Hunterian Society

John Hunter

The Hunterian Society, founded in 1819 in honour of the Scottish surgeon John Hunter (1728–1793), is a society of physicians and dentists based in London.

Established by Dr William Cooke, a general practitioner, and Thomas Armiger, a surgeon, who both practiced in the City of London and the East End of London, the Society has devoted its activities for nearly two hundred years towards the pursuit of medical knowledge and learning. Meetings are always held over dinner, which precedes the subject for debate.

Between 1815 and 1828, Sir William Blizard (1743–1835), who was a former pupil of John Hunter, praised Hunter at the Royal College of Surgeons of England in three Hunterian Orations, and it is believed to be due to his influence that the new Society adopted the name 'Hunterian', rather than 'The London Medical and Physical Society', which was the name first proposed for it.

Blizard became the Society's first President and had the aim of keeping it within the Hunterian tradition. In an oration of 1826, he said: "May the honoured name of Hunter ever have a magic influence on the minds of its members".

The Society promotes an annual oration and awards an annual medal.

Hunterian Society Oration

According to the rules of the society: "The Annual Oration, to be called the Hunterian Society Oration, shall be delivered by the Orator for the current session, at a Meeting of the Society. The primary purpose of the Oration is to Commemorate the life and work of John Hunter, as also of his brother William Hunter, and to set forth the influence of the Hunterian example and tradition in the development of the science and art of Medicine. This tradition includes exact observation, experiment, and the application of anatomical and physiological science, human and comparative, to practical Medicine. It is not intended to exclude from the scope of the Annual Oration topics bearing upon the History of Medicine, and upon the relation of Medicine to other sciences and to human life in its widest sense, as well as other topics which cannot suitably be made the subject of an ordinary medical communication"..

Not to be confused with the Hunterian oration at the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

Orators

Source of names 1826-1907 : Hunterian Society [1]

