Holy Cross dispute

The entrance to Holy Cross Girls Primary School, Ardoyne, north Belfast

The Holy Cross dispute occurred in 2001 and 2002 in the Ardoyne area of north Belfast, Northern Ireland. During the 30-year conflict known as the Troubles, Ardoyne had become segregated – Ulster Protestants lived in one area and Irish Catholics in another. This left Holy Cross, a Catholic primary school for girls, in the middle of a Protestant area. In June 2001, Protestant loyalists began picketing the school, claiming that Catholics were regularly attacking their homes and denying them access to facilities. For weeks, hundreds of protesters tried to stop the schoolchildren and their parents from walking to school through their area. Some protesters shouted sectarian abuse and threw stones, bricks, fireworks, blast bombs and urine-filled balloons at the schoolchildren and their parents. Hundreds of riot police, backed up by British soldiers, escorted the children and their parents through the protest each day. The "scenes of frightened Catholic schoolgirls running a gauntlet of abuse from loyalist protesters as they walked to school captured world headlines".[1] Death threats were made against the parents and school staff by the Red Hand Defenders, a loyalist paramilitary group. The protest was condemned by both Catholics and Protestants, including politicians. Some likened the protest to child abuse and compared the protesters to American white supremacists in 1950s Alabama.[1]

The first picket took place in June, during the last week of school before the summer break. It resumed on 3 September, at the beginning of the new school term, and lasted until 23 November. During this time, the protest sparked fierce rioting between Catholics and Protestants in Ardoyne. The loyalists agreed to "suspend" the protest after being promised tighter security for their area.

In January 2002, a scuffle between a Protestant man and a Catholic woman outside the school sparked a large-scale riot in the area. The picket was not resumed and the situation has been mostly quiet since then. The following year, the BBC aired a documentary-drama about the protests.

Beginnings

One of the "peace lines" in Ardoyne, separating Catholic and Protestant neighbourhoods

Holy Cross is a girls-only Catholic primary school in the Ardoyne area of north Belfast. Ardoyne remains one of the most deprived areas of Northern Ireland.[2][3] Before the outbreak of the Troubles in the late 1960s, the area was "mixed", with Catholics and Protestants living alongside each other. However, after violence broke out between the two communities, the area became segregated. The area to the south of Alliance Avenue became almost wholly populated by Catholics[3] (who were mostly Irish nationalist and republican) while the area to the north (known as Glenbryn) became wholly populated by Protestants (who were mostly unionist and loyalist). This left Holy Cross in the middle of a Protestant area and some of the schoolchildren had to walk through it to get to school. A 40-foot-high (12 m) wall (known as a "peace line") was built to separate the two communities. During the 30 years of The Troubles, almost 20 people were killed in the area of the peace line by loyalists, republicans and the British Army.[1]

In the mid-1990s, the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the main loyalist paramilitary groups—the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) and Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)—declared ceasefires. In 1998, the Good Friday Agreement was signed, which set up a government in which Irish nationalists/republicans and unionists/loyalists were to share power. However, the political situation remained tense. So-called dissident republicans and dissident loyalists continued to wage small-scale violent campaigns.

The origins of the dispute are contested. In December 2000, Protestant taxi driver Trevor Kell was shot dead on the edge of the Protestant area in Ardoyne. The IRA were suspected of involvement as forensic evidence linked the gun that fired the bullet with an IRA shooting in 1997. The next day, loyalists retaliated by shooting dead Catholic man Gary Moore as he was renovating a house in Newtownabbey. Later, the IRA was blamed for the "punishment shooting" of two men, one of whom is believed to have been questioned over Kell's death.[4][5]

Those who took part in the protest claimed that their homes were being regularly attacked by Catholics and that they were being denied access to facilities in the Catholic area, such as shops and playgrounds.[1] Anne Bill, a community worker who was centrally involved in the protest, said "People in Glenbryn kept telling the Government about attacks on their houses and how vulnerable they felt but we weren't being listened to. That is why people protested on the Ardoyne Road, the focus wasn't so much the school itself".[1] However, Catholics claimed that their homes were regularly being attacked also.[1] Other protesters alleged that the Provisional IRA was using the children's journey to-and-from school to gather intelligence.[1] Tension built and youths from both communities raised more and more flags along Ardoyne Road.[4] One day, a fight broke out between men putting up loyalist paramilitary flags and the occupants of a passing car.[6] Loyalists alleged that the car, whose occupants were Catholics, rammed the ladder and knocked the two men off. However, this was disputed by a woman living in the loyalist area – she said that the car drove by and the men putting up flags threw the ladder at the car, starting a fight.[6]

