Woodworthia maculatus

Woodworthia maculatus
A common gecko, captured and photographed in a private garden, Wellington, January, 2013
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Family: Diplodactylidae
Genus: Woodworthia
Species: W. maculatus
Binomial name
Woodworthia maculatus
Gray, 1845
Synonyms

Hoplodactylus maculatus
Woodworthia maculata

Woodworthia maculatus, the New Zealand common gecko, is a species in the family Gekkonidae. Maculatus means "speckled".[1]

Conservation status

As of 2012 the Department of Conservation (DOC) classified the common gecko as Not Threatened under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.[2]

Identification

W. maculatus is a small to medium-sized gecko, with an average length of 155mm [3] and has a predominant colour of grey or brown.[4] The name maculatus refers to the speckled pattern seen on this species (NZ Herpetological Society). The eyes are a greenish brown, with the snout-to-eye distance slightly longer, or equal to, the eye-to-ear distance. Maculatus mouth is lined in pink and has a pink tongue with a grey tip.[3] Woodworthia maculatus often occupies the same area as a couple of similar looking geckos; Dactylocnemis pacificus and W. chrysosireticus. W. maculatus can be distinguished from W. chrysosireticus by the lack of black speckles which are seen on W. chrysosireticus. W. maculatus differs from D. pacificus when looking closely at the nostril. In maculatus the nostril scale is not in contact with the nostril, but in D. pacificus it is in contact.[5]

Range

W. maculatus can be found all over New Zealand; however, individuals in different locations across the country (especially in the North Island) differ from each other in a number of ways. Individuals in the South Island are often more slender and darker in colour than those in the North Island. The species is not usually detected on Stewart Island.[6] In the Hauraki Gulf, the geckos are commonly found on stony beaches and are a smaller size, with crenulated longitudinal stripes. W. maculatus are found in the Coromandel and central North Island are generally found in lowland forests and are much larger, as well as being of various colours. The Southern North Island populations appear to be two-thirds smaller than nearby populations and exhibit sexual dimorphism.[7] Populations which occupy the Cook Strait and nearby mainland’s show to be a mix of the common Northern and Southern forms [5]

Habitat preferences

W. maculatus is terrestrial but is often found in trees, only in forested areas.[8] In a study by H. Frank and DJ Wilson (2011)[9] showed that maculatus is also commonly found in rocky areas with cracks and crevices, without a permanent shade cover. Few individuals were detected in highly grazed areas with no grass cover remaining.

Life Cycle/Phenology

W. maculatus has been found to have a characteristically long lifespan, with a suggested lifespan of 20 years by Anastasiadis and Whitaker (1987).[10] However, there were individuals included in a study by [11] that have been aged at 29 years or more. However, more recently Bauer (2013)[12] proposes that the species may live up to 37 years in the wild. Bannock[13] suggests that W. maculatus may have a long lifespan to balance their slow reproductive rate. Cree (1994)[14]

Diet/Prey/Predators

Geckos have a simple diet of live insects and smaller organisms. The diet of a gecko includes, but is not limited to, spiders, isopodas, moths, flies, grasshoppers and caterpillars. As expected, due to an individual’s size and preference, the diet has a lot of variation. In other gecko species, the tail acts as a storage organ which can hold reserves of fat which the individual can use in times of food scarcity.[15] Most gecko species cannot digest leaves and other tough plant material easily however, W. maculatus and other New Zealand gecko species feed off plant material that is easily digestible and high in energy like pollen, nectar, sap or fruit .[16]

Mainland geckos are commonly preyed on invasive species such as stoats, cats, hedgehogs and rodents. On off-shore islands where these invasive species are present, the morepork is considered the main predator.[17] Rodents eat both the adult gecko and their eggs and are particularly dangerous for larger geckos. Although W. maculatus are too small to fight them off, their heads are too big to fit in gaps small enough in which they would be safe from the predator.[16]

found that W. maculatus reproduces annually, and has evidence to suggest that some populations may be reproducing biannually. Cree[14] also recognised that on average, each female produces less than 2 offspring per year and are slow to mature.[18]

