Henry Lee III

Henry Lee III
9th Governor of Virginia
In office December 1, 1791 – December 1, 1794
Preceded by	Beverley Randolph
Succeeded by	Robert Brooke
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia's 19th district
In office March 4, 1799 – March 3, 1801
Preceded by	Walter Jones
Succeeded by	John Taliaferro
Personal details
Born	January 29, 1756 Dumfries, Colony of Virginia, British America
Died	March 25, 1818 (aged 62) Cumberland Island, Georgia
Resting place	Lee Chapel Washington and Lee University Lexington, Virginia, U.S.
Political party	Federalist
Spouse(s)	Matilda Ludwell Lee Anne Hill Carter
Children	Robert E. Lee, others
Alma mater	College of New Jersey
Signature
Military service
Nickname(s)	"Light-Horse Harry"
Allegiance	United States of America
Service/branch	Continental Army United States Army
Years of service	1776–1783 (Continental Army) 1798–1800 (U.S. Army)
Rank	Lieutenant colonel (Continental Army) Major general (U.S. Army)
Battles/wars	American Revolutionary War Whiskey Rebellion

Henry Lee III (January 29, 1756 – March 25, 1818), also known as Light-Horse Harry Lee, was an early American Patriot who served as the ninth Governor of Virginia and as the Virginia Representative to the United States Congress. During the American Revolution, Lee served as a cavalry officer in the Continental Army and earned the nickname "Light-Horse Harry".^{[note 1]} Henry Lee was the father of Civil War-era Confederate general Robert E. Lee.

Biography

Lee was born near Dumfries, Virginia, the son of Henry Lee II (1730–1787) of "Leesylvania" and Lucy Grymes (1734–1792) the "Lowland Beauty". His father was the second cousin of Richard Henry Lee, twelfth President of the Continental Congress. His mother was an aunt of the wife of Virginia Governor Thomas Nelson, Jr. His great-grandmother Mary Bland was also a grand-aunt of President Thomas Jefferson.

Lee was the grandson of Henry Lee I, a great-grandson of Richard Bland, and a great-great-grandson of William Randolph.^[1] He was also a descendant of Theodorick Bland of Westover and Governor Richard Bennett.

Military career

Letter from Henry Lee to Colonel Shreve, Burlington, May 12, 1780

Lee graduated from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) in 1773, and began pursuing a legal career. With the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, he instead became a captain in a Virginia dragoon detachment, which was attached to the 1st Continental Light Dragoons. In 1778, Lee was promoted to major and given the command of a mixed corps of cavalry and infantry known as Lee's Legion, with which he won a great reputation as a capable leader of light troops. At the time, highly mobile groups of light cavalry provided valuable service not only during major battles, but also by conducting reconnaissance and surveillance, engaging the enemy during troop movements, disrupting delivery of supplies, doing raiding and skirmishing, and organizing expedition behind enemy lines;^[2][3] part of such tactics now are known as guerrilla warfare and maneuver warfare. In September of the same year, Lee commanded a unit of dragoons which defeated a Hessian regiment at the Battle of Edgar's Lane.

It was during his time as commander of the Legion that Lee earned the sobriquet of "Light-Horse Harry" for his horsemanship. On September 22, 1779 the Continental Congress voted to present Lee with a gold medal—a reward given to no other officer below a general's rank—for the Legion's actions during the Battle of Paulus Hook in New Jersey, on August 19 of that year.^[4][5]

Lee was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and was assigned with his Legion to the southern theater of war. Lee's Legion raided the British outpost of Georgetown, South Carolina with General Francis Marion in January 1781 and helped screen the American army in their Race to the Dan River the following month. Lee united with General Francis Marion and General Andrew Pickens in the spring of 1781 to capture numerous British outposts in South Carolina and Georgia including Fort Watson, Fort Motte, Fort Granby, Fort Galphin, Fort Grierson, and Fort Cornwallis, Augusta, Georgia.^[6] They conducted a campaign of terror and intimidation against Loyalists in the region, highlighted in Pyle's Massacre. Lee and his legion also served at the Battle of Guilford Court House, the Siege of Ninety-Six, and the Battle of Eutaw Springs. He was present at Cornwallis's surrender at Yorktown, but left the Army shortly after claiming fatigue and disappointment with his treatment from fellow officers.