In the summer of 2001, the RUC received intelligence that UDA members were planning to "exploit community tensions" to kill nationalists, Catholics and/or police officers.[6]

Summer 2001

A street in Glenbryn, the Protestant area

On Tuesday 19 June, Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) officers had to protect children and parents entering the school after they were attacked by loyalist stone throwers. Police described the attack as "vicious". Following the incident, a blockade of the school developed, with loyalists standing across the road and RUC officers keeping the children and their parents away.[7]

The following day, the school was forced to close when loyalists blocked the entrance. During the evening, hundreds of loyalists and nationalists clashed with each other and with the police. Shots were also fired at the police. During the riots the police fired a number of the new 'L21 A1' plastic baton rounds for the first time.[7]

The morning blockade continued on Thursday 21 June. About 60 of the school's 230 pupils entered the school through the grounds of another school. Senior Sinn Féin member Gerry Kelly said: "It's like something out of Alabama in the 1960s". Three Protestant families left their homes in Ardoyne Avenue, saying they were afraid of a nationalist attack. During the evening and night there were serious disturbances in the area around the school. Loyalists fired ten shots, and threw six blast bombs and 46 petrol bombs at police lines.[7] Two Catholic homes were attacked with pipe bombs, and a child was thrown against a wall by one of the blasts.[8]

On Friday 22 June, a number of schoolchildren again had to enter the school through the grounds of another school. This was the last day of school before the summer break.[7]

Talks between the protesters and the schoolchildren's parents took place over the summer, but no agreement was reached. On 20 August, a 'paint bomb' was thrown at the home of a Protestant man in Hesketh Park, smashing a window and causing paint damage to furniture. The man had taken part in the loyalist protest.[7]

Autumn 2001

Part of Ardoyne Road

The protest resumed on Monday 3 September, the first day of the Autumn school term. The Police Service of Northern Ireland (over the summer the RUC had undergone a name change), supported by the British Army, were by then better prepared and managed to force a path through the protesters. Loyalists jeered and shouted sectarian abuse as the children, some as young as four, were escorted into the school by their parents and the police. Stones and bottles were thrown at the children and their parents; one woman was injured.[7] A mother of one of the schoolgirls said: "It was absolutely terrifying. They were shouting 'dirty tramps', 'your kids are animals', 'Fenian scum', 'you Fenian bastards'. And all we were trying to do was get our kids to school". Unionist politicians claimed a "heavy-handed" police presence had inflamed the situation, while the Progressive Unionist Party's Billy Hutchinson alleged that five known IRA men had been allowed to walk with the children through the Protestant area.[9]

Later in the day the Red Hand Defenders (RHD), an illegal loyalist paramilitary group, warned parents and children to stay away from the Ardoyne Road. A threat was also issued against police officers. During the evening there was violence near the school as youths from both sides attacked each other and the security forces. Three Catholic-owned homes on Newington Avenue were badly damaged in a loyalist pipe bomb attack. The blast caused an oil tank to catch fire and the flames spread to three houses, one of which was completely destroyed. Another pipe bomb exploded in the garden of a house in the White City area. There was also violence on North Queen Street and Limestone Road.[7]

The following is a timeline of the major events during the Autumn protest.

Week one
Week two
Week three
Week four
Week five
Week six
Week seven
Week eight
Week nine
Week ten
Week eleven

For months after the protest ended, police and British Army armoured vehicles sat outside the school and at the junction of Alliance Avenue each day. However, eventually parents were able to walk their children to school without a police and Army escort.[1]

January 2002

On Wednesday 9 January 2002, there were confrontations outside the school during the early afternoon. Disturbances and rioting quickly spread throughout Ardoyne during the evening and into the night. Catholic parents and Protestant residents each claimed that the other side had started the trouble. Catholic parents said that they had faced increased verbal abuse since Monday during their walks to and from school and that they were attacked while leaving the school on Wednesday afternoon. A Catholic mother claimed she was punched in the face as she walked home from the school with her child. Police officers said they arrived at a confrontation between a Protestant woman and a Catholic woman near the school. The police moved to make an arrest but the person was protected by other residents. Police officers said they had to draw their weapons. There was a report that loyalists had driven a car at the school gates in an attempt to break in. Some schoolchildren had to be taken home through the grounds of another school while a bus carrying other children was attacked on its way down Ardoyne Road. Protestant residents claimed the trouble started when Catholics removed a wreath from a lamp-post.[15]

