Iberia (airline)

Iberia

IATA ICAO Callsign IB IBE IBERIA
Founded	28 June 1927
Hubs	Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport
Focus cities	Barcelona–El Prat Airport
Frequent-flyer program	Iberia Plus/Avios
Airport lounge	Sala VIP
Alliance	Oneworld
Subsidiaries	Iberia Regional Iberia Express Iberia Cargo
Fleet size	79 (excluding subsidiaries)
Destinations	89 (excluding subsidiaries)
Company slogan	¿Y mañana, te imaginas? (And tomorrow, can you imagine?)
Parent company	International Airlines Group
Headquarters	MV49 Business Park Ciudad Lineal, Madrid, Spain[1]
Key people	Antonio Vázquez, President Luis Gallego, CEO[2]
Website	iberia.com

Iberia A330-300 and Patrulla Águila at the 75th anniversary of the Spanish Air Force

Iberia, legally incorporated as Iberia, Líneas Aéreas de España, S.A. Operadora, Sociedad Unipersonal, is the flag carrier of Spain founded in 1927. Based in Madrid, it operates an international network of services from its main bases of Madrid-Barajas Airport and Barcelona El Prat Airport.^[3] Iberia, with Iberia Regional (operated by an independent carrier Air Nostrum) and with Iberia Express, is a part of Iberia Group. In addition to transporting passengers and freight, Iberia Group carries out related activities, such as aircraft maintenance, handling in airports, IT systems and in-flight catering. Iberia Group airlines fly to over 109 destinations in 39 countries, and a further 90 destinations through code-sharing agreements with other airlines.^[3] On 8 April 2010, it was confirmed that British Airways and Iberia had signed an agreement to merge,^[4] making the combined operation the third largest commercial airline in the world by revenue.^[5] Shareholders of both carriers approved the deal on 29 November 2010.^[6] The newly merged company, known as International Airlines Group (IAG), was established in January 2011, although both airlines will continue to operate under their current brands.^[7]

History

Early years

Inaugural flight to Buenos Aires in 1946 with the Douglas DC-4

The King Alfonso XIII in the inaugural flight of Iberia in 1927.

Iberia Douglas DC-8-52 in 1969

Madrid-Seville flight in 1929 with a Junkers G 24

Iberia McDonnell Douglas DC-10

Iberia Caravelle in 1973

Iberia Airbus A340-600 wearing the old livery

Iberia, Compañía Aérea de Transportes was incorporated on 28 June 1927 with a capital investment by the financier Horacio Echevarrieta and Deutsche Luft Hansa of 1.1 million pesetas. Flight operations started on 14 December 1927. Within a year, the company was sponsored by the Spanish government to provide postal transport between Madrid and Barcelona. During the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera, the aviation companies in Spain were combined and became state-controlled as a general interest public utility, coming into effect in early 1928. As a consequence, Iberia was merged into Compañía de Líneas Aéreas Subvencionadas S.A. (C.L.A.S.S.A.) and ceased activities as an independent airline on 29 May 1929.^[8] The name "Iberia" continued to be registered by Director-General Daniel de Araoz y Aréjula. As the name "Iberia" was still registered, it was used when operations began in nationalist-held territory towards the end of the Spanish Civil War. Following the Civil War, Iberia became a purely domestic airline. The airline was nationalised on 30 September 1944 and became part of INI. In 1946, Iberia was the first airline to fly between Europe and South America after World War II, using a Douglas DC-4 to operate flights between Madrid and Buenos Aires.^[3] By the Pact of Madrid in 1953, visa requirements were eliminated for US visitors to Spain. This stimulated the start of transatlantic flights between Spain and United States the following year. In addition, the amendments made in Montreal to the Convention on International Civil Aviation on 14 June 1954 were liberal to Spain, allowing mass tourism using charter planes.

By the time of its 50th anniversary in 1981, the airline carried over ten million passengers in a year for the first time.

