Hong Kong Cantonese

Hong Kong Cantonese
香港粵語; 港式廣東話; 香港話
Native to	Hong Kong, Macau and some Overseas Communities
Region	the Pearl River Delta
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Chinese Yue Yuehai Hong Kong Cantonese
Writing system	Written Cantonese Cantonese Braille
Official status
Official language in	Hong Kong  Macau
Regulated by	Official Language Division[1] Civil Service Bureau Government of Hong Kong
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
ISO 639-6	xgng
Linguist list	yue-yue
	yue-can
Glottolog	None
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	香港粵語
Simplified Chinese	香港粤语
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Xiānggǎng yuèyǔ Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Hoeng^1 gong^2 jyut^6 jyu^5 Yale Romanization Hēung góng yuht yúh
Hong Kong-style Cantonese
Traditional Chinese	港式粵語
Transcriptions Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Gong^2 sik^1 jyut^6 jyu^5 Yale Romanization Góng sīk yuht yúh
Hong Kong Cantonese
Traditional Chinese	香港廣東話
Transcriptions Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Hoeng^1 gong^2 gwong^2 dung^1 waa^2 Yale Romanization Hēung góng gwóng dūng wá
Hong Kong Guangzhou-dialect
Traditional Chinese	香港廣州話
Transcriptions Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Hoeng^1 gong^2 gwong^2 zau^1 waa^2 Yale Romanization Hēung góng gwóng jāu wá

Hong Kong Cantonese (Chinese: 香港粵語) is a form of Yue Chinese commonly spoken in Hong Kong. Although the Hong Kong Chinese largely identify this variant of Chinese with the term "Cantonese" (廣東話), a variety of publications in Mainland China describe the variant as Hong Kong speech (香港話). There are slight differences between the pronunciation used in Hong Kong Cantonese and that of the Cantonese spoken in the neighbouring Chinese province of Guangdong, where Cantonese (based on the Guangzhou dialect) is a lingua franca. Over the years, Hong Kong Cantonese has also absorbed foreign terms and developed a large set of Hong Kong-specific terms. These differences from the Canton norm are the result of British rule between 1841 and 1997, as well as the closure of the Hong Kong-China border immediately after the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949.

History

Before the arrival of British settlers in 1842, the inhabitants of Hong Kong mainly spoke the Dongguan-Bao'an (Tungkun–Poon) dialect of Yue, as well as Hakka, Teochew, and the Tanka dialect of Yue Chinese. These dialects are all remarkably different from Cantonese. After the British acquired Hong Kong Island, Kowloon Peninsula, and the New Territories from the Qing between 1841 (officially 1842) and 1898, large numbers of merchants and workers came to Hong Kong from the city of Canton, the centre of Cantonese. Cantonese became the dominant spoken language in Hong Kong. The frequent migration between Hong Kong and other Cantonese-speaking areas did not cease up until 1949, when the Communists took over Mainland China. During this period, the Cantonese spoken in Hong Kong was very similar to that in Canton.

In 1949, the year that the People's Republic of China was established, Hong Kong saw a large influx of refugees from different areas of mainland China. The Hong Kong Government closed the border to halt the influx, but illegal immigration from Mainland China into Hong Kong continued. Because of this, the correspondence between language and ethnicity may generally be true though not absolute, as many Chinese who speak Hong Kong Cantonese may come from other areas of China, especially Shanghai or non-Cantonese regions of Guangdong where Hakka and Teochew prevail. Movement, communication, and relations between Hong Kong and mainland China became very limited, and consequently the evolution of Cantonese in Hong Kong diverged from that in the rest of Guangdong. In Mainland China, the use of Mandarin as the language of official use and education was enforced. In Hong Kong, Cantonese is the medium of instruction in schools, along with written English and written Chinese. And because of the long exposure to English during the colonial period, large number of English words were loaned into Hong Kong Cantonese, e.g. "巴士" (/páːsǐː/), literally, "bus". Hong Kong people even started to calque English constructions, for example, "噉 (咁) 都唔 make sense" (literally, "it still does not make sense.") . Therefore, the vocabularies of Cantonese in Mainland China and Hong Kong differed.

Moreover, the pronunciation of Cantonese changed while the change either did not occur in mainland China or took place much slower. For example, merging of initial /n/ into /l/ and the deletion of /ŋ/ were observed. Due to the limited communication between Hong Kong and mainland China, these changes only had a limited effect in mainland China at that time. As a result, the pronunciation of Cantonese between Hong Kong and mainland China varied, and so native speakers may note the difference when listening to Hong Kong Cantonese and mainland China Cantonese. Hong Kong-based Cantonese can be found in Hong Kong popular culture such as Hong Kong films and Hong Kong pop music (Cantopop). Hong Kong people who have emigrated to other countries have brought Hong Kong Cantonese to other parts of the world.