  • 2011: Timothy Martin Cox [2]
  • 2010: Michael Crumplin, John Hunter and Medical Aspects of the Peninsular War
  • 2009: Sir Bruce Keogh
  • 2008: Richard Ramsden [3]
  • 2007: John Greenspan [4]
  • 2005: Barry M. Jones, Facial Aesthetic Surgery: The use of scientific principles to optimise outcome and limit risk.
  • 2004: W. Randolph Chitwood, Robotic Cardiac Surgery - In John Hunter's Shadow
  • 2000: Paul Michael Aichroth [5]
  • 1999: Anthony William Goode [6]
  • 1995: Brian Owen-Smith, Hunter, Hedgehogs and Hibernation [7]
  • 1994: Josephine Barnes [8]
  • 1992: John Kirkup, John Hunter's Surgical Instruments and Surgical Procedures [9]
  • 1988: Christopher Wastell, John Hunter - a man of his time [10]
  • 1986: Douglas Woolf [11]
  • 1977: S. Pasmore, John Hunter in Kensington
  • 1972: George Qvist [12]
  • 1963: Alexander Ernest Roche [13]
  • 1959: Sir Arthur Porritt, John Hunter's Women [14]
  • 1954: Sir Gordon Gordon-Taylor [15]
  • 1952: George Day, P.P.S. : Pneuma, Psyche, and Soma [16]
  • 1950: Daniel T. Davies, John Hunter, the Man and his Message
  • 1948: William Sydney Charles Copeman
  • 1947: Lord Horder, The Hunterian Tradition [17]
  • 1939: Cedric Lane-Roberts, A Plea for the Woman in Gynaecology and Obstetrics [18]
  • 1937: Lord Horder, Hunter, the great Researcher [19]
  • 1936: Sir G. Lenthal Cheatle, John Hunter's Time and Our Own Time
  • 1935: John Eyre, Undulant Fever; A Retrospect
  • 1934: Basil T. Parsons-Smith, Cardiac Failure in the 18th Century and its Modern Conception [20]
  • 1930: J. Campbell McLure, Psychology and the Practice of Medicine [21]
  • 1928: Howard Atwood Kelly 200th Anniversary of Birth of John Hunter.[22]
  • 1928: Anthony Feiling, Sciatica: its varieties and Treatments [23]
  • 1927: Girling Ball, The Value of Modern Methods of Investigation in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Haematuria
  • 1926: George Newman, The Private Practitioner as Pioneer in Preventive Medicine
  • 1925: H. Letheby Tidy, On the Haemorrhagic Diathesis: Angio-Staxis [24]
  • 1923: Herbert William Carson, The Evolution of the Modern Treatment of Septic Peritonitis [25]
  • 1922: Theodore Thompson, Upon Alimentary Toxaemia in Nervous Disorders [26]
  • 1921: Sir Henry H. Bashford, The Ideal Element in Medicine, Illustrated by the Life of John Hunter. [27]
  • 1920: Leonard Hill, On Blood Vessels and Pressure [28]
  • 1918: Oliver K. Williamson, On the Symptoms Which Precede and are Associated with General Arterio-Sclerosis [29]
  • 1918?: Edward W Goodall, On Serum Sickness [30]
  • 1917: W. Langdon Brown, On the Hunterian Tradition in Cardiac Research [31]
  • 1915: Henry Russell Andrews, William Hunter and his Work in Midwifery [32]
  • 1912: Thomas Oliver Lyon, The Care of Consumptives. A Review and a Forecast.[33]
  • 1911: James H. Sequera, On the Progress of Dermatology since Hunter's Time [34]
  • 1910: R. Fortescue Fox, On some Principals in the Treatment of Chronic Disease [35]
  • 1909:
  • 1907: Lauriston Elgie Shaw
  • 1906: Alfred Herbert Tubby, Recent Surgical Methods in the Treatment of Certain Types of Paralysis [36]
  • 1905: Francis Rowland Humphreys, Excretion, more Especially in regard to Vicarious Excretion in Bright's Disease
