Indonesians

Indonesians
Orang Indonesia

Total population
 Indonesia
c. 260 million[1]
2016 estimate
c. 255 million[2]
2015 estimate
c. 237 million[3]
Indonesia 2010 census
Regions with significant populations
 Malaysia est 2,500,000[4]
 Netherlands est 1,800,000[5]
 Saudi Arabia est 1,500,000[6]
 Singapore est 200,000[7]
 Taiwan 161,000[8]
 Hong Kong 102,100
 United States 101,270
 United Arab Emirates 100,000[9]
 Suriname 90,000[10]
 Australia 86,196[11]
 South Korea 50,000[12]
 Philippines 43,871[13]
 Qatar 39,000[14]
 Japan 30,567[15][16]
 Canada 14,300
 United Kingdom 9,624 (2011)
 New Caledonia 7,000
 Macau 6,269[17]
Languages
Indonesian, Javanese, Sundanese, Batak, Minangkabau, Buginese and other Indonesia languages.
Religion
Islam (majority) · Christianity (Protestantism and Roman Catholicism · Hinduism · Buddhism · Animism · Shamanism
Related ethnic groups
Native Indonesians

Indonesians are people from Indonesia. There are about 300 ethnicities in Indonesia, a multicultural archipelagic country with a diversity of languages, culture, and religious beliefs. The population of Indonesia according to the 2010 national census was 237.64 million,[2] and it was estimated to reach 255.4 million in 2015.[2] 51% live on the island of Java,[2] the world's most populous island.[18] Around 95% of Indonesians are Pribumi (Native Indonesians), with Javanese forming the majority, while the other 5% are Indonesians with ancestry from foreign origin, such as Chinese Indonesians.

Population

As of 2014, Indonesians make up 3.46% of world total population, and Indonesia is the fourth most populous country after China, India and United States.

Despite a fairly effective family planning program that has been in place since the 1967,[19] for the decade ending in 2010, Indonesia's population growth was 1.49 percent. At that rate, Indonesia's population is projected to surpass the present population of the United States and would - if the current US population did not rise - become the world's third biggest after China and India by 2043.[20] The family planning already revitalised based on the 1967 program to avoid Indonesia becoming the world's third most populous country.

With a population of 150 million, Java is home to 51 percent of the Indonesian population, and is the most populous island on Earth. The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is located on western Java. Much of Indonesian history took place on Java. It was the center of powerful Hindu-Buddhist empires, the Islamic sultanates, and the core of the colonial Dutch East Indies. Java was also the center of the Indonesian struggle for independence during the 1930s and 1940s. Java dominates Indonesia politically, economically and culturally.

Other major island of Indonesia are Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Papua that took other 49 percent of Indonesian population. There are also other small populated island(s) such as Bali, Bangka, Madura, Nias, Maluku, Lesser Sunda Islands, Riau Islands and others.

Ethnic groups

Indonesian people attending a football match.

There are over 300 ethnic groups in Indonesia.[21] 95% of those are of Native Indonesian ancestry.[22]

The largest ethnic group in Indonesia is the Javanese who make up nearly 52% of the total population. The Javanese are concentrated on the island of Java but millions have migrated to other islands throughout the archipelago because of the transmigration program.[23] The Sundanese, Malay, and Madurese are the next largest groups in the country.[23] Many ethnic groups, particularly in Kalimantan and Papua, have only hundreds of members. Most of the local languages belong to Austronesian language family, although a significant number, particularly in Papua, speak Papuan languages. The Chinese Indonesians population makes up a little less than 1% of the total Indonesian population according to the 2000 census.[23] Some of these Indonesians of Chinese descent speak various Chinese dialects, most notably Hokkien and Hakka.

The classification of ethnic groups in Indonesia is not rigid and in some cases unclear due to migrations, cultural and linguistic influences; for example some may consider Bantenese and Cirebonese to be members of Javanese people, however some others argue that they are different ethnic groups altogether since they have their own distinct dialects. This is the same case with Baduy people that share many cultural similarities with the Sundanese people. An example of hybrid ethnicity is the Betawi people, descended not only from marriages between different peoples in Indonesia but also with foreign origin like Arab, Chinese and Indian migrants since the era of colonial Batavia (Jakarta).

Culture

Language

Main article: Indonesian language
An example of Javanese script.