Pronunciation

In modern-day Hong Kong, many native speakers are unable to distinguish between certain phoneme pairs, causing them to merge one sound into another. Although this is often considered substandard and is frequently denounced as "lazy sound" (懶音), the phenomenon is becoming more widespread and is influencing other Cantonese-speaking regions. Contrary to popular opinion, some of these changes are not recent. The loss of the velar nasal (/ŋ/) was documented by Williams (1856), and the substitution of the liquid nasal (/l/) for the nasal initial (/n/) was documented by Cowles (1914).

List of observed shifts:^[2]

• Merging of /n/ initial into /l/ initial.
• Merging of /ŋ/ initial into null initial.
• Merging of /kʷ/ and /kʷʰ/ initials into /k/ and /kʰ/ when followed by /ɔː/. Note that /ʷ/ is the only glide (介音) in Cantonese.
• Merging of /ŋ/ and /k/ codas into /n/ and /t/ codas respectively, eliminating contrast between these pairs of finals (except after /e/ and /o/): /aːn/-/aːŋ/, /aːt/-/aːk/, /ɐn/-/ɐŋ/, /ɐt/-/ɐk/, /ɔːn/-/ɔːŋ/ and /ɔːt/-/ɔːk/.
• Merging of the two syllabic nasals, /ŋ̩/ into /m̩/, eliminating the contrast of sounds between 吳 (surname Ng) and 唔 (not).
• Merging of the rising tones (陰上 2nd and 陽上 5th).^[3]

Today in Hong Kong, people still make an effort to avoid these sound merges in serious broadcasts and in education. Older people often do not exhibit these shifts in their speech, but some do. With the sound changes, the name of Hong Kong's Hang Seng Bank (香港恆生銀行), /hœ́ːŋ kɔ̌ːŋ hɐ̏ŋ sɐ́ŋ ŋɐ̏n hɔ̏ːŋ/, becomes /hœ́ːn kɔ̌ːn hɐ̏n sɐ́n ɐ̏n hɔ̏ːn/, sounding like Hon' Kon' itchy body (痕身 /hɐ̏n sɐ́n/) 'un cold (UN寒 /ɐ̏n hɔ̏ːn/) . The name of Cantonese itself (廣東話, "Guangdong speech") would be /kʷɔ̌ːŋ tʊ́ŋ wǎː/ without the merger, whereas /kɔ̌ːŋ tʊ́ŋ wǎː/ (sounding like "講東話": "speak eastern speech") and /kɔ̌ːn tʊ́ŋ wǎː/ (sounding like "趕東話" : "chase away eastern speech") are overwhelmingly popular.^[4]

The shift affects the way some Hong Kong people speak other languages as well. This is especially evident in the pronunciation of certain English names: "Nicole" pronounce [lekˈkou̯], "Nancy" pronounce [ˈlɛnsi] etc. A very common example of the mixing of (/n/) and (/l/) is that of the word 你, meaning "you." Even though the standard pronunciation should be (/nei/), the word is often pronounced (/lei/), which is a surname,李, or the word 理, meaning theory. The merger of (/n/) and (/l/) also affects the choice of characters when the Cantonese media transliterate foreign names.

Prescriptivists who try to correct these "lazy sounds" often end up introducing hypercorrections. For instance, while attempting to ensure that people pronounce the initial /ŋ/, they may introduce it into words which have historically had a null-initial. One common example is that of the word 愛, meaning "love." Even though the standard pronunciation would be /ɔ̄ːi/, but the word is often pronounced /ŋɔ̄ːi/.

In recent years, a number of Hong Kong secondary schools have tried to reverse this change by making the learning of Cantonese Pinyin part of the school Chinese curriculum.

Unique phrases and expressions

Due to Hong Kong's unique historical background, Hong Kong Cantonese has evolved differently from the Mandarin spoken in China, Taiwan and Singapore over the years. Hong Kong Cantonese has developed a number of phrases and expressions that are unique to the context of Hong Kong. These phrases and expressions usually make references to specific things that can only be found in Hong Kong or specific incidents that happened in Hong Kong. Here are a few examples:

Chinese characters	Jyutping	literal meaning	actual meaning
食皇家飯	sik^6 wong^4 gaa^1 faan^6	eat Royal meal	being imprisoned
話知你九七	waa^6 zi^1 nei^5 gau^2 cat^1	Who cares about your 1997?	Who cares?