  • 1904: John Francis Woods, On the Psychic Side of Therapeutics [37]
  • 1903: Thomas Horrocks Openshaw
  • 1902: Arthur Templar Davies, On Organo-Therapy [38]
  • 1901: John Poland, A Retrospect of Surgery During the Past Century [39]
  • 1900: Frederick John Smith, On then and now ; or, the Influence of Modern Surgery upon Medical Practice [40]
  • 1899: Sir Hugh Reeve Beevor, 5th Baronet, On the Declension of Phthisis (Pulmonary Tuberculosis) [41]
  • 1898: Peter Horrocks
  • 1897: Richard Kingston Fox, William Hunter, Anatomist, Physician, Obstetrician [42]
  • 1896: George Newton Pitt, Reflections on John Hunter as a Physician and on his Relation to the Medical Societies of the Last Century[43]
  • 1895: Sir Patrick Manson
  • 1894: James Dundas Grant
  • 1893: John Sell Edmund Cotton
  • 1892: Charters James Symonds [44]
  • 1891: Fletcher Beach, Psychological Medicine in John Hunter's Time and the Progress it has Since Made [45]
  • 1890: Sir Stephen Mackenzie
  • 1889: George Ernest Herman
  • 1888: Richard Clement Lucas, On the life-work of John Hunter and his Influence on Surgery [46]
  • 1887: Alfred Lewis Galabin, The Etiology of Puerperal Fever[47]
  • 1886: Sir Andrew Clark, 1st Baronet
  • 1885: James Edward Adams
  • 1884: Francis Charlewood Turner
  • 1883: Edward Gillette Gilbert
  • 1882: Robert Fowler, The attributes, professional and social, of the so-called "Family Doctor"
  • 1881: Alfred Henry Smee
  • 1880: Philip Henry Pye-Smith
  • 1879: Walter Rivington
  • 1878: Peter Lodwick Burchell, A Brief Sketch of the Ancient History of Medicine [48]
  • 1877: Walter Moxon
  • 1876: Henry Gawen Sutton
  • 1875: Henry Gervis
  • 1874: John Couper
  • 1873: Arthur Edward Durham
  • 1872: John Hughlings Jackson, The Physiological Aspects of Education [49]
  • 1871: Thomas Boor Crosby, Modern Medicine: has it kept pace in advancement with the times?
  • 1870: Thomas Bryant on Drugs and their Uses [50]
  • 1869: Henry Isaac Fotherby
  • 1868: John Braxton Hicks
  • 1867: William Sedgwick Saunders
  • 1866: Dennis de Berdt Hovell
  • 1865: Jonathan Hutchinson, The Advance of Physic [51]
  • 1864: John Jackson
  • 1863: Robert Barnes
  • 1862: Thomas Bevill Peacock
  • 1861: Sir William Withey Gull
  • 1860: Stephen Henry Ward
  • 1859: Alfred Smee
  • 1858: William Munk
  • 1857: Henry Oldham
  • 1856: Thomas Calloway, jnr [52]
  • 1855: Joseph Ridge
  • 1854: George Owen Rees
  • 1853: Thomas Mee Daldy
  • 1852: William James Little
  • 1851: John Charles Weaver Lever
  • 1850: George Critchett
  • 1849: James Risdon Bennett
  • 1848: Thomas Blizard Curling
  • 1847: George Hilaro Barlow
  • 1846: John Adams
  • 1845: John Thomson
  • 1844: John Hilton
  • 1843: Francis Henry Ramsbotham
  • 1842: Samuel Solly
  • 1841: Samuel Ashwell
  • 1840: Thomas Bell
  • 1839: William Cooke, Minds and the Emotions considered in relation to Health
  • 1838: William Coulson
  • 1837: Benjamin Guy Babington
  • 1838: Bransby Blake Cooper
  • 1832: Archibald Billing
  • 1831: Charles Aston Key
  • 1830: John Tricker Conquest
  • 1829: Benjamin Travers
  • 1828: Benjamin Robinson
  • 1827: William Babington
  • 1826: Sir William Blizard (Inaugural Oration)

