Head and lateral line erosion

A red oscar that has died while showing HLLE

Head and lateral line erosion, (HLLE) or hole-in-the-head (HITH) is a disease in fish. Chronic ulcerative dermatopathy or chronic erosive dermatopathy are symptoms of similar conditions with different etiology.

Symptoms

HLLE begins as small pits of receding epithelium (skin) around the fish’s head and/or lateral line, and sometimes onto the unpaired fins. Rarely fatal, it does cause disfigurement, making the fish less suitable for public aquarium display. At least 20 families of fish have been identified as having developed HLLE in captivity. Not all species of fish show the same symptoms, and do not always develop lesions to the same degree. ^[1]

Causes

The most accepted cause that has the most evidence is the use of activated carbon in closed aquarium ecosystems.^[2] A similar study also points to carbon as a cause of HLLE^[3] Many other causes have been suggested, but have not been substantiated by any peer-reviewed studies.

Cure

^[4]"Hole in the head can be reversed by removing all activated carbon and conducting large percentage water changes. Greater than 90% water changes may need to be done to reduce the effects of activated carbon. More commonly, cures are made by moving the fish to a new aquarium that has never had fish develop HLLE in it.^[5]

References

↑ (Hemdal 2006).
↑ Jay Hemdal & R. Andrew Odum (2011): The Role of Activated Lignite Carbon in the Development of Head and Lateral Line Erosion in the Ocean Surgeon, North American Journal of Aquaculture, 73:4, 489-492
↑ Stamper MA, Kittell MM, Patel EE, Corwin AL. J Aquat Anim Health. 2011 Sep;23(3):111-6. doi: 10.1080/08997659.2011.608608. Effects of full-stream carbon filtration on the development of head and lateral line erosion syndrome (HLLES) in ocean surgeon. .
↑ "Mastering Freshwater Aquarium Ecosystems". Tony Griffitts (2012). aquaworldaquarium.com.
↑ http://microcosmaqx.typepad.com/jay_hemdal/2009/02/hlle-survey.html

Fish diseases and parasites

Pathogens	Aeromonas salmonicida Columnaris Enteric redmouth Fin rot Fish dropsy Flavobacterium Hematopoietic necrosis Heterosigma akashiwo Hole in the head Hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis Infectious pancreatic necrosis Koi herpes virus Mycobacterium marinum Novirhabdovirus Pfiesteria piscicida Photobacterium damselae ssp piscicida Salmon anemia Streptococcus iniae Spring viraemia of carp Taura syndrome UDN VHS White spot Yellowhead

Parasites	Abergasilus Amoebic gill disease Anisakis Carp lice Ceratomyxa shasta Clinostomum marginatum Dactylogyrus vastator Diphyllobothrium Cymothoa exigua Eustrongylidosis Epizootic ulcerative syndrome Flukes Glugea Gyrodactylus salaris Henneguya zschokkei Ich (freshwater) Ich (marine) Kudoa thyrsites Lernaeocera branchialis Microsporidia Monogenea Myxobolus cerebralis Myxosporea Nanophyetus salmincola Pseudorhabdosynochus spp. Salmon lice Saprolegnia Schistocephalus solidus Sea louse Sphaerothecum destruens Swim bladder disease Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae Velvet Xenoma

Fish groups	Diseases and parasites in cod Diseases and parasites in salmon Disease in ornamental fish List of aquarium diseases

Related topics	Amnesic shellfish poisoning Brevetoxin Ciguatera Diarrheal shellfish poisoning Fish kill Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning Paralytic shellfish poisoning Saxitoxin

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