Isocrania

Isocrania Temporal range: Turonian–Danian PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Isocrania egnabergensis, 7 mm Ø
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Brachiopoda
Class:	Craniata
Order:	Craniida
Family:	Craniidae
Genus:	†Isocrania
species
I. egnabergensis (Retzius, 1781) type species[1] = Crania engabergensis, regularly misspelled as ignabergensis I. barbata (Von Hagenow, 1842) = Crania barbata I. borealis Ernst, 1984 I. campaniensis Ernst, 1984 I. costata (J. Sowerby, 1823) = Crania costata I. paucicostata (Bosquet, 1859) = Crania paucicostata I. phosphatica Simon, 1998 I. praecostata Ernst, 1984 I. restricta Ernst, 1984 I. sendeni Simon, 2007

Isocrania is an extinct genus of brachiopods found during the Upper Cretaceous. Early representatives were attached to the underground, but later species are presumed to be free living at an increasingly earlier age. This was probably an adaptation to the increasing very thick and fine sedimentation during the latest Cretaceous.

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  Isocrania egnabergensis, lateral view

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  internal

Description

Isocrania is round to ovate, up to 1 cm in diameter, and has 15-65 strong ribs, that start at ±½mm from the origin of growth (or umbo). These ribs may extend beyond the edge of the valves. The umbo is not precisely in the centre of the valve. The attachment area is smaller than usual, and virtually absent in adults of later species. The dorsal valve is conical, the ventral valve flat to conical, flatter for adolescents and earlier species. The inner edge of the valves is flattened and grainy.^[2]

Species and distribution

• I. campaniensis is known from the Upper Cretaceous of Belgium (Upper Campanian, Craibel Quarry, Obourg, Craie d'Obourg and Craie de Trivieres Formations, 50.4° N, 3.9° E).^[3]
• I. costata has been found in the Upper Cretaceous of France (Lower Campanian, d'Avezac Formation, Tercis, 43.7° N, 1.1° W; and Upper Campanian, Tercis, Les Vignes Formation),^[4] Denmark (Maastrichtian, Nye Klov 3-7, 55.5° N, 12.5° E) and the Lower Paleogene of Denmark (Lower Danian, Nye Klov 8, 9 and 20-28, 55.5° N, 12.5° E).^[5] This species occurs in sediments from quiet, deep, off-shore waters, which is consistent with the fact that the preservation state is excellent and many specimens have boring holes testifying that they were predated by molluscs.^[6]

See also

• List of brachiopod genera
• Taxonomy of commonly fossilised invertebrates
• List of extant animal genera represented in the fossil record

References

1. Simon, Eric (2007). "A new Late Maastrichtian species of Isocrania (Brachiopoda, Craniidae) from The Netherlands and Belgium" (PDF). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Science Naturelle de Belgique/Bulletin van het Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen (77): 141–157.
2. Lee, D.E.; Burton, C.H.C. (1986). "Neocrania n.gen., and a revision of Cretaceous-Recent brachiopod genera in the family Craniidae". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) - Geology. 40: 141–160. ISSN 0968-0462.
3. Simon, E. (2000). "Upper Campanian brachiopods from the Mons Basin (Hainaut, Belgium): the brachiopod assemblage from the Belemnitella mucronata Zone". Bulletin De L'Institut Royal Des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences De La Terre. 70: 129–160. cited in Marko Manojlovic. "Isocrania campaniensis". Fossilworks. Retrieved 2014-09-22.
4. Odin, G.S. (2001). "The Campanian-Maastrichtian stage boundary". Development in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy. 19: 1–881. cited in Loic Villier. "Isocrania costata-Cretaceous of France". Fossilworks. Retrieved 2014-09-29.
5. Surlyk, F.; Johansen, M.B. (1984). "End-Cretaceous brachiopod extinctions in the chalk of Denmark". Science. 223 (4641): 1174–1177. doi:10.1126/science.223.4641.1174. cited in Karen Layou. "Isocrania costata". Fossilsworks. Retrieved 2014-09-22. and Karen Layou. "Isocrania costata". Fossilsworks. Retrieved 2014-09-22.
6. Surlyk, Finn (1984). "Autecology and taxonomy of two Upper Cretaceous Craniacean brachiopods". Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark. 22: 219–243.