From 1961 Iberia had a fleet of Douglas DC-8 four-engined long range jet airliners. The busiest route was Madrid to Buenos Aires. By 1965 a joint board of Iberia and Aviaco was set up to coordinate policies so that services did not conflict. In the early 1970s the company bought Douglas DC-9s and Boeing 747s as it expanded routes to Central America.

In the late 1980s/early 1990s Iberia planned a fleet renewal with the McDonnell Douglas MD-87, Airbus A320 and Airbus A340 replacing the Douglas DC-9, Boeing 727 and Douglas DC-10 respectively. A number of Boeing 757s were also bought.

In 1987 Iberia, together with Lufthansa, Air France and SAS, founded Amadeus, an IT company (also known as a GDS) that would enable travel agencies to sell the founders' and other airlines' products from a single system.

In the final of the 80's Iberia began to build up interests in other Spanish airlines - Aviaco, Viva Air, Binter Canarias and Binter Mediterráneo - and Latin American airlines Aerolíneas Argentinas, Viasa and Ladeco. In June 1990 the company led a consortium to buy Aerolíneas Argentinas for an agreed $2billion for 85% stake and the following year bought 45% stake in Viasa for $145million. In 1991 Iberia set up Europe's first international airline frequent-flyer programme,^[9] Iberia Plus, and, in 1996, the airline launched the www.iberia.com website.

The company ordered 76 aircraft from Airbus in February 1998, which was largest single consignment of Airbus ordered, and bought Aviaco in 1999 and inherited its fleet.

Development since the 2000s

During 2001 Iberia was privatised and shares were listed on stock exchanges. By 2002, when Iberia celebrated their 75th anniversary, nearly 500 million people had flown with them.

The Iberia Group encompasses the Iberia Regional/Air Nostrum franchise. In addition to transporting passengers and freight, Iberia carries out many related activities, such as aircraft maintenance, handling in airports, IT systems, in-flight catering, and holiday packages.

In July 2004, Iberia announced it had decided to move its Latin American hub from Miami, Florida to San Pedro Sula, Honduras.

On 5 February 2006, Terminal 4 at Madrid Barajas was turned over to Iberia and the Oneworld alliance members. This provided much-needed expansion capabilities for Iberia. Iberia is responsible for around 60% of the airport's traffic. In 2005 the airline and its regional branch Air Nostrum transported 21,619,041 passengers to/from Barajas.

Iberia partially owns a low-cost carrier called Clickair, launched in November 2006.

On November 12, 2009, Iberia confirmed that it had reached a preliminary agreement to merge with British Airways. The merger between the two carriers will create the world's third-largest airline in terms of revenue.On April 25, 2010, it was confirmed that British Airways and Iberia had agreed to a merger, forming the International Airlines Group, although each airline would continue to operate under its current brand.

Former Iberia logo since 1977

In November 2012 Iberia announced plans to reduce the number of employees by 4,500 and its fleet by five long-haul and 20 short-haul aircraft.^[9]

In 2012 Iberia established its own low-cost airline Iberia Express , which operates short- and medium-haul routes from its parent airline's Madrid hub, providing feeder flights onto Iberia's long-haul network. The airline began operating on 25 March 2012 and shares its head office with Iberia in Chamartín, Madrid.

Until 2013, Iberia's livery consisted of a white background with large orange and yellow accent stripes and a stylized IB on the tail used since 1978. On 15 October 2013 Iberia released its new corporate design, which first appeared on a newly delivered A330-300 in late November and is gradually being applied across the fleet.^[10]

On 14 November 2016, Iberia retired its last Airbus A340-300 after its final arrival from Boston.^[11]

Corporate affairs

Head office

The company head office is in the MV49 Business Park in Madrid.^[12][13][14] This facility is in proximity to the intersection of the Autopista de Circunvalación M-30 and Avenida de América. In 2013 the company moved its head office from the former Campos Velázquez,^[12] in the Salamanca district of Madrid,^[15] to save money.^[12]