In 1794, Lee was summoned by Washington to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania. Lee commanded the 12,950 militiamen sent to quash the rebels; there was no fighting due to peaceful surrender.^[7] In 1798, Henry Lee was appointed a major general in the U.S. Army due to a possible war with France. In 1808, he was re-commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson as major-general since war with Great Britain was deemed to break out; Lee organized the Virginia militia. He asked President James Madison for a commission at the onset of the War of 1812 but without success. In 1812 he published his Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department of the United States, where he summarized his military experiences during the Revolutionary War.

Political career

From 1786 to 1788, Lee was a delegate to the Congress of the Confederation, and in 1788 at the Virginia convention; he favored the adoption of the United States Constitution. From 1789 to 1791, he served in the General Assembly and, from 1791 to 1794, was Governor of Virginia; a new county of Virginia was named after him during his governorship.^[8]

From 1799 to 1801, he served in the United States House of Representatives of the Congress. He famously eulogized Washington to a crowd of 4,000 at the first President's funeral on December 26, 1799 as, first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen.^[9]

Family

Between April 8 and 13, 1782, at Stratford Hall, Lee married his second cousin, Matilda Ludwell Lee (1764–1790), who was known as "the Divine Matilda". She was the daughter of Philip Ludwell Lee, Sr., and Elizabeth Steptoe. Matilda had three children before she died in 1790:

• Philip Lee (1784–1794)
• Lucy Grymes Lee (1786–1860)
• Henry Lee IV (May 28, 1787 – January 30, 1837), was a historian and author who also served as a speech writer for both John C. Calhoun and presidential candidate Andrew Jackson, also helping the latter to write his inaugural address.

On June 18, 1793, Lee married the wealthy Anne Hill Carter (1773–1829) at Shirley Plantation. Anne was the daughter of Charles Carter, Esq., of Shirley, and his wife Ann Butler Moore. She was also a descendant of King Robert II of Scotland through Alexander Lindsay, the 2nd Earl of Crawford.^[10] They had six children:

• Algernon Sidney Lee (April 2, 1795 – August 9, 1796), died at Sully Plantation, buried there in an unmarked grave^[11]
• Charles Carter Lee (1798–1871)
• Anne Kinloch Lee (1800–1864)
• Sydney Smith Lee (1802–1869)
• Robert Edward Lee (January 19, 1807 – October 12, 1870), the fifth child of Henry and Anne, served as Confederate general-in-chief during the American Civil War. Robert E. Lee ranks among the most famous and revered American soldiers in U.S. history, and his campaigns are still studied by military tacticians and historians around the world
• Mildred Lee (1811–1856)

Later life

Lee's house in Alexandria, Virginia

After retiring from public service in 1801, he lived with his family at Stratford Hall and unsuccessfully tried to manage his plantation. The Panic of 1796–1797 and bankruptcy of Robert Morris reduced Lee's fortune. In 1809, he became bankrupt and served one year in debtors' prison in Montross, Virginia; his son, Robert Lee was two years old at the time.^[12][13] After release, Lee moved his family to Alexandria, Virginia,

During the civil unrest in Baltimore, Maryland in 1812, Lee received grave injuries while helping to resist an attack on his friend, Alexander Contee Hanson, editor of the Baltimore newspaper, The Federal Republican on July 27, 1812. Hanson was attacked by Democratic-Republican mob because his paper opposed the War of 1812. Lee and Hanson and two dozen other Federalists had taken refuge in the offices of the paper. The group surrendered to Baltimore city officials the next day and were jailed. Laborer George Woolslager led a mob that forced its way into the jail, removed the Federalists, beating and torturing them over the next three hours. All were severely injured, and one Federalist, James Lingan, died.^[14][15]

Lee suffered extensive internal injuries as well as head and face wounds, and even his speech was affected. His observed symptoms were consistent with what is now called post-traumatic stress disorder. After unsuccessful convalescence at home, he sailed to the West Indies in an effort to recuperate from his injuries. On his way back to Virginia, he died on 25 March 1818, at Dungeness, on Cumberland Island, Georgia, cared for by Nathanael Greene's daughter Louisa. Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee was buried with full military honors, provided by an American fleet stationed near St. Marys, Georgia, in a small cemetery at Dungeness. In 1913, his remains were moved to the Lee family crypt at Lee Chapel, on the campus of Washington & Lee University in Lexington, Virginia.^[16]

In popular culture

The fictional character of Colonel Harry Burwell in the film The Patriot according to screenwriter Robert Rodat have been inspired by the historical exploits of Henry Lee.^[17]

In the musical 1776 Lee's nickname is mentioned (anachronistically) during the song "The Lees of Old Virginia," sung by the character of his older cousin Richard Henry Lee.

