Issa Tchiroma

Issa Tchiroma Bakary is a Cameroonian politician who served in the government of Cameroon as Minister of Transport from 1992 to 1996 and has been Minister of Communication since 2009. He is the President of the Front for the National Salvation of Cameroon (Front pour le salut national du Cameroun, FSNC), a minor political party.

Early career and imprisonment

Tchiroma studied in France and became a materials and construction engineer. Working in Douala, Tchiroma was a Research Officer at the Cameroon Railways Authority (Regie des Chemins de Fer, Regifercam), the state railway company of Cameroon, until April 1984. When soldiers attempted to overthrow President Paul Biya in a coup attempt on 6 April 1984, sparking days of fighting in Yaoundé, Tchiroma was in Douala. According to Tchiroma, he was uninvolved in the coup attempt and the violence was as mysterious to him as it was to others at the time; he said that he observed the gloomy atmosphere that prevailed in the city and noted the general lack of reliable information about what was occurring in Yaoundé.[1]

The coup attempt was ultimately defeated by Biya loyalists, and the government began rounding up individuals suspected of involvement. Tchiroma continued going to work at Regifercam, but he quickly came under suspicion of being involved in the coup attempt; he was a northerner, and northerners were considered to be primarily responsible for the coup attempt. After a few days in which his home was repeatedly searched and damaged, Tchiroma was arrested on 16 April 1984. Described as "a very dangerous element", he was taken to Yaoundé and initially imprisoned for three days in a small cell, three square meters in size, which had no toilet, light, or ventilation. Other prisoners were removed from the cell, as Tchiroma was deemed so dangerous that he needed to be kept alone. Reflecting later on the ordeal, Tchiroma said that it was the worst memory of his life and that he would not wish the experience on his worst enemy.[1]

Tchiroma was subsequently incarcerated at the Kondengui prison before being moved to the Yoko prison. At his trial before a military tribunal, he was defended by Yondo Black.[1] While in prison, Tchiroma, who is a Francophone Cameroonian, studied English.[2] After over six years in prison, he was released in 1990.[1][3]

Political activities and government service during the 1990s

Following Tchiroma's release, he participated in a protest in Garoua against the actions of those who, in his view, were impeding the implementation of the law providing amnesty to individuals implicated in the 1984 coup attempt. He was then arrested and jailed again. According to Tchiroma, his arrest provoked anger among northerners, and he credited Edgar Alain Mebe Ngo'o, the Secretary-General of North Province, with securing his release in order to defuse the situation.[1]

Tchiroma was Secretary-General of the National Union for Democracy and Progress (UNDP), an opposition party, in the early 1990s.[4] In the March 1992 parliamentary election, he was elected to the National Assembly as a UNDP candidate in the Bénoué constituency of North Province.[5] Later in the year, after Biya controversially won the October 1992 parliamentary election, Tchiroma was appointed to the government as Minister of Transport by Biya on 27 November 1992, along with another UNDP leader, Hamadou Moustapha. He and Moustapha accepted their appointments without the approval of UNDP President Maigari Bello Bouba; the appointments were viewed by some as a way of dividing and weakening the opposition by coopting certain opposition figures.[4][6][7][8]

After Tchiroma and Moustapha were retained in their posts as part of the government named in July 1994, Bello Bouba said on 23 July 1994 that their continued inclusion in the government would mean the end of their membership in the UNDP.[9] Tchiroma and Moustapha challenged their removal from the party, but they were expelled by the UNDP Central Committee in January 1995.[9][10] Following their expulsion, Tchiroma and Moustapha established their own "authentic" faction of the UNDP, rejecting Bello Bouba's leadership. That faction then became the National Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ANDP), a new party featuring a slight alteration of the UNDP's name,[10] and it was legally recognized on 31 August 1995.[11] Despite their creation of a new party, Moustapha and Tchiroma still legally contested Bello Bouba's leadership of the UNDP.[10]

In 1996, while serving as Minister of Transport, Tchiroma urged companies in the United States to invest in Cameroon, saying that the country could not develop without foreign investment.[12] He departed the government[13] on 19 September 1996, when Joseph Tsanga Abanda was appointed to replace him as Minister of Transport.[14]

Return to the UNDP and creation of the FSNC

Tchiroma ultimately left the ANDP and rejoined the UNDP at a January 2002 party congress in Maroua.[13] Following the June 2002 parliamentary election, Tchiroma and four other notable northern politicians released a statement in July, in which they alleged electoral fraud and announced the formation of a "resistance front". They warned that the governing Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (RDPC) was moving the country back to single-party rule and called on politicians "to transcend any divergence, selfishness and personal ambition in order to create a movement capable of saving Cameroon from collapse".[15] He also joined other northern politicians in signing a September 2002 memo decrying the government's alleged marginalization and neglect of the north and urging that more attention be paid to addressing the north's problems.[16]