The Indonesian language (Bahasa Indonesia [baˈhasa indoneˈsia]) is the official language of Indonesia. It is a standardized register of Malay, an Austronesian language that has been used as a lingua franca in the Indonesian archipelago for centuries. Most Indonesians also speak one of more than 700 indigenous languages.[24][25]

Most Indonesians, aside from speaking the national language, are often fluent in another regional language (examples include Javanese, Sundanese and others), which are commonly used at home and within the local community. Most formal education, and nearly all national media and other forms of communication, are conducted in Indonesian. In East Timor, which was an Indonesian province from 1975 to 1999, Indonesian is recognised by the constitution as one of the two working languages (the other being English), alongside the official languages of Tetum and Portuguese.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Indonesia
Minang wedding.

Indonesia is constitutionally a secular state and the first principle of Indonesia's philosophical foundation, Pancasila, is "belief in the one and only God". A number of different religions are practised in the country, and their collective influence on the country's political, economic and cultural life is significant.[26] The Indonesian Constitution guarantees freedom of religion.[27] However, the government recognises only six official religions (Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism and Confucianism).[28][29][30] Although based on data collected by the Indonesian Conference on Religion and Peace (ICRP), there are about 245 non-official religions in Indonesia.[31] Indonesian law requires that every Indonesian citizen hold an identity card that identifies that person with one of these six religions, although citizens may be able to leave that section blank.[32] Indonesia does not recognise agnosticism or atheism, and blasphemy is illegal.[33] In the 2010 Indonesian census, 87.18% of Indonesians identified themselves as Muslim (with Sunnis more than 99%,[34] Shias 0.5%,[35] Ahmadis 0.2%[36]), 6.96% Protestant, 2.91% Catholic, 1.69% Hindu, 0.72% Buddhist, 0.05% Confucianism, 0.13% other, and 0.38% unstated or not asked.[37]

Indonesia's political leadership has played an important role in the relations between groups, both positively and negatively, promoting mutual respect by affirming Pancasila but also promoting a Transmigration Program, which has caused a number of conflicts in the eastern region of the country.[38]

Literature

Main article: Indonesian literature

Indonesian Literature can refer to literature produced in the Indonesian archipelago. It is also used to refer more broadly to literature produced in areas with common language roots based on the Malay language (of which Indonesian is one scion). This would extend the reach to the Maritime Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, but also other nations with a common language such as Malaysia and Brunei, as well as population within other nations such as the Malay people living in Singapore.

There are also works written in and about Indonesia in unrelated languages. There are several languages and several distinct but related literary traditions within the geographical boundaries of the modern nation of Indonesia. For example, the island of Java has its own Javanese pre-national cultural and literary history. There are also Sundanese, Balinese, and Batak or Madurese traditions. Indonesia also has a colonial history of Dutch, British and Japanese occupation, as well as a history of Islamic influence that brought its own texts, linguistic and literary influences. There is also an oral literature tradition in the area.

The phrase Indonesian literature is used in this article to refer to Indonesian as written in the nation of Indonesia, but also covers literature written in an earlier form of the Indonesian language i.e. Malay language written in the Dutch East Indies.

Architecture

Tongkonan, Toraja traditional house.

The Architecture of Indonesia reflects the diversity of cultural, historical and geographic influences that have shaped Indonesia as a whole. Invaders, colonizers, missionaries, merchants and traders brought cultural changes that had a profound effect on building styles and techniques.

Traditionally, the most significant foreign influence has been Indian. However, Chinese, Arab, and European influences have also played significant roles in shaping Indonesian architecture. Religious architecture varies from indigenous forms to mosques, temples, and churches. The sultans and other rulers built palaces. There is a substantial legacy of colonial architecture in Indonesian cities. Independent Indonesia has seen the development of new paradigms for postmodern and contemporary architecture.

Cuisine

Main article: Indonesian cuisine
Tumpeng rice, Indonesian national dish.

Indonesian cuisine is one of the most vibrant and colourful cuisines in the world, full of intense flavor.[39] It is diverse, in part because Indonesia is composed of approximately 6,000 populated islands of the total 18,000 in the world's largest archipelago,[40] with more than 300 ethnic groups calling Indonesia their home.[41] Many regional cuisines exist, often based upon indigenous culture and foreign influences.[40] Indonesia has around 5,350 traditional recipes, with 30 of them considered the most important.[41]

Indonesian cuisine varies greatly by region and has many different influences.[40][42][43] Sumatran cuisine, for example, often has Middle Eastern and Indian influences, featuring curried meat and vegetables such as gulai and kari, while Javanese cuisine is mostly indigenous,[40] with some hint of Chinese influence. The cuisines of Eastern Indonesia are similar to Polynesian and Melanesian cuisine. Elements of Chinese cuisine can be seen in Indonesian cuisine: foods such as bakmi (noodles), bakso (meat or fish balls), and lumpia (spring rolls) have been completely assimilated.