Here, the former refers to Hong Kong's status as a British colony, where prisoners are detained on behalf of the Sovereign, and is similar to the English colloquial expression "guest of Her Majesty". The latter refers to the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong to China in 1997. The situations alluded to are both unique to Hong Kong.

Loanwords

Life in Hong Kong is characterised by the blending of Asian (southern Chinese in particular) and Western cultures, as well as the city's position as a major international business centre. In turn, Hong Kong influences have also spread widely into other cultures. As a result, a large number of loanwords are created in Hong Kong and then exported to Mainland China, Taiwan, Singapore, and Japan. Some of the loanwords have become even more popular than their Chinese counterparts, in Hong Kong as well as in their destination cultures.

Imported loanwords

Selected loanwords^[5] are shown below.

From English

Chinese characters	Jyutping	Cantonese IPA	English	English pronunciation	Mandarin equivalence
巴士	baa^1 si^2	/paː˥siː˧˥/	bus	/bʌs/	公共汽車/公共汽车 公車 (in Taiwan) 公汽, 公交, 公交車 (in Mainland China) 巴士 is also used in Mandarin
的士	dik^1 si^2	/tek˥siː˧˥/	taxi	/ˈtæksi/	計程車 (in Taiwan) 出租车 (in Mainland China) 德士 (in Singapore and Malaysia, also a loanword from English) 的士 is also used in Mainland China
朱古力	zyu^1 gu^1 lik^1	/tsyː˥kuː˥lek˥/	chocolate	/ˈtʃɒklɨt/	巧克力, also a loanword
三文治	saam^1 man^4 zi^6	/saːm˥mɐn˨˩tsiː˨/	sandwich	/ˈsænwɪtʃ/	三明治, also a loanword
士多	si^6 do^1	/siː˨tɔː˥/	store (retail), usually referring to a small convenience store	/stɔər/	店舖/店铺 (archaic, but still used occasionally in Hong Kong) 商店
士多啤梨	si^6 do^1 be^1 lei^2	/siː˨tɔː˥pɛː˥lei˧˥/	strawberry	/ˈstrɔːbəri/	草莓
啤梨	be^1 lei^2	/pɛː˥lei˧˥/	pear	/pɛər/	梨子
沙士	saa^1 si^2	/saː˥siː˧˥/	SARS	/sɑrz/	嚴重急性呼吸（道）症候群 (in Taiwan) 非典型肺炎, 严重急性呼吸综合征, 萨斯 (in Mainland China)
拜拜	baai^1 baai^3	/paːi˥paːi˧/	bye bye	/ˈbaɪbaɪ/	再見/再见, 再會/再会 or 告辭/告辞 (archaic)
BB	bi^4 bi^1	/piː˨˩piː˥/	baby	/ˈbeɪbi/	嬰兒/婴儿
阿Sir/阿蛇	aa^3 sir/ aa^3 soe^4	/aː˧sœː˨˩/	sir (policeman; teacher)	/sɜr/	police: 警察 (in Taiwan), 公安 (in Mainland China) teacher: 老師/老师 or 先生 (archaic)
泊（車）	paak^3˧	/pʰaːk˧/	to park	/pɑrk/	停車/停车, a relative translation: it means "to stop the car" 泊車/泊车 is also used in Mandarin
菲林	fei^1 lam^2	/fei˥lɐm˧˥/	film (photographic)	/fɪlm/	膠卷/㬵卷, literally "plastic roll" 菲林 is also used in Mandarin
三文魚	saam^1 man^4 jyu^4*2	/saːm˥mɐn˨˩jyː˧˥/	salmon	/ˈsæmən/	鮭魚 (in Taiwan), 大马哈鱼 (in Mainland China) 三文鱼 is also used in Mainland China
部飛	bou^6 fei^1	/pou˨fei˥/	buffet (British/Commonwealth pronunciation)	/ˈbʊfeɪ/	自助餐
沙律	saa^1 leot^6*2	/sa˥lɵt˨/, /sa˥lɵt˧˥/	salad	/ˈsæləd/	沙拉, also a loanword from English 沙律 is also used in Mainland China
呔	taai^1	/tʰaːi˥/	tyre/tire or necktie	/taɪər/	tyre/tire: 輪胎/轮胎 necktie: 領帶/领带