Hunterian Society medal

The gold medal has been awarded annually since 1932 for the best essay on a subject selected by the society.

The silver medal has been awarded since 1908 for the best essay by a general practitioner which embodied the results of his own investigations on the subject of medicine, surgery or midwifery.

The Society gives an annual prize, which is awarded for a presentation on a subject connected to the history of medicine, which "...may be modern but should have a Hunterian flavour". The Award is of £1,000, a medal and one year's membership of the Society.[53]

Hunterian Prize winners:

Presidents

Source for 1819-1906: Hunterian Society [54]

  • 2016 Nigel Thomas
  • 2013 Sue Weir
  • 2012 Prokar Dasgupta
  • 2011 Ian Stephen
  • 2010–2011 Nicholas Cambridge
  • 2009 Richard Cory-Pearce
  • 2006–2007 Stephen Challacombe [55]
  • 1999-2000 Brian Owen-Smith
  • 1983 David White Findlay
  • 1979–1980 Douglas Langton Woolf
  • 1966 George Qvist [56]
  • 1961 Sir Cecil Wakeley [57]
  • 1958 John Ainsworth-Davis
  • 1957 Cecil D. Coyle
  • 1953 John Hunt, Baron Hunt of Fawley[58]
  • 1951 Arthur Espie Porritt Porritt, Baron Porritt Abreast of the Times [59]
  • 1947 Alexander Ernest Roche
  • 1945–1946 Albert Edward Mortimer Woolf [60]
  • 1926–1928 Albert Edward Mortimer Woolf [60]
  • 1915 William Henry Kelson
  • 1906 John Poland
  • 1904–1906 Frederick John Smith
  • 1903–1904 Stephen Herbert Appleford
  • 1902–1904 Alfred Lewis Galabin
  • 1900–1903 James Dundas Grant
  • 1898–1900 John Sell Edmund Cotman
  • 1896–1898 George Ernest Herman
  • 1894-1896 Charters James Symonds
  • 1892–1894 Frederick Gordon Brown
  • 1890–1892 Sir Stephen Mackenzie
  • 1888–1890 Richard Clement Lucas
  • 1887–1888 Henry Gervis
  • 1886–1887 Francis Mead Corner
  • 1885–1886 Philip Henry Pye-Smith
  • 1884–1885 Robert Fowler
  • 1883–1884 Walter Rivington
  • 1882–1883 John Hughlings Jackson
  • 1881–1882 Peter Lodwick Burchell [61]
  • 1880–1881 John Couper
  • 1879–1880 John Braxton Hicks
  • 1878–1879 Sir Thomas Boor Crosby
  • 1877–1878 Arthur Edward Durham
  • 1876–1877 Henry Isaac Fotherby
  • 1875–1876 William Sedgwick Saunders
  • 1874–1875 Robert Barnes
  • 1873–1874 Thomas Bryant
  • 1872–1873 Herbert Davies
  • 1871–1872 Dennis De Berdt Hovell
  • 1869–1871 Jonathan Hutchinson
  • 1868–1869 Thomas Bevill Peacock
  • 1867–1868 John Jackson
  • 1866–1867 Stephen Henry Ward
  • 1865–1866 Alfred Smee
  • 1863–1865 Thomas Mee Dalby
  • 1861–1863 George Critchett
  • 1860–1861 Sir James Risdon Bennett
  • 1859–1860 D. Henry Walne
  • 1858–1859 William James Little
  • 1857–1858 Samuel Solly
  • 1856–1857 George Hilary Barlow
  • 1855–1856 Thomas Blizard Curling
  • 1854–1855 John Charles Weaver Lever
  • 1853–1854 John Hilton
  • 1852–1853 Henry Greenwood
  • 1851–1852 John Adams
  • 1850–1851 H. Marshall Hughes
  • 1849–1850 Edward Cock
  • 1848–1849 Francis Henry Ramsbotham
  • 1847–1848 Gilbert Wakefield Mackmurdo
  • 1845–1847 Richard Bright
  • 1843–1845 James Luke
  • 1841–1843 William Cooke
  • 1839–1841 John Scott
  • 1838–1838 John Whiting
  • 1836–1838 Bransby Blake Cooper
  • 1834–1836 Benjamin Guy Babington
  • 1832–1834 Charles Aston Key
  • 1830–1832 Thomas Calloway
  • 1828–1830 Archibald Billing
  • 1826–1828 Sir Benjamin Travers
  • 1824–1826 William Babington
  • 1822–1824 Benjamin Robinson
  • 1819–1822 Sir William Blizard (first president)
  • Christopher Wastell
  • K.M.N. Kunzru
  • David White Findlay
  • Jeffrey Rosenberg