Ownership

On 3 April 2001, Iberia was privatised and included in the IBEX-35 stock index of the Madrid stock exchange. The core shareholders were: Caja Madrid– 23.45%, British Airways 13.2%, SEPI– 5.20%, El Corte Inglés– 2.90%.^[16] British Airways raised its stake in Iberia by purchasing American Airlines' remaining shares, reportedly paying £13m for the small shareholding. This increased BA's total stake in Iberia to around 10% and preserved its two seats on the Iberia board.^[17]

In July 2008 British Airways and Iberia announced plans to merge, wherein each airline would retain its original brand.^[18] The agreement was confirmed in April 2010,^[19] and in July the European Commission and United States Department of Transportation permitted the merger and began to co-ordinate transatlantic routes with American Airlines.^[20][21] On 6 October 2010 the alliance between British Airways, American Airlines and Iberia formally began operations. The alliance generates an estimated £230 million in annual cost-saving for BA, in addition to the £330 million which would be saved by the merge with Iberia.^[22][23] The merger was finalised on 21 January 2011, resulting in the International Airlines Group (IAG), the world's third-largest airline in terms of annual revenue and the second-largest airline group in Europe.^[19][24]

Prior to merging, British Airways owned a 13.5% stake in Iberia, and thus received ownership of 55% of the combined International Airlines Group; Iberia's other shareholders received the remaining 45%.^[25]

The merger has been controversial. British Airways operates two funded principal defined benefit pension schemes in the UK. BA admits that one of the most serious financial risks they suffer is the challenging pension schemes combined deficit. The last actuarial valuation was 3.7bn pounds, value even greater than IAG capitalisation. In addition and according to the "Pensions Act" for the year 2004, should it be necessary, UK's Pension Regulator could force Iberia or IAG to give additional financial support to BA's retirement pension schemes. In their "Annual Report and Accounts Year ended 31 December 2011" BA declares that "negative movements in pension asset values and financial returns from these assets may increase the size of the pension deficit". This is the reason why IAG is currently under dividend restrictions which are expected to be partly dependent on the UK pension regulator's agreement.

As of December 2013, the airline had over 18,000 employees.^[26]

Subsidiaries and alliances

Iberia has a 9.49% stake in low-cost carrier Vueling which is based near Barcelona, with parent company IAG owning the remaining 90.51%. This was done to ensure that IAG does not have 100% of the shares in Vueling, but that the shares are split between its divisions. Iberia also has a 0.95% share in Royal Air Maroc.^[3]

Iberia is allied with American Airlines, Qantas, Avianca, British Airways, and Grupo TACA, and on 1 September 1999, the company joined the Oneworld alliance. British Airways owns 55% of its share capital.

Iberia has a codeshare agreement with several Oneworld members: Cathay Pacific on flights from Amsterdam and London Heathrow to Hong Kong, Japan Airlines on flights from Amsterdam to Tokyo Narita and Royal Jordanian from Madrid to Amman, and with LAN Airlines for flights connecting Latin America and most of Europe.

Iberia formerly owned Aviaco, which operated most domestic routes. It was founded on 18 February 1948 and operated until 1 September 1999. Iberia also owned Binter Canarias, until the Spanish government began the privatisation of the subsidiary. Hesperia Inversiones Aéreas bought the airline from Iberia in July 2002. A second airline using the Binter name, Binter Mediterraneo, was formed as a subsidiary of Iberia in 1988 with routes from Melilla to Málaga, Almeria, Valencia and in its last year, with Madrid. The airline was acquired by Air Nostrum in 1998 and merged into its operations.

Iberia was a founding partner in the computerised air ticket reservation system, Amadeus, with an 18.28% stake – this was sold in 2005. Iberia is also active as a tour operator through its Viva Tours and Tiempo Libre units, and with Cacesa, it supplies parcel shipment services. e-tickets sales accounted for 93% of all Iberia tickets sold in January 2006.

