Won
Best Editing Jerrold Tarog Won
Best Screenplay Jerrold Tarog, Henry Francia & E.A Rocha Nominated
Best Cinematography Pong Ignacio Won
Best Editing Jerrold Tarog Won
Best Music Jerrold Tarog Nominated
Best Sound Mikko Quizon Won
2016 Platinum Stallion Media Awards[53] Best Student-Oriented Film Jerrold Tarog Won
Best Film Actor John Arcilla Won
14th Gawad Tanglaw Awards[54] Student’s Choice Award for Best Film Jerrold Tarog Won
Best Cinematography Pong Ignacio Won
Gantimpalang Dr. Jaime G. Ang
Presidential Jury Award for Film 		John Arcilla Won
10th Asian Film Awards[55][56] Best Actor John Arcilla Nominated
Best Costume Design Carlo Tabije Nominated
Best Production Design Benjamin Padero, Carlo Tabije Nominated
32nd PMPC Star Awards for Movies[57] Movie of the Year Heneral Luna Nominated
Movie Director of the Year Jerrold Tarog Nominated
Movie Actor of the Year John Arcilla Nominated
Movie Supporting Actor of the Year Noni Buencamino Nominated
Mon Confiado Nominated
Movie Supporting Actress of the Year Mylene Dizon Nominated
Movie Screenwriter of the Year Henry Francia, E.A. Rocha, and Jerrold Tarog Nominated
Movie Cinematographer of the Year Pong Ignacio Nominated
Movie Production Designer of the Year Benjamin Padero and Carlo Tabije Nominated
Movie Editor of the Year Jerrold Tarog Won
Movie Musical Scorer of the Year Jerrold Tarog Won
Movie Sound Engineer of the Year Mikko Quizon and Hit Productions Won
Movie Original Theme Song of the Year Hanggang Wala Nang Wakas, composed, arranged, and interpreted by Ebe Dancel Nominated

Themes and symbolism

The Spoliarium 
The scene which was made to resemble the painting on the left. 

A number of visual motiffs throughout film have symbolic significance, particularly for audiences familiar with the History of the period and Filipino culture.

A Philippine revolutionary flag is displayed prominently in the film's bookend scenes, becoming dirtier and more ragged when the film reverts to its framing device as the events of the film unfold.[58] The burning flag during the end credits is a poignant experience for Filipino audiences, as flag-burning is not legal under the 1987 Filipino constitution.[37]

In a scene towards the end of the film, the bodies of Luna and Román are dragged across the courtyard in a manner highly reminiscent of the Spoliarium, a painting which has served as artistic icon of Filipino nationalism, painted in 1884 by Luna's own brother, Juan Luna.[59]

Historical accuracy and significance

Patricio Mercado-Noel, author of Was Aguinaldo Really An Arrogant Imbecile? A Critique of Nick Joaquin's "A Question of Heroes" and "Heneral Luna" the Film, questioned the accuracy of the movie, particularly in its negative portrayal of Aguinaldo as a clueless and dormant leader. He cites two of Aguinaldo's correspondences, prior to the Philippine-American War, in which Aguinaldo explicitly states to General Juan Cailles, Felipe Buencamino, and Gregorio Araneta, that he was aware that war with the Americans was "coming sooner or later" and that he felt that the Americans were "playing us until the arrival of their reinforcements". In the film, however, Aguinaldo is shown as trusting the U.S. ambassador's assurances given to him, during his exile in Hong Kong.

Mercado-Noel also pointed out that, contrary to the film's suggestion (in the opening scene), Aguinaldo had begun preparations for war with the Americans in Intramuros. He cites secret orders given to General Pantaleón García by Aguinaldo, before the Philippine-American War, in which Aguinaldo instructs García to build trenches and to familiarize himself with his military plan, containing 12 detailed articles, for a surprise offensive within Intramuros, in coordination with Filipino forces outside the city walls. His research suggests that the shortages of armaments, even before the fall of Intramuros, and an uprising in Tarlac, played a major role in the delay of the planned attack on the Americans in the city.