Bibliography

References

  1. ↑ "Hunterian Society Orators, 1826–1906" (PDF). Hunterian Society. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  2. ↑ "Prof Timothy Cox". Debrett's. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  3. ↑ "Prof Richard Ramsden". Debrett's. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  4. ↑ "The Calendar for the 181st Annual Session of 2006-2007". The Hunterian Society. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  5. ↑ "Prof Paul Aichroth". Debrett's. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  6. ↑ "Prof Anthony Goode". Debrett's. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  7. ↑ "Dr Brian Owen Smith.". West Sussex History of Medicine Society. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  8. ↑ Haines, Catherine. International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950.
  9. ↑ "John Hunter's Surgical Instruments and Surgical Procedures" (PDF). Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  10. ↑ "Wastell, Christopher (1932 - 2012)". Royal College of Surgeons. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  11. ↑ "Obituary-Douglas Woolf". Rheumatology. 40: 835. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/40.7.835. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  12. ↑ "Qvist, George (1910 - 1981)". Royal College of Surgeons. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  13. ↑ "Roche, Alexander Ernest (1869 - 1963)". Royal College of Surgeons. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  14. ↑ "John Hunter's women". BMJ. 1 (5121): 582. 1959. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5121.582. PMC 1992642Freely accessible.
  15. ↑ "Gordon-Taylor, Sir Gordon (1878 - 1960)". Plarr's Lives of the Fellows Online. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  16. ↑ "The Lancet". 260 (6737). Royal College of Surgeons. 11 October 1952: 691–695. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(52)91316-0.
  17. ↑ "The Hunterian Tradition". 1: 461–463. JSTOR 25355892.
  18. ↑ "The Lancet Volume 233, Issue 6027, 4 March 1939, Pages 491–496". The Lancet. 233: 491–496. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)74066-9. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
  19. ↑ Horder, L. (1937). "Hunter the Great Researcher". The Lancet. 229 (5923): 587–589. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)97737-7.
  20. ↑ Evans, W. (1955). "Basil T Parsons-Smith" (PDF). Br Heart J. 17 (2): 262–263. doi:10.1136/hrt.17.2.262. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  21. ↑ McLure, J. Campbell (1930). Psychology_and_the_Practice_of_Medicine.html?id=zyzWYgEACAAJ&redir_esc=y.
  22. ↑ "Howard Atwood Kelly". KennethWMilano.com. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  23. ↑ "Hunterian Oration". Nature. 32 (812): 51. 1885. Bibcode:1885Natur..32R..51.. doi:10.1038/032051b0. JSTOR 25328122.
  24. ↑ Letheby Tidy, H. (1926). "Hunterian Oration ON THE HÆMORRHAGIC DIATHESIS: ANGIO-STAXIS". The Lancet. 208 (5373): 365–369. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)26161-3.
  25. ↑ Carson, H. W. (1923). "The Evolution of the Modern Treatment of Septic Peritonitis". The Lancet. 201 (5203): 1035–1038. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)14971-8.
  26. ↑ "The Hunterian Oration UPON ALIMENTARY TOXÆMIA IN NERVOUS DISORDERS". The Lancet. 199 (5152): 1031–1034. 1922. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)33179-3.
  27. ↑ "WILLIAM L. ROBERTSON, M.C., M.B., Ch.B., F.R.C.S.Ed" (PDF). BMJ. 1: 214–215. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3136.214. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
  28. ↑ "Hunterian Oration ON BLOOD VESSELS AND PRESSURE". The Lancet. 195 (5033): 359–366. 1920. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)55429-4.
  29. ↑ "ABSTRACT OF an Address ON THE SYMPTOMS WHICH PRECEDE AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH GENERAL ARTERIO - SCLEROSIS". The Lancet. 191 (4940): 627–630. 1918. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)26253-9.
  30. ↑ Goodall, E. W. (1918). "A Clinical Address ON SERUM SICKNESS". The Lancet. 191 (4931): 323–327. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)95918-X.
  31. ↑ Brown, W. L. (1917). "ABSTRACT OF an Address ON THE HUNTERIAN TRADITION IN CARDIAC RESEARCH". The Lancet. 189 (4878): 291–294. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)48010-X.
  32. ↑ Andrews, H. R. (1915). "William Hunter and his Work in Midwifery". BMJ. 1 (2824): 277–82. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2824.277. PMC 2301755Freely accessible. PMID 20767483. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  33. ↑ Glover Lyon, T. (1912). "The Care of Consumptives. A Review and a Forecast". The Lancet. 180 (4646): 755–757. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)55946-2.