From Japanese

Chinese characters	Jyutping	Cantonese IPA	Japanese	Japanese Romaji	English	Mandarin equivalence
卡拉OK	kaa^1 laa^1 ou^1 kei^1	/kʰaː˥laː˥ou˥kʰei˥/	カラオケ	karaoke	karaoke (literally: "empty orchestra"; kara = empty, oke = orchestra)	卡拉OK (in Taiwan and Mainland China) K歌 (in Mainland China)
老世 (usually miswritten as 老細)	lou^5 sai^3	/lou˩˧sɐi˧/	世帯主	setainushi	head of a company/chief/boss	老闆/老板 (boss) 東主/东主 (old term for company owner) 上司 (superior)
奸爸爹	gaan^1 baa^1 de^1	/kaːn˥paː˥tɛː˥/	頑張って	ganbatte	a cheering-on term/Come On	努力 (in this context, keep up the effort) 加油 (Keep up!)
放題	fong^3 tai^4	/fɔːŋ˧tʰɐi˩/	放題	houdai	a buffet	自助餐 (buffet)

From French

Chinese characters	Jyutping	Cantonese IPA	French	English	Mandarin equivalence
冷	laang^1	/laːŋ˥/	laine	yarn	紗線/纱线
梳乎厘	so^1 fu^4 lei^4	/sɔː˥fuː˨˩lei˨˩/	soufflé	soufflé	舒芙蕾 (in Taiwan), 梳芙厘 (in Mainland China), 蛋奶酥

Exported loanwords

Into English

English	Chinese characters	Jyutping	Cantonese IPA
dim sum	點心	dim^2 sam^1	/tiːm˧˥sɐm˥/
kumquat	金橘	gam^1 gwat^1	/kɐm˥kʷɐt˥/
loquat	蘆橘	lou^4 gwat^1	/lou˨˩kʷɐt˥/
wonton	雲吞	wan^4 tan^1	/wɐn˨˩tʰɐn˥/
bok choy	白菜	baak^6 coi^3	/paːk˨tsʰɔːy˧/
long time no see	好耐冇見	hou^2 noi^6 mou^5 gin^3
ketchup	茄汁	ke^2 zap^1	/kʰɛː˧˥tsɐp˥/
kowtow	叩頭	kau^3 tau^4	/kʰɐu̯˧tʰɐu̯˨˩/

Into Mainland Chinese Mandarin

Mandarin	Hanyu Pinyin	Cantonese	Jyutping	Cantonese IPA	English	Other Mandarin synonyms	Hanyu Pinyin
买单	mǎidān	埋單	maai^4 daan^1	/mȁːitáːn/	"Bill/Check, please." (used when calling for the bill at a restaurant)	结账	jiézhàng
搭档	dādàng	拍檔	paak^3 dong^3	/pʰāːktɔ̄ːŋ/	partner	伙伴 (in ownership and business) 舞伴 (in dancing)	huǒbàn wǔbàn
打的	dǎdī	搭的士	daap^3 dik^1 si^2	/tāːptéksǐː/	to ride a taxi	乘出租车	chéng chūzūchē
无厘头	wúlítóu	無釐頭, corruption of 無來頭	mou^4 lei^4 tau^4	/mȍulȅitʰɐ̏u/	nonsensical humour (see mo lei tau)	莫名其妙	mòmíng-qímiào
亮仔 or 靓仔	liàngzǎi	靚仔	leng^3 zai^2	/lɛ́ːŋtsɐ̌i/	handsome (pretty) boy/young man	帅哥儿 俊男 哥们 (in China only)	shuàigēr jùnnán gēmen
拍拖	pāituō	拍拖	paak^3 to^1	/pʰāːktʰɔ́ː/	to date; to court	追求 求爱	zhuīqiú qiú'ai
很正	hěn zhèng	好正	hou^2 zeng^3	/hǒutsɛ̄ːŋ/	(colloquial) awesome; perfect; just right
搞掂 or 搞定	gǎodiàn or gǎodìng	搞掂	gaau^2 dim^6	/kǎːutìːm/	"Done!", to complete; completed (when used as an exclamation)	办妥 做完 做好 弄完	bàntuǒ zuò wán zuò hǎo nòng wán

Into Taiwanese Mandarin

Taiwanese Mandarin	Hanyu Pinyin	Cantonese	Jyutping	Cantonese IPA	English
塞雷 猴塞雷	sāiléi hóu sāiléi	犀利 好犀利 (from Classical Chinese)	sai^1 lei^6 hou^2 sai^1 lei^6	/sɐ́ilèi/ /hǒusɐ́ilèi/	great; powerful very great; very powerful
Hold住[6]	hòu zhù	Hold住	hou^1 jyu^6	/hóut͡sỳː/	Hold on; hang in there