Up to 500 loyalists and nationalists were involved in the disturbances on the Ardoyne Road, Crumlin Road and Brompton Park areas. About 130 petrol bombs, acid bombs and fireworks were thrown. Four Catholic youths were hospitalised after being hit by shotgun pellets at Hesketh Park; loyalists petrol-bombed and destroyed a police vehicle; Catholic homes were attacked on the Upper Crumlin Road; a Catholic woman was knocked-down by a car on Twaddell Avenue; a Catholic man was struck by a police vehicle, and a 13-year-old Protestant schoolboy was injured when a bus was attacked. The police fired eight plastic bullets and arrested three people. As the trouble worsened, 200 police officers, backed by 200 soldiers, were deployed. At least 14 police officers were injured.[15]

The following day, the Holy Cross school was forced to close for the day. Some other schools in the area closed early due to fears about the safety of schoolchildren. In the morning, six loyalists, one with a gun, rampaged through the grounds of Our Lady of Mercy Catholic girls' secondary school, smashing 18 cars with crowbars. Parents rushed to collect their hysterical daughters. In the afternoon, Protestant pupils from Boys' Model Secondary School were ferried home in police armoured Land Rovers past nationalist crowds on Crumlin Road.[16] Catholic parents and Protestant residents held separate meetings to discuss the situation.[15]

On Friday 11 January, the Red Hand Defenders issued a death threat against all Catholic teachers and all other staff working at Catholic schools in north Belfast. That weekend, two Catholic schools were set on fire and teachers' cars were attacked. On Monday, more than 750 armed police officers and soldiers were sent to guard Catholic schools in north Belfast while armoured vehicles lined Ardoyne Road.[17] There was no protest outside the school and there was no serious violence, although there were a few minor scuffles. The Northern Ireland Office announced that permanent CCTV cameras would be installed on the Ardoyne Road. A temporary system was to be put in place while waiting for the permanent installation.[15]

In February 2002, Holy Cross schoolchildren travelled to County Galway for a free holiday as guests of Peacock's Hotel. The owners of the hotel had made the offer of the holiday following the 2001 protests. Twenty of the schoolchildren also met Bertie Ahern, then Taoiseach, during a short visit to Dublin. Ahern said it would show support for the children from the people of the Republic.[15]

In June, James Adair—brother of Ulster Defence Association leader Johnny Adair—was jailed for six months for riotous behaviour and given a concurrent sentence of four months for obstructing police during the riots.[18]

Later incidents

In 2003 Loyalists placed a pipe bomb at the entrance of the school, it was defused and there were no injuries.[19]

In 2003 a BBC televised drama called Holy Cross was made about the dispute, though it was filmed in Liverpool.[20][21] Fr Aidan Troy, head of the board of governors of the school, expressed concern that the drama could reignite the problem.[20][21]

In April 2013, loyalists erected Union Jacks and loyalist flags outside the school and painted the kerbstones at its entrance red, white and blue. On 25 April the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) were called to the school to disperse a loyalist protest being held outside it. The protest was sparked by false rumours on social networks that Belfast City Council employees were due to arrive to remove the flags and the paint.[22]

Outcomes

The Holy Cross protest was said to have heightened sectarian tensions in Northern Ireland in a way not seen since the Drumcree dispute in the mid-1990s. PUP politician Billy Hutchinson said "The protest was a disaster in terms of putting their cause forward but it was a genuine expression of their anger and frustration and fear over what is happening in that part of North Belfast".[1]

A month before the protest was ended the Department of Social Development announced a housing redevelopment package for Glenbryn. This angered some Catholics and nationalists, particularly in north Belfast, where almost 80% of those on the housing waiting list were Catholics. They saw the package as a "buy-off" for Glenbryn residents. Ardoyne Sinn Féin councillor Margaret McClenaghan says the common perception was that loyalists were being rewarded for intimidating schoolgirls. However, one Protestant community activist said "There is no victory for our area despite all the hype. It is actually a strategy of social political engineering between the NlO and the Housing Executive, to solve the issue of interface tension". He explained that 186 houses would be demolished and that only about 20% would be replaced. This, he said, would mean a shrinking of the Protestant population in Glenbryn.[1]

During the protest, a number of schoolchildren were moved to other schools. Applications for enrolment at Holy Cross had dropped by almost half.[15]

Since the end of the protest, steps have been taken to heal relations. The North Belfast Community Action Unit was set up to foster inter-community talks, focusing on social and economic issues of interest to Ardoyne and Glenbryn. Nevertheless, community workers from both sides admit progress has been slow.[1]

The 1st Battalion Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders was awarded the Wilkinson Sword of Peace for its role during the dispute.