In addition, Iberia is an aircraft maintenance company, servicing its fleet and those of another 48 companies, including some leading European airlines. Iberia is a supplier of aircraft handling services at all Spanish airports; its airline clients number more than 200.

Destinations

Codeshare agreements

Iberia codeshares with the following airlines:^[27]

• Air Berlin
• airBaltic
• American Airlines
• Avianca
• Boliviana de Aviación
• Bulgaria Air
• British Airways
• Copa Airlines
• Czech Airlines
• El Al
• Evelop Airlines
• Finnair
• Interjet
• Japan Airlines
• LATAM Brasil
• LATAM Chile
• LATAM Ecuador
• Meridiana
• Niki
• Royal Air Maroc
• Royal Jordanian
• S7 Airlines
• TACA Airlines
• Ukraine International Airlines
• Vueling

Fleet

Current fleet

Iberia Airbus A321-200

Iberia Airbus A330-300

Iberia Airbus A340-600

Iberia operates an all-Airbus fleet of the following aircraft, as of December 2016:^[28]

Iberia Fleet

Aircraft	In Service[29][30]	Orders[31]	Options	Passengers			Notes
				P	Y	Total
Airbus A319-100	16	–	–	var 14	var 108	141 122	To be replaced by A320 and A320neo
Airbus A320-200	12	7	–	var	var	171
Airbus A320neo	-	15	–	TBA
Airbus A321-200	15	–	–	var	var	200
Airbus A321neo	-	5	–	TBA
Airbus A330-200	9	3	–	19	269	288	Deliveries since December 2015[32][33]
Airbus A330-300	8	–	–	36	242	278
Airbus A340-600	17	–	–	42 46	300 300	342 346	Older aircraft will be replaced by Airbus A350
Airbus A350-900	–	16[33]	16	TBA			EIS: 2018
Total	77	46	16

Iberia Airbus 319 with retro livery

Former Iberia McDonell Douglas DC-10-30

Fleet development

Former Iberia Boeing 747-200

Former Iberia Boeing 747-400

Former Iberia Boeing 757-200

Over the years, Iberia operated the following aircraft types:^[34][35]

Aircraft	Introduced	Retired
Airbus A300	1981	2002
Airbus A319-100	2000
Airbus A320-200	1990
Airbus A321-200	1999
Airbus A330-200	2016
Airbus A330-300	2013
Airbus A340-300	1996	2016[11]
Airbus A340-600	2003
Boeing 727-200	1972	2001
Boeing 737-300	1988	1990
Boeing 737-400	1998	2001
Boeing 747-100	1970	1981
Boeing 747-200	1972	2005
Boeing 747-300	2000	2005
Boeing 747-400	2004	2006
Boeing 757-200	1993	2008
Boeing 767-300	1998	2001
Bristol 170 Freighter MK.31	1953	1963
Convair 440	1957	1972
De Havilland DH.89 Dragon Rapide	1934	1953
Dornier Do J Wal	1935	1936
Douglas DC-1	1938	1940
Douglas DC-2	1935	1946
Douglas DC-3	1944	1973
Douglas DC-4	1946	1968
Douglas DC-8	1961	1983
Douglas DC-9	1967	2001
Fokker F28	1970	1975
Ford Trimotor	1930	1946
Junkers G 24	1929	1936
Junkers Ju 52	1937	1957
Lockheed L-1011 TriStar	1997	1998
Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation	1954	1966
McDonnell Douglas DC-10	1974	2000
McDonnell Douglas MD-87	1990	2008
McDonnell Douglas MD-88	1999	2008
Rohrbach Ro-VIII Roland	1927	1929
SNCASE SE.161 Languedoc	1952	1960
Sud Caravelle	1962	1987

Aircraft cabins

Iberia Business Plus class on board an Airbus A330-300

Iberia Economy class on board an Airbus A319-100

All of aircraft in the fleet are configured in a two class layout with Business and Economy cabins. Iberia currently markets three distinct business class variations, depending on flight length. In March 2009 Iberia announced that during the course of 2009–2011 it would renovate its economy class on all its planes as well as designing a new business class for its long haul planes. Iberia was one of the last remaining major airlines to equip all of its intercontinental routes with personal entertainment screens. As of 2016, now the Airbus A330-200 and -300 and A340-600 fleets are equipped with the personal IFE. In-flight catering is provided by Gate Gourmet.