With much of the film based on the works of Vivencio R. Jose, the film not only stayed true to the broad historical narrative, but to lesser known elements of Luna's personality, such as his penchant for musical instruments, his close relationship to his mother, his love of women, and his passion for the Philippine countryside.[60]

Tarog described the film as an "attempt to identify the ills" of Philippine society, emphasizing that the Filipinos' biggest enemy has been their own selves and not necessarily colonialization, and has been in "a cycle of betrayal".[15]

In one of the press conferences for the film's release, Tarog noted that the film took minor creative liberties such as Antonio Luna's frequent usage of the Filipino profanity such as the word putang ina (roughly translated as "son of a bitch") in the film in an effort to connect the film to the Filipino millennial generation which was the film's target audience.[16] There were also inaccuracies in the film's battle scenes. In its depiction of the Battle of Santo Tomas, the Filipinos are shown to be victorious against the Americans when in fact it was the Americans who won and they only suffered two casualties. Also, the man who saved Luna after his brave charge on horseback wasn't Colonel Roman as depicted in film, but was actually Alejandro Avecilla.[61][62]

Historian and columnist John Nery notes that an important part of Luna's personal history, his non-support of the first phase of the Philippine revolution - is not mentioned in the film, although he also notes that the event takes place outside the movie's timeframe, and the film does not contradict it. Notes Nery, "Luna’s atonement is not part of the movie’s backstory (although on viewing the movie a second time I imagined it would easily fit the movie’s main narrative). Does this lessen director Jerrold Tarog’s work, or lead actor John Arcilla’s art? I do not think so, because the movie approaches the Luna story on its own terms."[63]

One of the creative liberties taken by the film with the historical timeline is that it portrays Apolinario Mabini as still holding a position of leadership at Luna's funeral, in June 1899; historically, however, Mabini had been pressured by his political adversaries into resigning from government a month earlier, in May 1899, replaced in his post as Prime Minister by Pedro Paterno. The film portrays the relationship between Mabini and Pedro Paterno as amicable.[64]

Isabel and conspiracy theories related to Ysidra Cojuangco

In an interview with CNN Philippines' Pia Hontiveros, Tarog revealed that the name of the character Isabel, played by Mylene Dizon, is "a wink" to conspiracy theorists who believe there was a relationship between Luna and Ysidra Cojuangco. According to the theory, made popular early in the term of President Benigno Aquino III, who is a descendant of Cojuangco, money squirreled away by Luna from the revolution was actually the source of the Cojuangco family fortune. However, Tarog also revealed that he found no evidence of any such relationship between Ysidra and Luna, and that the name was thus nothing more than a humorous reference. Instead, Tarog revealed that Dizon's character was a composite of several of Luna's lovers and Nicolasa Dayrit, the woman who tried to intervene between Mascardo and Luna during their argument.[65]

Controversies

Given the socio-political nature of the film's themes, and the production's success relative to the majority of the Philippines' indie films and historical films, numerous aspects of the public reception to the film have been covered in media.

Early pull-out

One of the more unusual aspects of the public response to Heneral Luna was the successful campaign to put the film back in theaters. At first, more than half of the theaters that premiered the movie on September 9 had pulled it out after less than 5 days, which is typical practice for commercial movie theaters showing independent Filipino films. By September 16, only 40 of the 101 theaters that premiered it were still showing it. This resulted in a clamor among netizens and artists to bring the film back.[66] This helped create word of mouth publicity for the film after its first week, resulting in packed cinemas on the film's first weekend. As a result, cinemas decided to screen the film again, with second and third week box office results significantly higher than the first. By the end of the film's first weekend, Heneral Luna was showing in 120 cinemas - higher than the number of cinemas that originally screened it.[31]

Lack of Knowledge about Mabini's Paralysis

Apolinario Mabini

The film's popularity has also led to some criticism of the Philippine educational system, due to reports of numerous incidents - including one during a Q&A with actor Epy Quizon, who portrayed Apolinario Mabini in the film - in which school-age youths asked why Mabini never stood up throughout the film, implying a lack of familiarity with the famously paralytic statesman.[67] President Benigno Aquino III noted this as well. In the 2015 Gawad Apolinario Mabini awarding ceremonies on September 29, 2015, he noted the issue was "a reflection of how little some of the youth know about history," considering Mabini's intelligence played a role in building the Philippines' democratic institution. He later hinted about tasking Education Secretary Armin Luistro to resolve the impasse.[68]