A pupil from Holy Cross Girls School with a soldier from the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders.

Effect on the schoolchildren

Brendan Bradley, head of the Survivors of Trauma group (which deals with victims of Troubles-related violence), said that the "trauma" experienced by the children was "almost without parallel" in the history of the Troubles:

It wasn't as though this abuse lasted for a couple of days or was a one-off; it went on for months. Many needed counselling, some long-term counselling, in the wake of it all. Parents told how their daughters had changed from being fun-loving to being very withdrawn.[1]

Fr Aidan Troy said that some of the schoolgirls had been "put on heavy tranquillizers such as diazepam ... because of the trauma they were experiencing". Parents spoke of how their children had been wetting the bed and had started to throw tantrums and become withdrawn. When Holy Cross teachers asked girls in Primary 6 (aged 9–10) to draw a picture many had drawn mothers and fathers crying, surrounded by people with angry faces.[1]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Heatley, Colm. Interface, Flashpoints in Northern Ireland. Chapter 1: Alliance Avenue and Holy Cross Dispute. Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN)
  2. ↑ http://www.nisra.gov.uk/deprivation/archive/Updateof2005Measures/NIMDM_2010_Statistics_Press_Release.pdf STATISTICS PRESS RELEASE – NORTHERN IRELAND MULTIPLE DEPRIVATION MEASURE 2010. 31 March 2010 Northern Ireland Multiple Deprivation 2010 study. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA)
  3. 1 2 http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/Documents/RaISe/knowledge_exchange/presentations/series3/gaffikinppt241013.pdf Changing population in Belfast. Prof. Frank Gaffikin. Queen’s University Belfast
  4. 1 2 "Ardoyne stories: Behind nationalist lines". BBC News, 4 September 2001. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  5. ↑ "Ardoyne Stories: Peace lines and division". BBC News, 3 September 2001. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  6. 1 2 3 "Holy Cross school, Belfast: two years on", Beatrix Campbell, The Guardian, 1 December 2003. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 A Chronology of the Conflict: 2001, Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN)
  8. ↑ "Violence engulfs friendly schools". The Guardian, 22 June 2001. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  9. ↑ "All we wanted was to get our kids to school". The Guardian, 4 September 2001. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  10. ↑ "Violence returns to disputed Belfast school". The Guardian. 4 September 2001.
  11. ↑ "Eyewitness: A second day of fear". BBC News. 4 September 2001.
  12. ↑ "Eyewitness: Bomb blast at school". BBC News, 5 September 2001. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  13. ↑ "Anger over school protest blast". BBC News. 5 September 2001.
  14. ↑ "How my daughter was cast into a maelstrom of hatred". The Guardian, 9 November 2003. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 A Chronology of the Conflict: 2002, Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN)
  16. ↑ "More schools caught in cycle of hate". The Guardian, 11 January 2002. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  17. ↑ "Armed guards deployed to protect Catholic teachers". The Guardian, 15 January 2002. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  18. ↑ "Adair's brother jailed over Holy Cross riots", Irish Independent, 13 June 2002. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
  19. ↑ "Holy Cross pipe bomb raises fear that loyalists may revive dispute", David McKitterick, The Independent, 7 January 2003. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
  20. 1 2 "Holy Cross dispute in BBC film drama", Marie Louise McCrory, The Irish News, 25 June 2003. Retrieved 4 August 2009 (Google Cache).
  21. 1 2 "Belfast priest protests at BBC re-enactment of sectarian hatred outside Holy Cross school", Ian Burrell, The Independent, 6 November 2003. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
  22. ↑ No 'Holy Cross II' vows DUP following loyalist protest outside school, Belfast Telegraph, 27 April 2013

Coordinates: 54°37′12″N 5°58′08″W / 54.62000°N 5.96889°W / 54.62000; -5.96889

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