Into Japanese

Japanese Kana (Kanji)	Japanese Rōmaji	Cantonese	Jyutping	Cantonese IPA	English
ヤムチャ (飲茶)	yamucha	飲茶	jam^2 caa^4	/jɐ̌mtsʰȁː/	To drink tea or go to a Chinese restaurant (yum cha)
チャーシュー (叉焼)	chāshū	叉燒	caa^1 siu^1	/tsʰáːsíːu/	Roasted pork (literally roasted on a fork char siu)
チャーハン (炒飯)	chāhan	炒飯	caau^2 faan^6	/tsʰǎːufàːn/	To stir-fry rice (Fried rice)

Code-switching and loanword adaptation

Hong Kong Cantonese has a high number of foreign loanwords. Sometimes, the part of speech of the incorporated words are also changed, like "佢地好friend", translated into English as "they are very 'friend'", means "they are good friends". The word "friend" is changed from a noun into an adjective. In some examples, some new meanings of English words are even created. For example, "至yeah", literally "the most yeah", means "the trendiest". Originally, "yeah" means "yes/okay" in English, but it means "trendy" when being incorporated into Hong Kong Cantonese (see also "yeah baby" and "aww yeah"). Semantic change is common in loanwords; when foreign words are borrowed into Cantonese, polysyllabic words and monosyllabic words tend to become disyllabic, and the second syllable is in the Upper Rising tone (the second tone).

For example, "kon1 si2"  (coins), "sek6 kiu1" (security) and "ka1 si2" (cast). A few polysyllabic words become monosyllabic though, like "mon1" (monitor), literally means computer monitor. And some new Cantonese lexical items are created according to the morphology of Cantonese. For example, "laai1 記" from the word "library". Most of the disyllabic words and some of the monosyllabic words are incorporated as their original pronunciation, with some minor changes according to the Cantonese phonotactics.

Incorporating words from foreign languages into Cantonese is also acceptable by most Cantonese speakers. Hong Kong Cantonese speakers frequently code-mix although they can distinguish foreign words from Cantonese ones. For instance, "噉都唔 make sense", literally means "it doesn't make sense". After a Cantonese speaker decides to code-mix a foreign word in a Cantonese sentence, syntactical rules of Cantonese will be followed. For instance, "sure" (肯定) can be used like "你 su¹ 唔 su¹ aa³?" (are you sure?) as if it were its Cantonese counterpart "你肯唔肯定?", using the A-not-A question construction. In some circumstances, code-mixing is preferable because it can simplify sentences. In the case of some technological terms, code-mixing becomes very hard to avoid.

For example, Hong Kong people find it difficult to say "你用個 mau¹-si² right-click嚟highlight啲字" ("You use the right-click of the mouse to highlight the words") in pure Cantonese. It is actually not surprising if a Hong Konger does not know how to express "mouse", "right-click" and "highlight" in Chinese. Code-mixing is almost unavoidable for some technical terms like "trial balance" in accounting and "benzene" in chemistry because of the use of English as the medium of instruction at the tertiary level and often the secondary level. Many people in Hong Kong do not know the Chinese names of many technical terms and as a result, it is expected that English names of the terms be used. This is also a headache for prescriptive linguists and Chinese teachers who advocate the use of pure Cantonese. Code-mixing is in general not a problem but it could impose a language barrier between Hong Kongers and Mainland Chinese as the former do not know the Chinese names of the terms while the latter, the English of the terms.

See also

• Bilingualism in Hong Kong
• Cantonese profanity
• Code-switching in Hong Kong
• Proper Cantonese pronunciation
• Comparison of national standards of Chinese
• Hong Kong English
• Varieties of Chinese

References

1. "Official Language Division, Civil Service Bureau, Government of Hong Kong". Csb.gov.hk. 19 September 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
2. To, Carol K. S.; Mcleod, Sharynne; Cheung, Pamela S. P. (2015). "Phonetic variations and sound changes in Hong Kong Cantonese: diachronic review, synchronic study and implications for speech sound assessment.". Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics. 29 (5): 333–353. doi:10.3109/02699206.2014.1003329.
3. Bauer, Robert S.; Cheung, Kwan-hin; Cheung, Pak-man (2003). "Variation and merger of the rising tones in Hong Kong Cantonese". Language Variation and Change. 15 (2): 211–225. doi:10.1017/S0954394503152039.
4. Together Learn Cantonese, see middle section.
5. A list compiled by lbsun
6. "你"Hold住"没"Hold住"?". 学生导报 中职周刊. Retrieved 5 October 2011.

External links

• Learn Cantonese (with Cantonese-English / English-Cantonese Dictionary)
• Learn Chinese with Chinese Lyrics Now with Pinyin and sound files