Portrayal of Aguinaldo

A number of historians have noted that the Film's portrayal of Emilio Aguinaldo is more negative than it thought to be by the viewers due to the plot.[69] Reacting to the film, Transport secretary Joseph Emilio Abaya, who is one of Aguinaldo's descendants, said that he maintains his belief that his great grandfather did not assassinate Luna.[70]

However, the director has indicated that one of the hopes of the planned trilogy is to present a more rounded portrayal of Aguinaldo.[71] Actor Mon Confiado was given specific instructions never to portray Aguinaldo as a villain - while the audience might see him as a villain because of the plot, the portrayal itself would hinge on character motivations, such as the need for self-preservation, and never simple villainy.[20]

Copyright infringement

Upon learning that bootleg copies of the film were already circulating, the cast and crew of the film campaigned on social media to discourage potential viewers from buying unlicensed copies of the film, and were soon joined by fans posting image macroes and other such memes encouraging viewers to support the film instead of unauthorized copies.[72] The Optical Media Board and the Philippine National Police made raids against the distribution of illegal DVD copies of the film.[73]

Sequel

Noting the breakout success of Heneral Luna, director Jerrold Tarog said there are plans to make it the first of a trilogy if it generated enough revenues. The other two films would individually focus on Gen. del Pilar and Manuel L. Quezon. Tarog likened the mid-credits scene of Heneral Luna to mid- or end-credit scenes of films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe that show potential plot points in an upcoming film.[71][74] Tarog has also expressed interest in making a film featuring female revolutionary Teresa Magbanua, who led troops in the Visayas region during the war.[75]

At an interview on Radio Republic, Tarog indicated that his next project as a director would either be an adaptation of Arnold Arre's The Mythology Class, or the sequel to Heneral Luna, whose title he revealed to be Goryo, confirming that it would focus on Gregorio del Pilar.[18][76] At a special thanksgiving party on October 29, 2015 - Antonio Luna's 149th birth anniversary - co-producer EA Rocha confirmed that the del Pilar biopic is "in development" with a projected release scheduled in a few years time.[77] He has also expressed