Physical characteristics and genetic research

A Togutil man. The vast majority of people in Indonesia are "Southern Mongoloids" but have a high degree of Australoid-Melanesian genetic heritage.[44]

The skin color of Indonesian people ranges from fair skin with yellowish undertone to light brown to very dark brown or black skin color. Archaeologist Peter Bellwood claims that the "vast majority" of people in Indonesia and Malaysia, the region he calls the "clinal Mongoloid-Australoid zone", are "Southern Mongoloids" but have a "high degree" of Australoid-Melanesian genetic heritage.[44]

Most Indonesian people are genetically close to Asians while the more eastern one goes how more people show Melanesian affinity. Geneticist Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza claims that there is a genetic division between East and Southeast Asians.[45] In a like manner, Zhou Jixu agrees that there is a physical difference between these two populations.[46] Other geneticists have found evidence for four separate populations, carrying distinct sets of non-recombining Y chromosome lineages, within the traditional Mongoloid category: North Asians, Han Chinese, Japanese and Southeast Asians.[47] The complexity of genetic data has led to doubt about the usefulness of the concept of a Mongoloid race itself, since distinctive East Asian features may represent separate lineages and arise from environmental adaptations or retention of common proto-Eurasian ancestral characteristics.[48]

See also

Non-indigenous Indonesians:

References

  1. ↑ "Indonesia Population clock". Country Meters.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Population Projection by Province, 2010-2035". Statistics Indonesia. 18 February 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  3. ↑ "Indonesia". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  4. ↑ "Di Hadapan BMI Malaysia, Menlu Retno Tekankan Prioritas Perlindungan WNI" (in Indonesian). Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia, Kuala Lumpur. 27 January 2015. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016. Diperkirakan terdapat sekitar 2,5 juta warga Indonesia berada di Malaysia, dimana hampir setengahnya berstatus ilegal.
  5. ↑ "Ada 1,8 Juta Diaspora Indonesia di Belanda". Swa.co.id. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  6. ↑ Adianto P. Simamora; Apriadi Gunawan; Arya Dipa (25 June 2011). "Saudi Arabia decision not emotional: SBY". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  7. ↑ "Kian ramai dari Indonesia jadi warga" (PDF) (in Malay). Berita Harian. 20 February 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  8. ↑ "Indonesia, Taiwan sign agreement on migrant protections". The Jakarta Post. 30 April 2011. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  9. ↑ Ramona Ruiz (30 May 2012). "Indonesian envoy wants fewer maids sent to UAE". The National. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  10. ↑ http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php
  11. ↑ http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/webpages/statistics?opendocument
  12. ↑ noti0096&strWrtNo=126&strAnsNo=A&strOrgGbnCd=104000&strRtnURL=IMM_6050&strAllOrgYn=N&strThisPage=1&strFilePath=imm/
  13. ↑ "Finally! 600 stateless persons of Indonesian descent in southern Philippines will get citizenship". Coconuts Manila. 10 March 2016. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  14. ↑ http://www.bqdoha.com/2013/12/population-qatar
  15. ↑ Sakurai 2003: 33
  16. ↑ Sakurai 2003: 41
  17. ↑ "Macau Population Census". Census Bureau of Macau. May 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  18. ↑ Calder, Joshua (3 May 2006). "Most Populous Islands". World Island Information. Retrieved 26 September 2006.
  19. ↑ Witton, Patrick (2003). Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. p. 47. ISBN 1-74059-154-2.
  20. ↑ Shamim Adam; Berni Moestafa; Novrida Manurung (28 January 2014). "Indonesia Population Approaching U.S. Revives Birth Control". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  21. ↑ Kuoni - Far East, A world of difference. Page 99. Published 1999 by Kuoni Travel & JPM Publications
  22. ↑ "Pribumi". Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. Macmillan Reference USA. Retrieved 5 October 2006.
  23. 1 2 3 Suryadinata, Leo; Evi Nurvidya Arifin; Aris Ananta (19 April 2003), Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, ISBN 978-981-230-212-0, retrieved 7 August 2016
  24. ↑ Setiono Sugiharto (October 28, 2013). "Indigenous language policy as a national cultural strategy". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  25. ↑ Hammam Riza (2008). "Resources Report on Languages of Indonesia" (PDF). Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  26. ↑ "Instant Indonesia: Religion of Indonesia". Swipa. Retrieved 2 October 2006.
  27. ↑ "The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia". Archived from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 2 October 2006.
  28. ↑ Yang, Heriyanto (2005). "The History and Legal Position of Confucianism in Post Independence Indonesia" (PDF). Marburg Journal of Religion. 10 (1). Retrieved 2 October 2006.
  29. ↑ Hosen, N (8 September 2005). "Religion and the Indonesian Constitution: A Recent Debate" (PDF). Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. 36 (3): 419. doi:10.1017/S0022463405000238. Retrieved 26 October 2006.
  30. ↑ Sugana, Marsha (6 October 2011). "Religious Affiliation & National Identity: Kartu Tanda Penduduk (KTP)". Jakarta Post. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
  31. ↑ Margareth S. Aritonang (7 November 2014). "Government to recognize minority faiths".
  32. ↑ "Section II. Status of Government Respect for Religious Freedom", 2009 Report on International Religious Freedom - Indonesia, United States Department of State, 26 October 2009, retrieved 28 January 2013, The 2006 civil registration bill requires citizens to identify their religion on National Identity Cards (KTP). The bill does not allow citizens to identify themselves as anything outside of the six recognized religious groups. Legally, citizens may leave the religious section blank, but some local government officials are not familiar with this option. Members of unrecognized religious groups are often unable to obtain KTPs as a result.
  33. ↑ "'God Does Not Exist' Comment Ends Badly for Indonesia Man". Retrieved 20 January 2012.
  34. ↑ http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-sunni-and-shia/
  35. ↑ There are approximately 1 million Shia Muslims in the country which approximates to 0.5% of the total Muslim population. See: Reza, Imam. "Shia Muslims Around the World". Retrieved 11 June 2009. approximately 400,000 persons who subscribe to the Ahmadiyya
  36. ↑ There are approximately 400,000 Ahmadi Muslims in the country, which equates to 0.2% of the total Muslim population. See: "International Religious Freedom Report 2008". US Department of State. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  37. ↑ "Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut" [Population by Region and Religion]. Sensus Penduduk 2010. Jakarta, Indonesia: Badan Pusat Statistik. 15 May 2010. Retrieved 20 November 2011. Religion is belief in Almighty God that must be possessed by every human being. Religion can be divided into Muslim, Christian, Catholic, Hindu, Buddhist, Hu Khong Chu, and Other Religion. Muslim 207176162 (87.18%), Christian 16528513 (6.96), Catholic 6907873 (2.91), Hindu 4012116 (1.69), Buddhist 1703254 (0.72), Confucianism 117091 (0.05), Other 299617 (0.13), Not Stated 139582 (0.06), Not Asked 757118 (0.32), Total 237641326
  38. ↑ "Transmigration". Prevent Conflict. April 2002. Retrieved 13 October 2006.
  39. ↑ "About Indonesian food". SBS Australia. 6 September 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
  40. 1 2 3 4 "Indonesian Cuisine." Epicurina.com. Accessed July 2011.
  41. 1 2 Nadya Natahadibrata (10 February 2014). "Celebratory rice cone dish to represent the archipelago". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  42. ↑ "Indonesian food." Belindo.com. Accessed July 2011.
  43. ↑ "Indonesian Cuisine". Diner's Digest. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  44. 1 2 Bellwood, Peter. Pre-History of the Indo-malaysian Archipelago. Australian National University:1985. ISBN 978-1-921313-11-0
  45. ↑ The Chinese Human Genome Diversity Project, L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza
  46. ↑ http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp175_chinese_civilization_agriculture.pdf The Rise of Agricultural Civilization in China, Sino-Platonic Papers 175, Zhou Jixu, citing Ho Ping-ti, ISBN 0-226-34524-6
  47. ↑ TAJIMA Atsushi, PAN I.-Hung, FUCHAROEN Goonnapa, FUCHAROEN Supan, MATSUO Masafumi, TOKUNAGA Katsushi, JUJI Takeo, HAYAMI Masanori, OMOTO Keiichi, HORAI Satoshi, "Three major lineages of Asian Y chromosomes: implications for the peopling of east and southeast Asia," Human Genetics 2002, vol. 110, no1, pp. 80-88
  48. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, Mongoloid
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