At the time of the October 2004 presidential election, Tchiroma was part of the opposition coalition and denounced President Biya, urging the people to vote him out.[17] He took that stance even though Bello Bouba and the UNDP leadership chose to support Biya's candidacy.[13] Tchiroma headed a panel that was tasked with choosing a joint opposition candidate for the election, which would have improved the opposition's chances of defeating Biya. The panel chose Adamou Ndam Njoya, the President of the Cameroon Democratic Union (UDC), as the joint opposition candidate; however, John Fru Ndi, the Chairman of the Social Democratic Front (SDF), reacted angrily to the decision, saying that the selection process was improper and that he would stand as a candidate despite the panel's decision. Tchiroma in turn criticized Fru Ndi: "The rules to which all of us willingly subscribed, including him, were respected. If he were the democrat he claims to be, he should simply bow down to the will of the majority." With Ndam Njoya and Fru Ndi both standing and thereby splitting the opposition vote, a victory for Biya was considered to be almost certain.[18]

Tchiroma later left the UNDP again and founded a new party, the Front for the National Salvation of Cameroon (FSNC), which was officially registered in January 2007. At the time, he said that the FSNC "intends to contribute to the advent of a free society and promote the democratisation process in Cameroon".[19]

At a press conference on 20 February 2008, he announced his party's support for constitutional amendments favored by the government, including the elimination of presidential term limits. Although other opposition leaders viewed the amendments as a transparent effort to allow Paul Biya to remain in power, Tchiroma argued that the amendments should be considered on their own merits. He particularly stressed his support for extending the 45-day period for organizing a new presidential election following a vacancy in the office,[17][20] arguing that it was "almost impossible" to do so within that length of time.[20] He also argued that removing the presidential term limits would promote a climate of peace and stability by avoiding the uncertainty associated with a presidential succession, and he said that would in turn encourage foreign investment in Cameroon. On the same occasion, Tchiroma criticized other opposition leaders, saying that they were power-hungry and would be willing to start a civil war, while also denying that he had been bribed into supporting the amendments; according to Tchiroma, he considered the arguments of both sides, consulted constitutional experts, and then concluded that the ruling party's position was correct.[17]

In an interview published by the Cameroon Tribune on 29 June 2009, Tchiroma defended President Biya in the midst of media claims about his wealth and argued that Biya was working to "eradicate corruption". He also alleged that foreign agents were working to destabilize Cameroon.[21]

Minister of Communication

President Biya appointed Tchiroma to the government as Minister of Communication on 30 June 2009.[22] According to Tchiroma, he learned of his appointment when someone who had just heard the announcement called him to tell him to turn on the radio. He said that he initially took it as a joke and that he was very happy when he learned it was true, while stressing that "the responsibility and challenge is enormous".[13] He took up his post on 1 July 2009.[23]

On 17 August 2009, Tchiroma announced that he had ordered the closure of Sky One Radio due to "multiple infringements of laws governing communications in Cameroon". According to the government, the station was trying to solve social problems through its Le Tribunal program and thereby supersede the Ministry of Social Services. Tchiroma said that he had tried three times to reach an agreement with the station management, but was unsuccessful; he added that the station would be reopened if the management "promises to respect the code of ethics and the ministry's specifications".[24]

When President Biya took an expensive vacation in France in September 2009, the vacation's cost generated some anger, but Tchiroma argued that Biya, "like any other worker ... has a right to his vacations" and that in taking vacations he was free to use "the means put at his disposal by the sovereign people ... to provide his needs".[25]

The journalist Bibi Ngota, who was arrested on charges of fraud on 10 March 2010, died at Kondengui prison in April 2010. Tchiroma said that Ngota had been HIV positive and that he had died due to infections that had "overwhelmed" his weakened immune system, despite the best efforts of prison doctors. However, some expressed skepticism regarding the official version of events, claiming that Ngota had not received treatment. Ngota's brother was angered by Tchiroma's explanation and said that he was lying.[26]

As Cameroon held celebrations marking its 50th year of independence from France in May 2010, Tchiroma acknowledged in an interview that "Cameroon has suffered from poor governance, mismanagement and corruption", while arguing that the country was making progress under President Biya. He noted that a high level of peace and stability had been preserved in Cameroon, in contrast to many other African nations. Regarding the controversy surrounding Ngota's death and allegations that he was tortured in hopes of extracting information on his sources, Tchiroma described the journalist as a "rascal" but insisted that Ngota was not subjected to torture and that his arrest had not been politically motivated.[27]