See also

References

  1. ↑ Saepoff, Sonya (20 October 2015). "Abramorama to Release Philippine Academy Award Entry 'Heneral Luna'". Indiewire. Indiewire.com. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  2. ↑ Bayani San Diego Jr. (October 11, 2015). "'Heneral Luna': Lesson in breaking the rules". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  3. ↑ "John Lloyd, Bea, Vice, Coco, Vic, Ai-Ai lead winners at the Box Office Entertainment Awards" (in Filipino). Philippine Entertainment Portal. February 21, 2016. Retrieved February 21, 2016.
  4. ↑ "'Heneral Luna' is PH official entry to Oscar best foreign language film category". Interaksyon. 21 September 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  5. 1 2 Bayani San Diego Jr. (October 11, 2015). "'Heneral Luna' earns P240 million, breaks even". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  6. ↑ "Philippines Sends 'Heneral Luna' To Battle for Foreign-Language Oscar". Variety. 21 September 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  7. 1 2 http://kickerdaily.com/heneral-luna-mark-third-week/
  8. 1 2 3 http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/entertainment/09/30/15/heneral-luna-continues-charge-hits-p160m
  9. ↑ http://www.interaksyon.com/entertainment/heneral-luna-draws-bigger-crowds-adds-more-theaters-on-second-week/
  10. ↑ Atty. Joji Alonso. "HENERAL LUNA's countdown to achieve the 200M break even point". Facebook.com.
  11. ↑ http://www.nbrcnparks.org/instagram-image/1068541782342403943_342022976
  12. ↑ Miguel Faustmann. "March 26 post by Miguel Faustmann on his role as Arthur MacArthur". Facebook.
  13. ↑ Ante, Kimberly (27 September 2015). "Napansin n'yo ba si Joven Hernando sa 'Heneral Luna?'". rappler.com (in Filipino). Ortigas Center, Pasig: Rappler Inc. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  14. ↑ Roque, Mylah R. (September 17, 2015). "Why 'Heneral Luna' should not be missed". verafiles.org. Metro Manila: VERA Files. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Concepcion, Pocholo (31 August 2015). "How the film 'Heneral Luna' finally saw the light of day" (in English and Filipino). Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Sallan, Edwin (31 August 2015). "'Heneral Luna' to have global premiere on National Heroes Day". InterAksyon. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
  17. 1 2 E.A. Rocha, Jerrold Tarog (Jul 28, 2015). HENERAL LUNA Behind the Scenes: Screenplay.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Lucero, Zach (September 24, 2015). "Heneral Luna… a song worth watching…". Radio Republic. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  19. ↑ Pia Hontiveros, Art Acuña, E.A. Rocha, Jerrold Tarog (Jul 28, 2015). news.PH: Heneral Luna (Part 2).
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Jerrold Tarog (Jul 28, 2015). HENERAL LUNA Behind the Scenes:Directing, Editing and Scoring.
  21. ↑ 2011. DVD Commentary, Confessional (2007)
  22. 1 2 3 4 EA Rocha, Fernando Ortigas (Jul 28, 2015). HENERAL LUNA Behind the Scenes: Producers.
  23. ↑ "Biz Buzz: Ortigas in 'Heneral Luna'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 23 September 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
  24. ↑ "Why 'Heneral Luna' was almost shelved by producer". ABS-CBN News. October 9, 2015. Retrieved October 10, 2015.
  25. 1 2 3 Pong Ignacio (Jul 28, 2015). HENERAL LUNA Behind the Scenes: Screenplay.
  26. ↑ Carmen Reyes (Jul 28, 2015). HENERAL LUNA Behind the Scenes: Hair and Makeup.
  27. 1 2 3 Jauhn Dablo (Jul 28, 2015). HENERAL LUNA Behind the Scenes: Visual Effects.
  28. ↑ "Hanggang Wala Nang Bukas". Napster.
  29. ↑ Sallan, Edwin (12 June 2015). "Ebe Dancel: 'It's easy to misunderstand a passionate man like Antonio Luna'". InterAksyon.com. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  30. ↑ "Ebe Dancel sings theme song for 'Heneral Luna'". ABS-CBNnews.com. 11 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "How did John Arcilla-starrer, Heneral Luna, fare in the box office?". PEP.ph. Philippine Entertainment Portal Inc. 23 September 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
  32. ↑ "'Heneral Luna' to be screened in SF before general release". Philippine Daily Inquirer. INQUIRER.net U.S. Bureau. 19 August 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
  33. 1 2 http://www.rappler.com/entertainment/news/107836-heneral-luna-box-office-update
  34. ↑ Sallan, Edwin (25 January 2016). "'Heneral Luna' breaks DVD sales record as 'Bonifacio' released in streaming video". InterAksyon.com.
  35. ↑ "Multi-media blitz for 'Heneral Luna' on Independence Day". Interaksyon.com. June 4, 2016.
  36. ↑ "'Heneral Luna' goes to TV". The Manila Times. April 25, 2016.
  37. 1 2 Yuson, Alfred (17 August 2015). "And the enemy is us". KRIPOTKIN. The Philippine Star. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  38. ↑ Alejo, Annie (31 August 2015). "Hero. Human. Heneral Luna.". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  39. ↑ Mayuga, Sylvia (9 September 2015). "'Heneral Luna': Hero for the millennial generation". GMA News. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  40. ↑ Hawson, Fred (21 September 2015). "Review: Hot-headed and heroic 'Heneral Luna'". Fred Said. ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
