Iris perrieri

Iris perrieri
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Subfamily: Iridoideae
Tribe: Irideae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris
Section: Section Iris
Species: Iris perrieri
Binomial name
Iris perrieri
Marc Simonet ex P. Fourn
Synonyms

Iris perrieri Simonet ex N.Service[1]

Iris perrieri is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Savoy Alps in southern France and recently in Italy. It has green, deeply ribbed, sickle shaped leaves, a slender stem with a branch (from the middle), 1–3 scented flowers that are violet or purple, with a white or pale blue beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to its rarity in the wild. It was once thought to be a form of Iris aphylla, before cell (chromosome) analysis determined it to be a separate species.

Description

It is similar in form to Iris aphylla, but has various differences including, stem branching,[2] spathes, the falls, styles crests and seeds.[3]

It has a thick,[4] compact rhizome,[3] that has several branching buds.[4] Like other bearded irises, it grows partially buried, horizontally across the ground.[5]

It has green, falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves,[2][3][5] that are very heavily ribbed,[3] so much so that they appear corrugated or pleated.[2][4][6] They can grow up to between 22–28 cm (9–11 in) long,[2][3] and between 2.0 and 2.4 cm wide.[2][3][5] They are shorter than Iris aphylla.[4]

It has a slender stem or peduncle,[4][6] that can grow up to between 10–30 cm (4–12 in) tall.[5][7][8] Compared to Iris aphylla, it branches (or pedicels) from the middle of the stem,[4][6][9] (on Iris aphylla, it branches close to the base or rhizome,[2]) it very rarely has 2 branches.[2][3]

The stem has green,[6] inflated, spathe (leaf of the flower bud), They are between 3.5–6 cm (1–2 in) long.[2][3] They also remain green, after the plant has flowered,[2][3] unlike some others which turn papery. The large spathe leaf, partially, encases the perianth tube.[5] If the plant does not have a branch, it only has 1 spathe.[3]

The stem (and the branch) can hold between 1 and 3 flowers,[2][5][8] but normally 2 flowers,[3] blooming between April to May.[4][5] The fragrant flowers,[4] come in shades of violet,[6][7][9] or purple.[4][5][10]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[11] The falls are obovate to cuneate (wedge shaped),[2][3] and 5–7 cm (2–3 in) long, and 2.2–3 cm wide.[2][3] They have lots of dark veining,[3][5] and in the centre, there is a row of short hairs, a 'beard', which are white or pale blue. Near to the stem, the beard has a yellow [3] or orange tip.[4] The standards are oblong shaped, and a similar length to the falls,[5] 5.4–7 cm (2–3 in) long, and 2.2–3 cm wide.[3]

It has a 6 grooved and rounded ovary,[2][3] which is 1.2–1.4 cm long and 0.5–0.6 cm wide.[2] It has a perianth tube is 1.7–2 cm long,[2][3] the style branch is normally pale violet with darker keels (connecting points) and 1-1.6 cm long.[3] It also has a pale violet filament, which is 1.2–1.7 cm long and a 1–1.2 cm long anther.[3]

After the iris has flowered, in mid June,[4] it produces an oblong shaped seed capsule, which is visibly grooved.[3] Inside the capsule, are pyriform (pear shaped), reddish brown and wrinkled seeds.[2][3] The seeds are dispersed by animals or grow up near to the parent plants.[4]

Biochemistry

In 1956, a karyotype analysis was carried out on 40 species of Iris, belonging to the subgenera Eupogoniris and Pogoniris. It found that 24-chromosome tall bearded species could e divided into 3 karyotypes of Iris pallida. Iris kashmiriana has 2 pairs of median-constricted marker chromosomes, Iris illyrica, Iris cengialti, and Iris imbricata, lastly Iris variegata, Iris reginae (now classified as a synonym of Iris variegata), and Iris perrieri all have no median-constricted chromosomes.[12]

In 2008, a genetic and morphological study was carried out on Iris aphylla populations in Italy. Some populations (in Piemonte) were re-classified as Iris perrieri and plants labelled as Iris benacensis were not either Iris perrieri or Iris aphylla.[13][14]

In 2012, a study was carried out on the flora of Italy, using Ellenberg's Indicator values (relating to moisture, light, climate and salinity) for Iris benacensis and Iris perrieri.[15]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[11] It is a diploid,[9] and has a chromosome count of 2n=24,[3][4][6] counted in 1956, by Mitra. The karyotype was described as being more similar to Iris variegata than to Iris aphylla.[2]

Taxonomy

It has the common name of 'Perrieri Iris',[4] or Perrier Iris'.[16]

The Latin specific epithet perrieri refers to Eugène Pierre Perrier de la Bâthie, (1825–1916),[17] Baron E. Perrier de la Bathie, who ran a speciality plant nursery at the nearby town of Albertville.[2]

It was found in 1890 by Baron E. Perrier and Dr Chabert (his friend), on Mount Dent d'Arcluz in the Bauges Mountains, but thought to be a form of Iris aphylla (which was at time called Iris bohemia, later classified as a synonym of Iris aphylla). In June 1894, in the 'Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier' (Bull. Herb. Bois.), Vol.2 issue 11 on page436, Baron Perrier and Andre Songeon (1826–1905),[18] published the iris as Iris bohemia.[2][3] The plant was then published as a separate species, and described by P Fournier based on an earlier description by Simonet as Iris perrieri in Les Quartre Flore de la France, Vol.191 in 1935.[19][20][21]

In 1985, Nigel Service published a description and history in The Iris Year Book,[2] he then published it in The Plantsman Vol.2, on page 91 in 2003.[20]

As it was originally thought to be a form of Iris aphylla, it has often been classed as a synonym of I. aphylla,[4][8][22] Although it has a different chromosome morphology,[9] Dr. L. F. Randolph (in 1959),[3] stated that the two species were not related.[2]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, and updated on 3 December 2004.[19]

It is an accepted name, by The Plant List, but listed with no synonyms and Simonet ex N.Service as the authors.[23]

It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life, with Simonet ex N.Service as the authors.[24]

It is listed in the Catalogue of Life, with Simonet ex N.Service as the authors.[25]

It is a tentatively accepted name by the RHS.[26]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to Europe.[19][20]

Range

It is found in France,[6][19][26] within the department of Savoie,[4] (or Savoy),[3][7][8] near the town of Saint-Pierre-d'Albigny,[27] and on Mount Dent d'Arclusaz,[3] in the Bauges Mountains.

