Hispanics and Latinos in New Mexico

Hispanic and Latino New Mexicans are residents of the state of New Mexico who are of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, Hispanics and Latinos of any race were 47% of the state's population.[1]

The Hispanos of New Mexico are the descendants of the Spanish and Mexican colonists who settled the area of New Mexico and Southern Colorado. From 1598 to 1848, most Europeans who settled in New Mexico in order to colonize areas of it place were Spanish (and later Mexican).

History

Main article: History of New Mexico

The Spanish settlement began on July 11, 1598 when the explorer Don Juan de Oñate came north from Mexico City to New Mexico with 500 Spanish settlers and soldiers and a livestock of 7,000 animals. They founded San Juan de los Caballeros, the first Spanish settlement in what was called the Kingdom of New Mexico, after the Valley of Mexico.[2]

The mainland part of New Spain won independence from Spain in 1821 and New Mexico became part of the new nation of Mexico. After independence from Spain, the Spanish population began to mix somewhat with the indigenous populations. The new 'Mexican' élite attempted to create a common identity out of all the classes and different ethnicities. Nationalists attempted to establish equality, if only legally, between these different groups. The Spanish settlers of New Mexico and their descendants adapted to Mexican citizenship somewhat. In 1836, after the Republic of Texas gained independence, Texas claimed part of the Province of New Mexico, which was disputed by Mexico. In 1841, the Texians sent an expedition to occupy the area, but the expedition was captured by Mexican troops;[3]

In January 1912, New Mexico became an American state, and Anglophones eventually became the majority population. The Neomexicanos became an economically disadvantaged population in the state, becoming virtual second-class citizens compared with the Anglos. The Neomexicanos suffered discrimination from Anglophone Americans, who also questioned the loyalty of these new American citizens. The cultures of Neomexicanos and immigrant Anglophones eventually mixed to some degree, as was the case with immigrants in other parts of the United States.[4][5]

Demographics

Among U.S. states, New Mexico has the highest percentage of Hispanic ancestry, at 47 percent (as of July 1, 2012), including descendants of Spanish colonists and recent immigrants from Hispanic America.

Ethnically, 47.0% of the total population was of Hispanic.[6] Women make up approximately 51% of the population.[6] In 2008 New Mexico had the highest percentage (47%) of Hispanics (of any race) of any state,[6] with 83% of these native-born and 17% foreign-born.[7] The majority of Hispanics in New Mexico claim a Spanish ancestry, especially in the northern part of the state. These people are the descendants of Spanish colonists who arrived during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. See Nuevomexicanos. There were 873,171 (44.5%) White Hispanics (of any race).

According to the 2000 United States Census,[8]:6 two of the top five most commonly claimed ancestry groups in New Mexico were:,

According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 28.76% of the population aged 5 and older speak Spanish at home.[9] Speakers of New Mexican Spanish dialect are mainly descendants of Spanish colonists who arrived in New Mexico in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.[10] New Mexican Spanish is an archaic form of 17th century Castilian Spanish.[11]

New Mexican Spanish

Main article: New Mexican Spanish
Spanish language in New Mexico by county.

The original state constitution of 1912 provided for a bilingual government with laws being published in both English and Spanish;[12] this requirement was renewed twice, in 1931 and 1943.[13] Nonetheless, the constitution does not declare any language as "official."[14] While Spanish was permitted in the legislature until 1935, all state officials are required to have a good knowledge of English. Cobarrubias and Fishman therefore argue that New Mexico cannot be considered a bilingual state as not all laws are published in both languages.[13] Others, such as Juan Perea, claim that the state was officially bilingual until 1953.[15]

With regard to the judiciary, witnesses have the right to testify in either of the two languages, and monolingual speakers of Spanish have the same right to be considered for jury-duty as do speakers of English.[14][16] In public education, the state has the constitutional obligation to provide for bilingual education and Spanish-speaking instructors in school districts where the majority of students are hispanophone.[14]

In 1995, the state adopted a State Bilingual Song, New Mexico – Mi Lindo Nuevo México.[17]:75,81

New Mexico is commonly thought to have Spanish as an official language alongside English because of its wide usage and legal promotion of Spanish in the state; however, the state has no official language. New Mexico's laws are promulgated bilingually in Spanish and English. Although English is the state government's paper working language, government business is often conducted in Spanish, particularly at the local level.

Because of its relative isolation from other Spanish speaking areas over most of its 400-year existence, New Mexico Spanish, and in particular the Spanish of northern New Mexico and Colorado has retained many elements of 16th- and 17th-century Spanish and has developed its own vocabulary.[18] In addition, it contains many words from Nahuatl, the language spoken by the ancient Aztecs of Mexico. New Mexican Spanish also contains loan words from the Pueblo languages of the upper Rio Grande Valley, Mexican-Spanish words (mexicanismos), and borrowings from English.[18] Grammatical changes include the loss of the second person verb form, changes in verb endings, particularly in the preterite, and partial merging of the second and third conjugations.[19]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "New Mexico QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". Quickfacts.census.gov. 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
  2. ↑ Simmons, Marc, The Last Conquistador Norman: U of OK Press, 1992, pp.96, 111
  3. ↑ Carroll, H. Bailey. "Texan Santa Fe Expedition". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
  4. ↑ Phillip Gonzales and Ann Massmann, "Loyalty Questioned: Neomexicanos in the Great War." Pacific Historical Review, Nov 2006, Vol. 75 Issue 4, pp 629-666
  5. ↑ Phillip B. Gonzales, "Spanish Heritage and Ethnic Protest in New Mexico: The Anti-Fraternity Bill of 1933," New Mexico Historical Review, Fall 1986, Vol. 61 Issue 4, pp 281-299
  6. 1 2 3 "New Mexico QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
  7. ↑ Demographic Profile of Hispanics in New Mexico, 2007. Pew Hispanic Center.
  8. ↑ Brittingham, Angela; G. Patricia de la Cruz (June 2004). "Table 3. Largest Ancestries for the United States, Regions, States, and for Puerto Rico: 2000" (PDF). Ancestry: 2000; Census 2000 Brief. US Census Bureau. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
  9. ↑ "MLA Language Map Data Center: Most spoken languages in New Mexico". Mla.org. July 17, 2007. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  10. ↑ "The Spanish language in New Mexico and southern Colorado". Archive.org. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  11. ↑ Rubén Cobos. A Dictionary of New Mexico & Southern Colorado Spanish. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 2003
  12. ↑ Crawford, John (1992). Language loyalties: a source book on the official English controversy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 62.
  13. 1 2 Cobarrubias, Juan; Fishman, Joshua A (1983). Progress in Language Planning: International Perspectives. Walter de Gruyter. p. 195.
  14. 1 2 3 Constitution of the State of New Mexico. Adopted January 21, 1911.
  15. ↑ Perea, Juan F. Los Olvidados: On the Making of Invisible People. New York University Law Review, 70(4), 965-990.
  16. ↑ Roberts, Calvin A. (2006). Our New Mexico: A Twentieth Century History. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. p. 23.
  17. ↑ "State Symbols". New Mexico Blue Book 2007–2008. New Mexico Secretary of State. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 29, 2008. Retrieved January 3, 2009.
  18. 1 2 Cobos, Rubén (2003) "Introduction" A Dictionary of New Mexico & Southern Colorado Spanish (2nd ed.) Museum of New Mexico Press, Santa Fe, N.M., p. ix, ISBN 0-89013-452-9
  19. ↑ Cobos, Rubén, op. cit., pp. x-xi.
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