Business Class

Business Class is available on Spanish domestic and inter-European flights. Seats are exactly the same as in the economy cabin, but with the middle (B and E) seats blocked off. Business Class tickets also include improved ground service (priority check-in, security, boarding, baggage handling, and lounge access.)^[36]

Business Club

Business Club is a mid-haul product available on flights to select destinations in Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Israel, Nigeria, and Russia. Unlike on short-haul service, Business Club seats are located in a dedicated cabin, are physically wider, have a greater seat pitch, and are equipped with leg-rests and in-seat video on demand.^[37]

Business Plus

Business Plus is offered on long-haul flights to the Americas and Southern Africa. Business Plus offers lie-flat seating and international business class amenities.^[38]

Economy

Iberia has moved more to an American, or "a-la carte" model for domestic and European flights, offering a buy on board service called "Tu Menú" in economy for meals, snacks and beverages.^[39] Mid-haul flights to Athens, Cairo, Dakar, Istanbul, Malabo, Moscow, and Tel Aviv as well as long-haul intercontinental flights are fully catered in Economy with the exception of alcohol.^[38][40]

Incidents and accidents

As of January 2016, a total of 37 aircraft operated by or for Iberia have been written off in accidents and a shoot-down since 1939. Several Iberia aircraft have also been hijacked. These incidents and accidents include the following:^[41]

• During 1939 Iberia lost two trimotor Junkers Ju 52s. On March 16 one crashed due to bad weather in Cabezavellosa on the regular flight from Salamanca to Seville.^[42] On December 18 another was mistakenly shot down by British anti-aircraft fire as it passed over Gibraltar on its flight from Tetuán to Seville, when it was mistaken for a German aircraft (the German military used large numbers of Ju-52s in World War II). Three crew and seven passengers were killed.^[43]
• On December 23, 1948 a Douglas DC-3 crashed in bad weather near Gandesa killing all 27 occupants.
• On October 28, 1957, an engine fire caused a Douglas DC-3 to crash near Getafe killing all 21 occupants.^[44]
• On April 29, 1959 a Douglas DC-3 crashed onto Sierra de Valdemeca, Cuenca after being diverted due to bad weather with the loss of all 28 occupants.^[45]
• On March 31, 1965 a Convair 440-62, crashed into the sea on approach to Tangiers killing 50 of the 53 occupants. The aircraft stalled at low altitude.^[46]
• On May 5, 1965, Flight 401, a Lockheed Constellation, crashed at Los Rodeos Airport at Tenerife after hitting a scraper and tractor during a go-around in foggy conditions. Of forty-nine occupants, thirty passengers and six crew members were killed.
• On November 4, 1967 – Flight 062 a Sud Aviation Caravelle crashed at Black Down Hill Sussex, United Kingdom killing all 37 passengers and crew on board.
• On January 7, 1972 Flight 602 crashed into Sa Talia hill in San Jose on approach to Ibiza Airport killing all 104 on board.^[47]
• On March 5, 1973, sixty-eight people were killed in a mid-air collision above the French city of Nantes involving an Iberia Douglas DC-9 flying from Palma to London as Flight 504; and a Convair 990 Coronado aircraft, operating as Spantax Flight 400. The Spantax Convair 990 was able to make a successful emergency landing whilst the Iberia DC-9 crashed killing everyone on board. The accident occurred during a French air traffic controllers' strike.^[48]
• On December 17, 1973, an Iberia McDonnell Douglas DC-10 registered EC-CBN overran the runway upon landing at Boston Logan after a flight from Madrid Airport. There were no fatalities amongst the 168 people on board, however the aircraft was written off.^[49]
• On December 7, 1983, Iberia Flight 350, a Boeing 727 (EC-CFJ), crashed while taking off in dense fog when it collided with Aviaco Flight 134, a Douglas DC-9 (EC-CGS) that had mistakenly taxied onto the runway at Madrid Airport. All on the Aviaco flight perished, and 51 (50 passengers, 1 crew member) of the 93 on board the Iberia flight were killed. Among the casualties was the famous Mexican actress Fanny Cano.
• On February 19, 1985, Iberia Flight 610, a Boeing 727-256 crashed after hitting a television antenna installed on the summit of Monte Oiz while landing in Bilbao, killing 148 people.^[50]
• On July 26, 1996 Iberia Flight 6621, a McDonnell-Douglas DC-10-30 flying from Madrid to Havana was hijacked mid-flight. The hijacker, a Lebanese national named Ibrahim Saada demanded the flight be diverted to Miami International Airport. Saada was later apprehended and faced up to 20 years in prison. No one was hurt and the flight later landed at Jose Marti International Airport some hours later.
• On November 9, 2007 an Iberia Airbus A340-600, registration EC-JOH, was badly damaged after sliding off the runway at Old Mariscal Sucre International Airport. No injuries were reported. According to Airbus, the aircraft was written-off.^[51]