It is found in the Alps.[4][7][9]

In 2011, it was also found in Italy, in the Maritime Alps, in the Province of Cuneo, in Gesso Valley, near to the town of Valdieri.[14]

Habitat

It grows on the steep mountain sides,[2][6] on rocky slopes,[4][5][22] in reddish soils,[2] made of limestone.[14]

It can be found with other alpine species such as Aster alpinus, Globularia cordifolia and Helianthemum nummularium.[2]

They can be found at an altitude of 1,250–1,800 m (4,100–5,910 ft) above sea level.[2][14][22]

Conservation

It is a very rare plant,[4] with only 2–3 populations found on the mountains of Savoy,[5][22] France and Piedmont, Italy.[10]

The populations are protected,[5] (from collection and other disturbances),[4][22] and it is listed in the 'Conservatoire d'espaces naturels de Savoie' (the Conservatory of Savoy Natural Heritage)'s Red Book National Volume I.[16]

Cultivation

It is hardy (in Europe),[4] but may not grow well in areas with wet summers.[6]

It prefers to grow in well drained soils,[6] and in a sunny situation.[3]

It is very rarely found in specialised iris nurseries, and often called Iris aphylla.[4]

It is a slow growing and takes many years for the plant to create a colony.[4]

Aphid Dysaphis tulipae can be found on the plant.[28]

A herbarium specimen can be found at the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris.[2]

It can also be found growing in Rea Botanical Garden Piedmont, in Italy,[10] and in the alpine botanic garden of La Jaysinia in Samoëns, Haute Savoie, France.[2]

Propagation

Irises can generally be propagated by division,[29] or by seed growing.

Hybrids and cultivars

It is thought that the iris could be used in hybridizing, giving better branching, small irises.[9]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[30]

References

  1. ↑ "Iris perrieri Simonet ex P.Fourn.". telabotanica.org. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Franco, Alain (24 December 2014). "(SPEC) Iris perrieri Simonet ex Fournier". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation at Google Books
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 "Chapter I Rhizomatous Iris (part 2)". irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Iris Perrier". monerbier.canalblog.com. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Silvers, Tom (29 April 2004). "Iris perrieri". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. p. 121. ISBN 0-88192-089-4.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Waters, Tom (October 2010). "A Hybridizer's Guide to Bearded Species". telp.com. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
  10. 1 2 3 "The iris between botany and history". mrsntorino.it. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  11. 1 2 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN 0881927309.
  12. ↑ Mitra, Jyotirmay (1956). "Karyotype analysis of bearded iris". Bot Gaz: 265–293. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  13. ↑ Colasantea, M.; Mathew, B. (2008). "Species of natural hybrid origin and misinformation in the Irises: A reappraisal of the presence of I. aphylla L. in Italy". Plant Biosystems. Societa Botanica Italiana. 142 (1): 172–178. doi:10.1080/11263500701873026. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Selvaggi, A.; Soldano, A.; Pascale, M. (2011). "Rivista piemontese di Storia naturale" (PDF). Magazine Piedmont Natural History (in French). 32: 369–418. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  15. ↑ Guarino, R.; Domina, G.; Pignatti, S. (28 December 2012). "Ellenberg's Indicator values for the Flora of Italy- first update: Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae and Monocotyledoneae" (PDF). Fl. Medit. 22: 197–209. doi:10.7320/FIMedit22.197. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  16. 1 2 "Savoie Flora" (PDF). savoie.fr. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  17. ↑ "Perrier de la Bâthie, Eugène Pierre (1825–1916)". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  18. ↑ "Songeon, André (1826–1905)". ipni.org. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  19. 1 2 3 4 "Taxon: Iris perrieri Simonet ex P. Fourn.". ars-grin.gov (Germplasm Resources Information Network). Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  20. 1 2 3 "Iridaceae Iris perrieri Simonet ex N.Service". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  21. ↑ "Iridaceae Iris perrieri Simonet ex N.Service". ipni.org. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 "The Iris France". iris-bulbeuses.org (French Iris Society and bulbous plants (SFIB)). Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  23. ↑ "Iris perrieri Simonet ex N.Service is an accepted name". theplantlist.org. 23 March 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  24. ↑ "Iris perrieri Simonet ex N.Service". eol.org. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  25. ↑ "Iris perrieri Simonet ex N.Service". col.org. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  26. 1 2 "Iris perrieri". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  27. ↑ Becherer Thommen Pocket Atlas of Swiss Flora. (1970) Atlas de poche de la Flore suisse, p. 276, at Google Books
  28. ↑ R. L. Blackman, Victor F. Eastop Aphids on the World's Herbaceous Plants and Shrubs, p. 553, at Google Books
  29. ↑ "How to divide iris rhizomes". gardenersworld.com. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  30. ↑ David G Spoerke and Susan C. SmolinskeToxicity of Houseplants, p. 236, at Google Books

Other sources

Media related to Iris perrieri at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Iris perrieri at Wikispecies

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