References

  1. ↑ New Zealand Frogs and Reptiles, Brian Gill and Tony Whitaker, David Bateman limited, 2001
  2. ↑ Hitchmough, Rod; Anderson, Peter; Barr, Ben; Monks, Jo; Lettink, Marieke; Reardon, James; Tocher, Mandy; Whitaker, Tony. "Conservation status of New Zealand reptiles, 2012" (PDF). Department of Conservation. The Government of New Zealand. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  3. 1 2 (Jewell, T. 2008 A photographic guide to reptiles and amphibians of New Zealand. New Holland, Auckland. 144 p.)
  4. ↑ (Towns, D. R. (1985). A field guide to the lizards of New Zealand. Wellington, N.Z.: New Zealand Wildlife Service, Dept. of Internal Affairs)
  5. 1 2 (Bell T (compiler) 2010: NZ Lizards Database Species Synopsis. Common Gecko, Woodworthia maculatusAvailable: http://herpetology.landcareresearch.co.nz. Accession date: 06/04/2016. Landcare Research NZ Ltd.)
  6. ↑ Hitchmough, Rodney Arthur (1997). "A Systematic Revision of the New Zealand Gekkonidae". Victoria University of Wellington. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  7. ↑ Whitaker, A.H. "Interim results from a study of Hoplodactylus maculatus (Boulenger) at Turakirae Head, Wellington". https://nzlizards.landcareresearch.co.nz/Reference/ReferenceDetails.aspx?source=BrowseByAuthor&id=9b7e69ce-8b65-4bcf-aae8-c991be4aead8. New Zealand Wildlife Service occasional publication No. 2. Retrieved 05-04-2016. Check date values in: |access-date= (help); External link in |website= (help)
  8. ↑ wotton, Debra. "Effectiveness of the common gecko (Hoplodactylus maculatus) as a seed disperser on Mana Island, New Zealand". http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0028825X.2002.9512820. Taylor & Francis Group. Archived from the original on |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help). Retrieved 2016-04-07. |archive-url= is malformed: timestamp (help); External link in |website= (help)
  9. ↑ Frank & wilson, H & DJ. "Distribution, status and conservation measures for lizards in limestone areas of South Canterbury". http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03014223.2010.520326. Taylor & Francis. Archived from the original on |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help). Retrieved 2016-04-08. |archive-url= is malformed: timestamp (help); External link in |website= (help)
  10. ↑ "The roles of lizards in New Zealand plant reproductive strategies". Taylor & Francis Group. Archived from [:// http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0028825X.1987.10410078 the original] Check |url= value (help) on |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help). Retrieved 2016-04-06. |archive-url= is malformed: timestamp (help)
  11. ↑ "EXTREME LONGEVITY OF THE COMMON GECKO (HOPLODACTYLUS MACULATUS) ON MOTUNAU ISLAND, CANTERBURY, NEW ZEALAND" (PDF). New Zealand Ecological Society. Archived from [:// http://newzealandecology.org/nzje/2065.pdf the original] Check |url= value (help) (PDF) on |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help). Retrieved 2016-04-06. |archive-url= is malformed: save command (help)
  12. ↑ {{title= Geckos : the animal answer guide |publisher=Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press}}
  13. ↑ "EXTREME LONGEVITY OF THE COMMON GECKO (HOPLODACTYLUS MACULATUS) ON MOTUNAU ISLAND, CANTERBURY, NEW ZEALAND" (PDF). New Zealand Ecological Society. Archived from [:// http://newzealandecology.org/nzje/2065.pdf the original] Check |url= value (help) (PDF) on |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help). Retrieved 2016-04-06. |archive-url= is malformed: save command (help)
  14. 1 2 "Low annual reproductive output in female reptiles from New Zealand". Taylor & Francis Group. Archived from the original on |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help). Retrieved 2016-04-06. |archive-url= is malformed: timestamp (help)
  15. ↑ Rowlands, R. P. (1995). New Zealand geckos: A guide to captive maintenance and breeding. Auckland, N.Z.: Print Media Specialists.
  16. 1 2 Bauer, A. M. (2013). Geckos: The animal answer guide. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  17. ↑ Kelly, C. D. (2015). Sexual size and shape dimorphism and allometric scaling patterns in head traits in the New Zealand common gecko Woodworthia maculatus. Zoology, 118(4), 248-254.
  18. ↑ "EXTREME LONGEVITY OF THE COMMON GECKO (HOPLODACTYLUS MACULATUS) ON MOTUNAU ISLAND, CANTERBURY, NEW ZEALAND" (PDF). New Zealand Ecological Society. Archived from [:// http://newzealandecology.org/nzje/2065.pdf the original] Check |url= value (help) (PDF) on |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help). Retrieved 2016-04-06. |archive-url= is malformed: save command (help)
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