See also

• List of airlines of Spain
• List of airports in Spain
• List of companies of Spain
• Transport in Spain

References

Citations

1. "Airline Membership". IATA.
2. "Iberia Express CEO Takes Charge Of Parent". Aviation Week. 28 March 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
3. "Directory: World Airlines". Flight International. 2007-04-03. pp. 91–92.
4. "British Airways and Iberia sign merger agreement". BBC News. 2010-04-08. Retrieved 8 April 2010.
5. "BA seals long-awaited Iberia deal". Reuters UK. 2010-04-08. Retrieved 8 April 2010.
6. "BA Iberia merger gets approval from shareholders". BBC News. BBC News. 29 November 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
7. "IAG shares begin trading, replacing BA and Iberia". BBC News Online. 24 January 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
8. "Compañía de Líneas Aéreas Subvencionadas S.A. (C.L.A.S.S.A.)". 9 December 2004. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
9. "Iberia to cut 4,500 staff and reduce fleet by 25 aircraft". Flightglobal.com. Retrieved 2013-04-03.
10. "Iberia unveils new colour scheme". http://www.flightglobal.com/. Flightglobal.com. Retrieved 16 October 2013. External link in |work= (help)
11. ch-aviation.com - Iberia ends A340-300 operations 23 November 2016
12. "Iberia se muda de sede por un "importante ahorro de costes"" (Archive). Preferente. 8 January 2013. Retrieved on August 13, 2014.
13. "Legal information." Iberia. Retrieved on August 13, 2014. "IBERIA LAE SA Operadora Unipersonal, with official address at C/ Martínez Villergas, 49 28027 Madrid"
14. "Google Maps". Google Maps. Retrieved 2016-04-19.
15. "Legal notice." Iberia. Retrieved on 25 February 2010. "Iberia, Líneas Aéreas de España, S.A. with official address at Calle Velázquez no. 130, 28006 Madrid,"
16. "Inicio - Iberia". Grupo.iberia.es. Retrieved 2013-04-03.
17. Airliner World January 2007
18. Brothers, Caroline (30 July 2008). "British Airways in Merger Talks". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 July 2008.
19. "British Airways and Iberia sign merger agreement". BBC News. 8 April 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
20. Rowley, Emma (15 July 2010). "EC approves BA alliance with American Airlines and Iberia". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
21. Kamal Ahmed (14 February 2010). "British Airways given approval for tie up with American Airlines and Iberia". The Telegraph. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
22. Wilson, Elliot (14 July 2010). "British Airways' three-way alliance cleared for takeoff". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
23. "Airlines unveil 'new deal for transatlantic flyers'". The Independent. London. 8 October 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
24. "Iberia expects to complete merger with British Airways in January". Daily Nation. 27 October 2010. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
25. "BA and Iberia agree merger deal". BBC News. 12 November 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
26. Moores, Victoria (24 July 2014). "Iberia pilots and ground staff agree to job cuts". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 24 July 2014.
27. "Profile on Iberia". CAPA. Centre for Aviation. Archived from the original on 2016-10-31. Retrieved 2016-10-31.
