Instructional rounds

Instructional rounds are practices that schools use to better understand the work of teachers in classrooms. In an instructional round, a small group of educators make a series of visits to classrooms to observe specific kinds of behaviors, then share the results of their visits with the observed teachers. Adapted from the practice of grand rounds in medical school,^[1] the aim of instructional rounds is to observe learning strategies and determine root causes for problems and positive outcomes. Distinct from supervision and evaluation, rounds are used to describe what is happening in classrooms and the share observations with educators, and are not intended to be evaluative.

Origin

The process of instructional rounds was adapted from medical rounds model, that is used in schools of medicine and teaching hospitals to improve practice of prospective and current doctors in diagnosing and curing patients. Physicians use medical rounds as a major way of improving their theory and practice. "In the most commonly used version of medical rounds, group of medical interns, residents, and supervising or attending physicians visit patients, observe and discuss the evidence for diagnoses, and, after a thorough analysis of evidence, discuss possible treatments."^[1]

Description of common practice

Insructional rounds include several steps: formation of teachers network; choosing a problem to be addressed; classroom observation; observation debrief ; detection of the next steps, and regular repetition of this process.^[2]

Network formation

Network formation involves the gathering of teachers who will regularly meet with each other to do rounds. There are not specific criteria sets for the creation of networks, it depends on the situation, time and preferences of educators. Different kinds of networks could be used to do rounds.^[1] Some of them are cross-functional in which teachers and administrators work together, while others are homogeneous in nature composed of superintendents or teachers exclusively. Insructional rounds could be integrated into existing networks or specially formed new networks of educators. Sometimes members of the network are selected intentionally, according to the subject, content they teach or problem area they share. Other networks are more pragmatic, for instance, teachers with the same planning time engage in rounds together.^[2]

Choosing problem of practice

The problem of practice is a specific issue that the school needs constructive feedback on, worries about or struggles against.^[1] The problem should be observable and focused on improving teaching. It is unsolved problem that the school has spent time and money to address, but it is in further need of assistance.^[3] There are different ways of identifying problems of practice. The best way is to relate these problems to continuous school improvement and to proceed based on data. To determine the problem of practice sometimes the entire staff gathers or only the leadership team meets to identify a problem.^[2]

An example of a problem of practice could be the following: "In reading and writing, our students seem to be doing relatively well on decoding, vocabulary, and simple writing tasks, but they are not doing as well as we had hoped on comprehension open-response tasks. Teachers have begun using a workshop method to work with smaller groups of students, but there is no consistency in what happens in those small groups".^[1]

Classroom observation

After determining problem of practice network splits into smaller groups of four-five teachers, that visit approximately four-five classrooms for 25 minutes each. Observers collect descriptive data rather than evaluative which means that they do not have any rubrics to guide them. Observers do have guiding questions associated with the problem they are investigating. For instance, What are students and teachers doing and saying? What is the assignment? What students do when they do not understand concept or instruction?

Observers do not look at every issue in the classroom, but only on those connected with the problem of practice. For instance, if the issue is lack of higher order thinking skills among students, observers do not pay attention on behavior and attendace of students, their involveness in the task or teacher behaviour such as writing objectives on the board. Observers attempts to find out the reason of existing problem of practice in school and then identify cure for this particular problem.

It is very important to know that observers should not talk between class observations and save everything they saw, their descriptive feedback for the official debrief.^[2]

Observation debrief

The process of debrief consists of three steps: describtion, analysis and prediction. At the description stage all groups of the network meet together and share their evidence connected to theproblem of practice with the others. The evidence should be specific and descriptive rather than and evaluative and general. Regular practice and peer help could facilitate learning to collect specific and descriptive evidence.

Having gathered set of evidence, network could start analysing by looking at trends, patterns and exceptions across the evidence. Examples of patterns could be: Students are divided into groups, but work individually; teacher asks simple questions that requires short one-two words answers. Each groups of teachers share trends and patterns that have seen. This could help educators to determine common patterns in subject area, grade level and across school. However, sometimes patterns could vary in each subject or grade level.^[2]

At the prediction stage observers answer to the following question “If you were a student in these classes today and you did everything the teacher asked you to do, what would you know and be able to do?” This question is asked to see what students could learn as a result of the completed assignments and tasks in the class. The responses of the observers could be: Learners will be able to solve mathematical problems, recall information, etc.^[2]

Detection of the next steps

There are different ways of detecting next steps of work. Some networks brainstorm action plans for the following week, next month or by the end of educational year. Other networks creates reflective questions to reflect

References

1. City, Elizabeth; Elmore, Richard; Fiarman, Sarah; Lee, Teitel (2011). Instructional rounds in education: A network approach to improving teaching and learning (7 ed.). 8 Story Street First Floor, Cambridge, MA 02138: Harvard Education Press. ISBN 9781934742167.
2. City, Elizabeth (2011). "Learning from Instructional Rounds". Educational Leadership. 69, number 2 (Coaching: The New Leadership Skill): 36–41.
3. Lee, Teitel (2013). School-based instructional rounds. 8 Story Street, Cambridge, MA 02138: Harvard Education Press. ISBN 978-1-61250-590-9.