  34. ↑ "An Address ON THE PROGRESS OF DERMATOLOGY SINCE HUNTer's TIME". The Lancet. 177 (4580): 1555–1560. 1911. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)78270-5.
  35. ↑ Fox, R. F. (1910). "ABSTRACT OF the Hunterian Oration ON SOME PRINCIPLES IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASE". The Lancet. 175 (4521): 1115–1119. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)14181-4.
  36. ↑ Tubby AH (March 1906). "The Hunterian Oration". BMJ. 1 (2357): 481–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2357.481. PMC 2380731Freely accessible. PMID 20762550.
  37. ↑ Woods, J. F. (1904). "ABSTRACT OF an Address ON THE PSYCHIC SIDE OF THERAPEUTICS". The Lancet. 163 (4199): 489–492. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)87631-5.
  38. ↑ "The Hunterian Oration ON ORGANO-THERAPY". The Lancet. 159 (4103): 1089–1096. 1902. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)70024-4.
  39. ↑ "A retrospect of surgery during the past century : being the Hunterian oration of the Hunterian Society, 1901 (1901)". Internet Archive. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  40. ↑ "The Hunterian Oration ON THEN AND NOW ; OR, THE INFLUENCE OF MODERN SURGERY UPON MEDICAL PRACTICE". The Lancet. 155 (4001): 1259–1265. 1900. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)97339-8.
  41. ↑ "An Oration ON THE DECLENSION OF PHTHISIS (PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS)". The Lancet. 153 (3946): 1005–1020. 1899. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)68695-1.
  42. ↑ "William Hunter". Google. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  43. ↑ "The Hunterian Oration: REFLECTIONS ON JOHN HUNTER AS a PHYSICIAN AND ON HIS RELATION TO THE MEDICAL SOCIETIES OF THE LAST CENTURY". The Lancet. 147 (3793): 1270–1274. 1896. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)01879-2.
  44. ↑ "ABSTRACT OF THE Hunterian Oration". The Lancet. 140 (3603): 649–653. 1892. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)87124-5.
  45. ↑ "Abstract of the Oration of the Hunterian Society for 1891, on Psychological Medicine in John Hunter's Time and the Progress It Has Since Made". The Lancet. 137 (3521): 415–417. 1891. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)17933-5.
  46. ↑ Lucas, R. C. (1888). "The Hunterian Oration" (PDF). BMJ. British Medical Association. 1 (1416): 335–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1416.335. PMC 2197500Freely accessible. PMID 20752192. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  47. ↑ Galabin AL (April 1887). "The Hunterian Oration". BMJ. British Medical Association. 1 (1374): 919–25. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1374.919. PMC 2534416Freely accessible. PMID 20751884.
  48. ↑ "Burchell, Peter Lodwick (1818 - 1892)". Royal College of Surgeons. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  49. ↑ Jackson, J. H. (1872). "Abstract of the Oration Delivered before the Hunterian Society of London, February 7th, 1872". BMJ. 1 (581): 179–181. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.581.179. PMC 2297239Freely accessible.
  50. ↑ "An Oration delivered before the Hunterian Society". 1: 200–203. JSTOR 25218376.
  51. ↑ Hutchinson, J (1865). "The Advance of Physic". BMJ. 1 (220): 269–271. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.220.269. PMC 2325557Freely accessible.
  52. ↑ "Callaway, Thomas (1822 - 1869)". Royal College of Surgeons. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  53. ↑ The Hunterian Society Medal and Scholarship at hunteriansociety.org.uk
  54. ↑ "Presidents of the Society" (PDF). Hunterian Society. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  55. ↑ "Challacombe, Stephen - consultant in diagnostic microbiology and immunology". Guy's and St Thomas's. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  56. ↑ "Qvist, George (1910 - 1981)". Royal College of Surgeons. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  57. ↑ "Hunterian Society" (PDF). Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. PubMedCentral. 28 (5): 329. 1961. PMC 2414029Freely accessible. PMID 19310289. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  58. ↑ "Parr's Lives of the Fellows Online-Hunt, John Henderson, Baron Hunt of Fawley (1905 - 1987)". Royal College of Surgeons. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  59. ↑ Arthur Espie Porritt Porritt (Baron.) (1951*). Abreast of the Times: Presidential Address to the Hunterian Society, 15th October 1951. Hunterian Society. Retrieved 2012-10-24. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  60. 1 2 "The Hunterian Society". Retrieved 2012-10-25.
  61. ↑ "Plarr's Lives of the Fellows Online". Ryal College of Surgeons. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
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