28. "Iberia". planespotters.net. Retrieved 2014-01-27.
29. "Iberia Fleet - Airfleets aviation". Retrieved 16 August 2016.
30. Flota - Grupo Iberia
31. Listados oficiales de Airbus con aeronaves encargadas, entregadas y operadas en airbus.com
32. Drum, Bruce (5 March 2015). "Iberia to take early delivery of 8 Airbus A330-200s to speed up the retirement of the A340-300s". Retrieved 16 August 2016.
33. "IAG orders 31 widebody & single aisle aircraft". Retrieved 16 August 2016.
34. "Iberia fleet development listing at". Airfleets.net. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
35. Customer Summary Through March 2013. Boeing.com.
36. "Business Class - Iberia". www.iberia.com. Retrieved 2016-04-17.
37. "Business Club - Iberia". www.iberia.com. Retrieved 2016-04-17.
38. "Business Plus - Iberia". www.iberia.com. Retrieved 2016-04-17.
39. "Tu Menú." Iberia Airlines. Accessed October 11, 2008.
40. "Economy." Iberia. Retrieved on 13 December 2011.
41. "Iberia occurrences". Aviation Safety Network. Flight Safety Foundation. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
42. Accident description for Junkers Ju-52/3mge registration M-CABD at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 January 2016.
43. Accident description for Junkers Ju-52/3m registration M-CABA at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 January 2016.
44. "Technical Report 1957". Aviation Safety Network. 1957.
45. "Technical Report 1959". Aviation Safety Network. 1959.
46. Accident description for Convair CV-440-62 registration EC-ATH at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 January 2016.
47. "Technical Report 1972". Aviation Safety Network. 1972.
48. "Mid-air collision kills 68". BBC news. 1973-03-05.
49. "Technical Report 1973". Aviation Safety Network. 1973.
50. "Technical Report A-009/1985". Aviation Safety Network. 1985.
51. Iberia A340-600 badly damaged after sliding off Quito runway

Further reading

• Javier Vidal Olivares (2003a). "Estado, regulación de los mercados y estrategia empresarial en América Latina: Iberia, Líneas Aéreas de España, en Argentina y Uruguay, 1966-1975". Historia económica & Historia de empresas (in Spanish). VI (1). 1219-3314, 121-150.
• ——— (2003b). El fracaso de la expansión internacional de la aerolínea Iberia en América Latina: los casos de Panamá y República Dominicana,1966-1973. TST. Transportes, Servicios y Telecomunicaciones (in Spanish). 6. 1578-5777, 23-39.
• ——— (2006). "De la internacionalización a la multinacionalización: Iberia, Líneas Aéreas de España en América Latina (1966-2000)". In M. Cerutti. Empresas y grupos empresariales en América Latina, España y Portugal (1870-2000) (in Spanish). Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León and Universidad de Alicante. ISBN 970-694-224-6.
• ——— (2008a). "Las alianzas empresariales en la aviación comercial: Iberia, LAE (1950-1978)". Cátedra Corona (in Spanish). 13 (13). 1657-477X, 1-66.
• ——— (2008b). Las alas de España: Iberia, líneas aéreas: de aerolínea de bandera a transportista mundial (1940-2005). Publicacions de la Universitat de València (in Spanish). 13 (first ed.). Valencia. ISBN 978-84-370-7084-1.

External links

Media related to Iberia at Wikimedia Commons

• Official website (Mobile)