New Jersey polyomavirus
| New Jersey polyomavirus | |
|---|---|
| Virus classification | |
| Group: | Group I (dsDNA) |
| Family: | Polyomaviridae |
| Genus: | Alphapolyomavirus |
| Species: | New Jersey polyomavirus |
New Jersey polyomavirus (NJPyV, also known as Human polyomavirus 13) is a virus of the polyomavirus family that infects human hosts. It was first identified in 2014 in a pancreatic transplant patient in New Jersey. It is the 13th and most recent human polyomavirus to be described.[1]
Discovery
NJPyV was first reported in 2014 after it was isolated from epithelial cells of a pancreatic transplant patient presenting with blindness, vasculitis, myopathy, and dermatosis. After doctors were unable to identify known viral causes of the patient's symptoms, a research team led by virologist Ian Lipkin screened samples of affected tissue for the presence of novel viruses, and identified the genome of a novel polyomavirus.[1][2]
Genome
The organization of the NJPyV genome is typical of polyomaviruses. At around 5.1 kilobase pairs in length, it contains six identifiable genes: the small tumor antigen, large tumor antigen, and alternative tumor antigen (ALTO); and and three viral coat proteins, VP1, VP2, and VP3.[1] The ALTO protein is an unusual alternative splicing product of the "late region" of the genome, which canonically encodes the small and large tumor antigens; expression of ALTO has also been reported in trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus.[3]
Taxonomy
In the 2015 taxonomic update to the polyomavirus group, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses classified NJPyV as a member of the genus Alphapolyomaviridae, whose type species is murine polyomavirus (Mus musculus polyomavirus 1).[4]
Prevalence
The prevalence of NJPyV is unknown, though other human polyomaviruses are fairly common and usually asymptomatic.[5] Only a small number of studies have yet attempted to screen for NJPyV in the general population, and none have reported detecting it.[6][7] It is unclear if the New Jersey index case was newly infected at the time symptoms manifested, or if a latent infection was reactivated in the context of stress and immunosuppression (a known mechanism of pathogenicity for polyomaviruses).[1]
Clinical manifestations
NJPyV was discovered in clinical samples from a single patient; outside of this case report, the clinical effects of NJPyV are unknown.[1]
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 Mishra, Nischay; Pereira, Marcus; Rhodes, Roy H.; An, Ping; Pipas, James M.; Jain, Komal; Kapoor, Amit; Briese, Thomas; Faust, Phyllis L.; Lipkin, W. Ian (15 November 2014). "Identification of a Novel Polyomavirus in a Pancreatic Transplant Recipient With Retinal Blindness and Vasculitic Myopathy". Journal of Infectious Diseases. 210 (10): 1595–1599. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu250.
- ↑ DeLuca, Ilana J.; Patel, Vishal Anil; Pereira, Marcus R.; Grossman, Marc E. (November 2015). "A new polyomavirus-related dermatosis in a pancreatic transplant patient". JAAD Case Reports. 1 (6): S38–S40. doi:10.1016/j.jdcr.2015.09.018.
- ↑ van der Meijden, Els; Kazem, Siamaque; Dargel, Christina A.; van Vuren, Nick; Hensbergen, Paul J.; Feltkamp, Mariet C. W.; Imperiale, M. J. (15 September 2015). "Characterization of T Antigens, Including Middle T and Alternative T, Expressed by the Human Polyomavirus Associated with Trichodysplasia Spinulosa". Journal of Virology. 89 (18): 9427–9439. doi:10.1128/JVI.00911-15.
- ↑ Polyomaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of, Viruses; Calvignac-Spencer, S; Feltkamp, MC; Daugherty, MD; Moens, U; Ramqvist, T; Johne, R; Ehlers, B (29 February 2016). "A taxonomy update for the family Polyomaviridae". Archives of Virology. 161 (6): 1739–50. doi:10.1007/s00705-016-2794-y. PMID 26923930.
- ↑ Ehlers, Bernhard; Wieland, Ulrike (August 2013). "The novel human polyomaviruses HPyV6, 7, 9 and beyond". APMIS. 121 (8): 783–795. doi:10.1111/apm.12104. PMID 23656581.
- ↑ Li, Ke; Zhang, Chi; Zhao, Rong; Xue, Ying; Yang, Jian; Peng, Junping; Jin, Qi (May 2015). "The prevalence of STL polyomavirus in stool samples from Chinese children". Journal of Clinical Virology. 66: 19–23. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2015.02.017.
- ↑ Herberhold, Stephan; Hellmich, Martin; Panning, Marcus; Bartok, Eva; Silling, Steffi; Akgül, Baki; Wieland, Ulrike (10 November 2016). "Human polyomavirus and human papillomavirus prevalence and viral load in non-malignant tonsillar tissue and tonsillar carcinoma". Medical Microbiology and Immunology. doi:10.1007/s00430-016-0486-6.