  41. ↑ Tordesillas, Ellen (21 September 2015). "Aquino, Del Rosario and Gazmin should watch 'Heneral Luna'". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  42. 1 2 3 Ocampo, Ambeth (9 September 2015). "Antonio Luna and his temper". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  43. ↑ Nery, John (22 September 2015). "Apolinario Mabini vs General Luna". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  44. ↑ Lo, Ricky (30 August 2015). "John in the Company of Heroes". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
  45. ↑ Visaya, Momar (24 July 2015). "Heneral Luna & Pamanhikan premiere at the AAIFF". LifeEASTyle Magazine. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
  46. ↑ http://entertainment.inquirer.net/140758/game-of-the-general
  47. ↑ http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/205799/epic-movie-shows-how-the-revolution-assassinated-heneral-luna
  48. ↑ Lim, Michael Kho (31 August 2015). "The untold (hi)story in Heneral Luna". Tribune.net. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  49. ↑ "Heneral Luna (2015)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  50. ↑ Carvajal, Dolly (2 September 2015). "John Arcilla presents hero's human side". Inquirer Entertainment. Inquirer.net. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  51. ↑ "FULL LIST: Winners, Luna Awards 2016". Rappler. September 18, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
  52. ↑ "FULL LIST: Winners, Gawad Urian 2016". Rappler. 22 June 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
  53. ↑ Pagulong, Charmie Joy (5 February 2016). "Trinity picks STAR as best broadsheet". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  54. ↑ Sallan, Edwin (15 February 2016). "'Honor Thy Father,' John Lloyd Cruz win big in Gawad Tanglaw". InterAksyon.com. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  55. ↑ "'Heneral Luna' earns nominations at Asian Film Awards 2016". Rappler. 4 February 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  56. ↑ Tantiangco, Aya (18 March 2016). "Filipino epic film 'Heneral Luna' empty-handed in Asian Film Fest awards". GMA News. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  57. ↑ "FULL LIST: Winners, PMPC Star Awards for Movies 2016". Rappler. March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
  58. ↑ henerallunathemovie.com/files/Heneral-Luna-Study-Guide.pdf
  59. ↑ Santiago, Katrina Stuart (22 August 2015). "Heneral Luna burns the flag". The Manila Times. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
  60. ↑ Vivencio R. Jose (September 13, 2015). HENERAL LUNA: The History behind the Movie.
  61. ↑ Raposas, Al. "Heneral Luna: historical liberties and inaccuracies". The Young Filipino Historian. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
  62. ↑ Campones, Alven. "Heneral Luna Study Guide" (PDF). Retrieved October 9, 2015.
  63. ↑ http://opinion.inquirer.net/88960/what-we-still-dont-know-about-antonio-luna
  64. ↑ Keat, Gin Ooi (2004), Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1-57607-770-5
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  66. ↑ "Netizens lament pull-out of 'Heneral Luna' from cinemas". INQUIRER.net. 16 September 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  67. ↑ "'Why is Mabini just seated?' Epy Quizon stands up to the confused". INQUIRER.net. 24 September 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
  68. ↑ http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/726449/aquino-cant-believe-question-asked-why-mabini-was-seated-throughout-luna-movie
  69. ↑ http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/focus/09/28/15/hero-or-traitor-historian-weighs-aguinaldo-luna
  70. ↑ "Abaya does not believe in 'Luna' storyline". MST News. Manila Standard. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2015.
  71. 1 2 Garlitos, Raymund Magno (27 September 2015). "The most important filmmaker of our era is Jerrold Tarog". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 2 October 2015.
  72. ↑ http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/538345/scitech/technology/heneral-luna-battles-pirates-in-this-lego-short
  73. ↑ Avendaño-Umali, Isa (30 September 2015). "OMB, PNP, kinalampag laban sa naglipanang pirated DVDs ng Heneral Luna (OMB, PNP made crackdowns against circulation of pirated DVDs of Heneral Luna)" (in Filipino). Radyo Inquirer. Retrieved 2 October 2015.
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  75. ↑ "'WATCH: After 'Heneral Luna,' a movie on Gregorio del Pilar is in the works, Paulo Avelino to star'". 29 October 2015.
  76. ↑ Jordan, Clark (27 September 2015). "Arnold Arre's THE MYTHOLOGY CLASS Headed For Theatres". The Aswang Project. High Banks Entertainment Ltd. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
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