On 21 June 2010, Tchiroma announced the news that the wreckage of a missing plane carrying the Australian businessman Ken Talbot and the rest of the board of the mining company Sundance Resources had been found in Congo-Brazzaville following an extensive search. The plane had taken off in Yaoundé and was travelling to the Congolese town of Yangadou, and all 11 people on board apparently died in the crash.[28]

After a gay Cameroonian man was granted asylum in the United Kingdom due to his sexuality, Tchiroma said in July 2010 that, although homosexuality was illegal in Cameroon, homosexuals were not prosecuted for their private activities. He dismissed the asylum-seeker's claims, arguing that the man had nothing to fear from the law.[29]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Xavier Messè, "Issa Tchiroma Bakary : Je n'ai pas de rancune", Mutations, 6 April 2009 (French).
  2. ↑ Kini Nsom and Nformi Sonde Kinsai, "I Studied English In Prison - Tchiroma", The Post (Cameroon), 20 June 2008.
  3. ↑ "Amnesty International Report, 1990", Amnesty International, 1990.
  4. 1 2 Omar Diop, Partis politiques et processus de transition démocratique en Afrique noire (2006), page 118 (French).
  5. ↑ List of deputies elected in 1992, National Assembly website (French).
  6. ↑ Joseph Takougang, "Cameroon: Biya and Incremental Reform", in Political Reform in Francophone Africa (1997), ed. John Frank Clark and David E. Gardinier, pages 171–172.
  7. ↑ Milton H. Krieger and Joseph Takougang, African State and Society in the 1990s: Cameroon's Political Crossroads (2000), Westview Press, pages 143–145.
  8. ↑ Joseph Takougang, "The Nature of Politics in Cameroon", The Leadership Challenge in Africa: Cameroon Under Paul Biya, (2004), ed. John Mukum Mbaku and Joseph Takougang, page 83.
  9. 1 2 "Northern Cameroon: Attacks on Freedom of Expression by Governmental and Traditional Authorities", Article 19, July 1995.
  10. 1 2 3 African State and Society in the 1990s, page 199.
  11. ↑ List of political parties in Cameroon (French).
  12. ↑ "African seek development partners \ don't want charity, officials say. About 60 U.S. companies interested in aviation, maritime projects", Akron Beacon Journal, 11 September 1996, page D7.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Achille Chountsa, "Issa Tchiroma : Un rebond à la Communication", Le Jour, 1 July 2009 (French).
  14. ↑ "Gouvernement du 19 September 1996", Cameroon government website (French).
  15. ↑ "Five former Cameroonian ministers allege vote rigging", Panapress, 15 July 2002.
  16. ↑ "Northerners in Cameroon deny seeking secession", Panapress, 15 September 2003.
  17. 1 2 3 Kini Nsom, "Tchiroma Supports Constitutional Amendment", The Post (Cameroon), 22 February 2008.
  18. ↑ Tansa Musa, "Cameroon opposition fails to see eye to eye", Reuters (IOL), 18 September 2004.
  19. ↑ "Cameroon gets 200th political party", African Press Agency, 19 January 2007.
  20. 1 2 Aimé-Francis Amougou, "Constitution : Issa Tchiroma Bakary pour la modification", Cameroon Tribune, 21 February 2008 (French).
  21. ↑ Martin A. Nkemngu, "Issa Tchiroma Bakary - «President Biya is Out to Eradicate Corruption»", Cameroon Tribune, 29 June 2009.
  22. ↑ "Paul Biya procède à un remaniement ministériel", African Press Agency, 30 June 2009 (French).
  23. ↑ Patricia Ngo Ngouem, "Mincom : Issa Tchiroma prend fonction", Mutations, 2 July 2009 (French).
  24. ↑ "Private radio station suspended indefinitely", JED/IFEX, 19 August 2009.
  25. ↑ Mike Pflanz, "Cameroon president defends £35,000-a-day French holiday", The Telegraph, 4 September 2009.
  26. ↑ "Cameroon says detained journalist died of 'infections'", AFP, 29 April 2010.
  27. ↑ "Cameroon: A 50th independence anniversary amid joy and pain", Afrik.com, 28 May 2010.
  28. ↑ "Australian tycoon's plane found, all feared dead", AFP, 21 June 2010.
  29. ↑ "Cameroon denies homosexuals face persecution", BBC News, 8 July 2010.
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