Hydrodamalis

Hydrodamalis Temporal range: late Pliocene to Recent, 3.6–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Skeleton of Hydrodamalis gigas at the Finnish Museum of Natural History
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Sirenia
Family:	Dugongidae
Subfamily:	Hydrodamalinae
Genus:	Hydrodamalis Retzius, 1794
Species
†Hydrodamalis gigas (Zimmermann, 1780) †Hydrodamalis cuestae Domning, 1978 †?Hydrodamalis spissa Furusawa, 1988
Synonyms[1]
List Dystomus von Waldheim, 1813 Haligyna Billberg, 1827 Manati Steller, 1774 Nepus von Waldheim, 1814 Rhytina Berthold, 1827 Rhytine Burmeister, 1837 Rytina Illiger, 1811 Sirene Link, 1794 Stellerus Desmarest, 1822

Hydrodamalis is a genus of extinct herbivorous sirenian marine mammals, and included the Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas), the Cuesta sea cow (Hydrodamalis cuestae), and Hydrodamalis spissa. They were the largest member of the order Sirenia, which includes its closest living relative, the dugong (Dugong dugon), and the manatees (Trichechus spp.).^[2] They reached up to 9 metres (30 ft) in length, making the Steller's sea cow among the largest mammals other than whales to have existed in the holocene epoch.^[3] Steller's sea cow was first described by Georg Wilhelm Steller,^[4] Cuesta by Daryl Domning,^[5] and H. spissa by Hitoshi Furusawa.^[2] The Steller's sea cow was the only member of the genus to survive into modern times, and, although had formerly been abundant throughout the North Pacific, by the mid 1700s, its range had been limited to a single, isolated population surrounding the uninhabited Commander Islands. It was hunted for its meat, skin, and fat by fur traders, and was also hunted by aboriginals of the North Pacific coast, leading to its and the genera's extinction 27 years after discovery.^[6] The Cuesta sea cow along with H. spissa were probably extinct at the end of the Pliocene due to the onset of the Ice Ages and the subsequent recession of seagrasses—their main food source.^[5]

Sirenia	......Dugongidae Halitherium H. schinzii H. alleni Dusisiren D. jordani D. reinharti D. dewana D. takasatensis Hydrodamalis H. gigas H. cuestae H. spissa Dugong Dugong dugon Trichechidae .....Trichechus Trichechus inunguis Trichechus manatus Trichechus senegalensis

Cladogram on the relations of the hydrodamalines based on a 2004 study by Hitoshi Furuwasha ^[7]

References

1. "Hydrodamalis". Fossilwork.org. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
2. Furusawa, H. (1988). A new species of hydrodamaline Sirenia from Hokkaido, Japan. Takikawa Museum of Art and Natural History. pp. 1–73.
3. Marsh, Helene; O'Shea, Thomas J.; Reynolds III, John E. (2011). "Steller's sea cow: discovery, biology and exploitation of a relict giant sirenian". Ecology and Conservation of the Sirenia: Dugongs and Manatees. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–35. ISBN 978-0-521-88828-8.
4. Steller, Georg W. (2011) [1751]. "The Manatee". In Royster, Paul. De Bestiis Marinis. Lincoln: University of Nebraska. pp. 13–43. ISBN 978-1-295-08525-5.
5. Domning, Daryl P. (1978). "An Ecological Model for Late Tertiary Sirenian Evolution in the North Pacific Ocean". Systematic Zoology. 25 (4): 352–362. JSTOR 2412510.
6. Jones, Ryan T. (September 2011). "A 'Havock Made among Them': Animals, Empire, and Extinction in the Russian North Pacific, 1741–1810". Environmental History. 16 (4): 585–609. doi:10.1093/envhis/emr091. JSTOR 23049853.
7. Furusawa, Hitoshi (2004). "A phylogeny of the North Pacific Sirenia (Dugongidae: Hydrodamalinae) based on a comparative study of endocranial casts". Paleontological Research. 8 (2): 91–98. doi:10.2517/prpsj.8.91.