Works

• Lee, Henry, and Robert E. Lee. Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department of the United States. Eyewitness accounts of the American Revolution. Philadelphia: Bradford and Inskeep, 1812. (3rd ed. published in 1869, with memoir by his son Robert E. Lee.)

See also

• Light Horse Tavern
• Lighthorse Harry Lee Cabin

Notes

1. In the military parlance of the time, the term "Light-horse" had a hyphen between the two words "light" and "horse". See the title page of The Discipline of the Light-Horse. By Captain Hinde, of the Royal Regiment of Foresters, (Light-Dragoons.) published in London in 1778, a cavalry tactics classic which was used as a manual.

References

1. Dillon, John Forrest, ed. (1903). "Introduction". John Marshall; life, character and judicial services as portrayed in the centenary and memorial addresses and proceedings throughout the United States on Marshall day, 1901, and in the classic orations of Binney, Story, Phelps, Waite and Rawle. I. Chicago: Callaghan & Company. pp. liv–lv.
2. Hinde, Captain Robert (1778), Discipline of the Light-Horse, London: W.Owen, retrieved 20 August 2010
3. Haythornthwaite, Philip J, and Adam Hook. Napoleonic Light Cavalry Tactics. Botley, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2013.
4. The medal (which is actually silver) finally presented to Lee is in Princeton University’s Numismatic Collection. Also included are a signed letter of Lee's to the New Jersey quartermaster from 1780 and a signed letter of the same year from George Washington to Lee approving Lee’s plan to capture Benedict Arnold.
5. Discovery of medal that Congress granted to Lee
6. Boyd, Thomas. Light-horse Harry Lee. New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1931.
7. Whiskey Insurrection/Rebellion
8. Templin, Thomas E. Henry Light Horse Harry Lee: A Biography. Ph.D. dissertation. Lexington, Ky: University of Kentucky, 1975.
9. "Papers of George Washington". Gwpapers.virginia.edu.
10. Fontaine, William W. The Descent Of General Robert Edward Lee From Robert The Bruce, Of Scotland, Civilwarhome.com. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
11. Gamble, Robert S. Sully: Biography of a House (Sully Foundation Ltd: Chantilly, VA, 1973), p. 40
12. A Princeton Companion (Lee, Henry), 1978, retrieved 20 August 2010
13. Stratford Hall/Lee Family Tree: Henry Lee III, retrieved 20 August 2010
14. Paul A. Gilje. The Baltimore Riots of 1812 and the Breakdown of the Anglo-American Mob Tradition, Journal of Social History, Vol. 13, No. 4 (Summer, 1980), pp. 547-564.
15. A Contemporaneous Account of the Baltimore Riot of 1812, A Narrative of Mr. John Thompson, One of the Unfortunate Sufferers, September 1, 1812.
16. William W. Winn. Private Fastness: Tales Of Wild, American Heritage, April 1972, Volume 23, Issue 3.
17. The Patriot Film: Fact or Fiction

Further reading

• A Guide to the Governor Henry Lee Executive Papers, 1791–1794 at The Library of Virginia
• Herrera, Ricardo A. "(T)he zealous activity of Capt. Lee': Light-Horse Harry Lee and Petite Guerre," Journal of Military History, 79 (Jan. 2015), 9-36.
• Royster, Charles. Light-horse Harry Lee and the Legacy of the American Revolutionary War. Williamsburg, Va.: Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1978.
• Lee’s Legion Remembered: Profiles of the 2d Partisan Corps, Edited and Annotated by William Thomas Sherman
• Observations on the writings of Thomas Jefferson: with particular reference to the attack they contain on the memory of the late Gen. Henry Lee; in a series of letters, by Henry Lee and Charles Carter Lee
•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lee, Henry". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

External links

• United States Congress. "Henry Lee III (id: L000195)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
• Gen Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee at Find a Grave – Lee Chapel Museum, Lexington, Virginia
• Gen Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee at Find a Grave – cenotaph at Greene-Miller Cemetery, Dungeness, Georgia