Reflexive relation

In mathematics, a binary relation R over a set X is reflexive if every element of X is related to itself.^[1][2]

In mathematical notation, this is:

${\displaystyle \forall a\in X(aRa)}$

An example of a reflexive relation is the relation "is equal to" on the set of real numbers, since every real number is equal to itself. A reflexive relation is said to have the reflexive property or is said to possess reflexivity.

Related terms

A relation that is irreflexive, or anti-reflexive, is a binary relation on a set where no element is related to itself. An example is the "greater than" relation (x>y) on the real numbers. Note that not every relation which is not reflexive is irreflexive; it is possible to define relations where some elements are related to themselves but others are not (i.e., neither all nor none are). For example, the binary relation "the product of x and y is even" is reflexive on the set of even numbers, irreflexive on the set of odd numbers, and neither reflexive nor irreflexive on the set of natural numbers.

A relation ~ on a set S is called quasi-reflexive if every element that is related to some element is also related to itself, formally: if ∀x,y∈S: x~y ⇒ x~x ∧ y~y. An example is the relation "has the same limit as" on the set of sequences of real numbers: not every sequence has a limit, and thus the relation is not reflexive, but if a sequence has the same limit as some sequence, then it has the same limit as itself.

The reflexive closure ≃ of a binary relation ~ on a set S is the smallest reflexive relation on S that is a superset of ~. Equivalently, it is the union of ~ and the identity relation on S, formally: (≃) = (~) ∪ (=). For example, the reflexive closure of x<y is x≤y.

The reflexive reduction, or irreflexive kernel, of a binary relation ~ on a set S is the smallest relation ≆ such that ≆ shares the same reflexive closure as ~. It can be seen in a way as the opposite of the reflexive closure. It is equivalent to the complement of the identity relation on S with regard to ~, formally: (≆) = (~) \ (=). That is, it is equivalent to ~ except for where x~x is true. For example, the reflexive reduction of x≤y is x<y.

Examples

Examples of reflexive relations include:

• "is equal to" (equality)
• "is a subset of" (set inclusion)
• "divides" (divisibility)
• "is greater than or equal to"
• "is less than or equal to"

Examples of irreflexive relations include:

• "is not equal to"
• "is coprime to" (for the integers>1, since 1 is coprime to itself)
• "is a proper subset of"
• "is greater than"
• "is less than"

Number of reflexive relations

The number of reflexive relations on an n-element set is 2ⁿ²⁻ⁿ.^[3]

Number of n-element binary relations of different types
n	all	transitive	reflexive	preorder	partial order	total preorder	total order	equivalence relation
0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
1	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	1
2	16	13	4	4	3	3	2	2
3	512	171	64	29	19	13	6	5
4	65536	3994	4096	355	219	75	24	15
n	2^n^2		2^n^2-n			Σn k=0  k! S(n,k)	n!	Σn k=0  S(n,k)
OEIS	A002416	A006905	A053763	A000798	A001035	A000670	A000142	A000110

Philosophical logic

Authors in philosophical logic often use deviating designations. A reflexive and a quasi-reflexive relation in the mathematical sense is called a totally reflexive and a reflexive relation in philosophical logic sense, respectively.^[4][5]

See also

• Binary relation
• Symmetric relation
• Antisymmetric relation
• Transitive relation

Notes

1. Levy 1979:74
2. Relational Mathematics, 2010
3. On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences A053763
4. Alan Hausman; Howard Kahane; Paul Tidman (2013). Logic and Philosophy — A Modern Introduction. Wadsworth. ISBN 1-133-05000-X. Here: p.327-328
5. D.S. Clarke; Richard Behling (1998). Deductive Logic — An Introduction to Evaluation Techniques and Logical Theory. University Press of America. ISBN 0-7618-0922-8. Here: p.187

References

• Levy, A. (1979) Basic Set Theory, Perspectives in Mathematical Logic, Springer-Verlag. Reprinted 2002, Dover. ISBN 0-486-42079-5
• Lidl, R. and Pilz, G. (1998). Applied abstract algebra, Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-98290-6
• Quine, W. V. (1951). Mathematical Logic, Revised Edition. Reprinted 2003, Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-55451-5
• Gunther Schmidt, 2010. Relational Mathematics. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-76268-7.

External links

• Hazewinkel, Michiel, ed. (2001), "Reflexivity", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4