ISPM 15

A photo of the IPPC seal on a wine shipping crate

International Standards For Phytosanitary Measures No. 15 (ISPM 15) is an International Phytosanitary Measure developed by the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) that directly addresses the need to treat wood materials of a thickness greater than 6mm, used to ship products between countries. Its main purpose is to prevent the international transport and spread of disease and insects that could negatively affect plants or ecosystems. ISPM 15 affects all wood packaging material (pallets, crates, dunnages, etc.) requiring that they be debarked and then heat treated or fumigated with methyl bromide and stamped or branded,^[1] with a mark of compliance. This mark of compliance is colloquially known as the "wheat stamp". Products exempt from the ISPM 15 are made from an alternative material, like paper, plastic or wood panel products (i.e. OSB, hardboard, and plywood).

ISPM 15 revision

The Revision of ISPM No. 15 (2009) under Annex 1,^[2] requires that wood used to manufacture ISPM 15 compliant Wood Packaging must be made from debarked wood^[3] not to be confused with bark free wood. ISPM 15 was updated to adopt the bark restriction regulations proposed by the European Union in 2009. Australia held out for approximately one year with more stringent bark restrictions before conforming July 1, 2010 ^[4]

Debarked wood packaging

Wooden crate of clementines (mandarins) from Morocco, showing the ISPM 15 logo in the lower left corner (MA for Morocco, from the French "Maroc") in 2010.

Wood packaging materials must be debarked prior to being heat treated or fumigated to meet ISPM 15 regulations. The debarking component of the regulation is to prevent the re-infestation of insects while lumber is sitting to be manufactured, or even after it has been manufactured. The official definition for debarked lumber according to the ISPM 15 Revision (2009) is:

"Irrespective of the type of treatment applied, wood packaging material must be made of debarked wood. For this standard, any number of visually separate and clearly distinct small pieces of bark may remain if they are: - less than 3 cm in width (regardless of the length) or - greater than 3 cm in width, with the total surface area of an individual piece of bark less than 50 square cm."

Argument for bark removal

What are the post treatment levels of infestation (with and without bark) compared with pre-treatment levels? Overall, from the studies presented there is either: a) no significant difference between infestation levels of treated and untreated wood; or b) differences identified are related to the species of insect which may prefer treated or untreated wood. Supporting information from a North American study (IFQRG 2005-27) is summarised in the Table below ^[5] (Data are numbers of beetles per cm²):

Bark Size	Bark Beetle (Control)	Bark Beetle (HT)	Bark Borer (Control)	Bark Borer (HT)
25 cm²	0.01	0.0035	0.0133	0.0064
100 cm²	0.005	0.01	0.0086	0.015
100% Coverage	0.0087	0.012	0.0118	0.0137

ISPM Marking

Sample ISPM logo showing the MB for methyl bromide treatment of the wood.

IPPC certification symbol.
XX: represents the two letter ISO country code or ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code (e.g. AU for Australia, US for United States, NZ for New Zealand, GB for United Kingdom).
00: represents the unique certification number issued to NPPOs (regulating agencies that oversee the individual wood packaging manufacturers). Inclusion of this certification number ensures that the wood packaging material can be traced back to the NPPO/auditing agency.
1111: represents the unique certification number issued to the treatment provider and/or manufacturer. Inclusion of this certification number ensures that the wood packaging material can be traced back to the treatment provider and/or the manufacturer.
YY: represents the treatment applied to the wood packaging material:
- HT is the code for heat treatment to a minimum of 56 °C (133 °F) for a minimum of 30 minutes
- MB is the code for methyl bromide fumigation.
DUN: represents the code for when the solid wood material is used for dunnage. The "DUN" Dunnage code is not applied to manufactured wood packaging, only loose lumber/timbers to help secure products being shipped.

The ISPM 15 compliant stamp may include further information as producers and suppliers may choose to include additional information for identification purposes.

Internationally accepted types of treatment

HT (Heat Treatment) - The wood needs to be heated until its core reaches 56 °C for at least 30 minutes.
- Steady Heat Treatment (HT): Standard procedure conducted in heating chambers;
- Kiln-dried (KD): Similar to the standard HT, but it also requires moisture's standards;
- Mobile Heat Treatment (HT): Heat treatment conducted in heating chambers installed in trucks. Allows the treatment to be done anywhere.
- Portable Chamber Process (PCP - HT): Heat treatment conducted in portable chambers made of thermal fabric. Allows the treatment to be done anywhere, but with lower costs. The process' patent requirement belongs to the Brazilian company Fitolog Pest Control;
- Fast Container Connector (FCC - HT): Heat treatment conducted directly in containers by a mobile heating unit. Its a simplified variation of PCP. Ideal for ports and terminals.
MB (Methyl Bromide) - Requires to completely fill an area with gaseous pesticide (methyl bromide). This method was only allowed until December 2015.
- Container Fumigation: The container where the wooden packaging is placed is completely filled with Methyl Bromide. After a 24-hour quarantine, the container is aerated and the wood/cargo is released;
- Tent Fumigation: The wooden packaging is covered with a specific type of tent, sealed to the ground with weight. The tent is completely filled with methyl bromide. After a 24-hour quarantine, the tent is removed and the wood/cargo is released;

Countries participating in ISPM 15

Although this is only a reference, confirmation with the export authority when exporting to another country is required. This is a complete list as of July 1, 2010.

Countries and their approximate ISPM 15 Adoption Date:^[6]

Argentina: June 2006
Australia: Sept 2004; Complete Adoption: July 2010
Bolivia: July 2005
Brazil: June 2005
Bulgaria: Jan 2006
Canada: Sept 2005 (US-Canada exemption)
Chile: June 2005
China: Jan 2006
Colombia: Sept 2005
Costa Rica: Mar 2006
Cuba: Oct 2008
Dominican Republic: July 2006
Ecuador: Sept 2005
Egypt: Oct 2005
European Union: Mar 2005
- Austria
- Belgium
- Bulgaria
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Ireland
- Italy
- Latvia
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Malta
- Netherlands
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
- United Kingdom.
Guatemala: Sept 2005
Honduras: Feb 2006
India: Nov 2004
Indonesia: Sept 2009
Israel: June 2009
Jamaica: January 2011
Japan: Apr 2007
Jordan: Nov 2005
Kenya: Jan 2006
Lebanon: Mar 2006
Malaysia: Jan 2010
Mexico: Sept 2005
New Zealand: April 2003
Nicaragua: Feb 2006
Nigeria: Sept 2004
Norway: July 2008
Oman: Dec 2006
Paraguay: June 2005
Peru: Mar 2005
Philippines: June 2005
Seychelles: Mar 2006
South Africa: Jan 2005
South Korea: June 2005
Sri Lanka: Mar 2004
Switzerland: Mar 2005
Syria: April 2006
Thailand: February 2010
Taiwan: Jan 2009
Ethiopia 2006
Trinidad & Tobago: July 2010
Turkey: Jan 2006
United States
Ukraine: Oct 2005
Venezuela: June 2005
Vietnam: June 2005

References

↑ Branding IPPC Tools
↑ "Revision of ISPM No. 15 Regulation of Wood Packaging Material in International Trade (2009)" (PDF).
↑ "Discussion of Debarked vs. Bark Free Wood".
↑ "Australia Announces its adoption of ISPM 15". Archived from the original on 27 June 2010.
↑ "Examination of Phytosanitary Issues related to Bark on Wood Packaging Material and ISPM 15 Treatments" (PDF).
↑ Government of Australia - Department of Agriculture and Water Resources ISPM15 - Country Implementation Dates

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ISPM 15.

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