Jacobi elliptic functions

In mathematics, the Jacobi elliptic functions are a set of basic elliptic functions, and auxiliary theta functions, that are of historical importance. Many of their features show up in important structures and have direct relevance to some applications (e.g. the equation of a pendulum—also see pendulum (mathematics)). They also have useful analogies to the functions of trigonometry, as indicated by the matching notation sn for sin. The Jacobi elliptic functions are used more often in practical problems than the Weierstrass elliptic functions as they do not require notions of complex analysis to be defined and/or understood. They were introduced by Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi (1829).

Introduction

Auxiliary rectangle construction

Jacobian elliptic functions are doubly periodic meromorphic functions on the complex plane. So, they can be mapped onto a torus. Therefore are defined on a torus, just as cosine and sine are defined on a circle. But instead of having only one circle, we now have the product of two circles, one real and the other imaginary. The complex plane can be replaced by a complex torus. The circumference of the first circle is 4K and the second 4K'. Where K and K' are the quarter periods. Each function has two zeroes and two poles at opposite positions on the torus. At the points 0, K, K + iK', iK' there is one zero and one pole. So an arrow can be drawn from a zero to a pole.

So there are twelve Jacobian elliptic functions. Each of the twelve corresponds to an arrow drawn from one corner of a rectangle to another. The corners of the rectangle are labeled, by convention, s, c, d and n. s is at the origin, c is at the point K on the real axis/loop, d is at the point K + iK' and n is at point iK' on the imaginary axis/loop. The twelve Jacobian elliptic functions are then pq, where each of p and q is a different one of the letters s, c, d, n.

The Jacobian elliptic functions are then the unique doubly periodic, meromorphic functions satisfying the following three properties:

• There is a simple zero at the corner p, and a simple pole at the corner q.
• The step from p to q is equal to half the period of the function pq u; that is, the function pq u is periodic in the direction pq, with the period being twice the distance from p to q. The function pq u is also periodic in the other two directions, with a period such that the distance from p to one of the other corners is a quarter period.
• If the function pq u is expanded in terms of u at one of the corners, the leading term in the expansion has a coefficient of 1. In other words, the leading term of the expansion of pq u at the corner p is u; the leading term of the expansion at the corner q is 1/u, and the leading term of an expansion at the other two corners is 1.

More generally, there is no need to impose a rectangle; a parallelogram will do. However, if K and iK' are kept on the real and imaginary axis respectively, then the Jacobi elliptic functions pq u will be real functions when u is real.

Notation

The elliptic functions can be given in a variety of notations, which can make the subject unnecessarily confusing. Elliptic functions are functions of two variables. The first variable might be given in terms of the amplitude φ, or more commonly, in terms of u given below. The second variable might be given in terms of the parameter m, or as the elliptic modulus k, where k² = m, or in terms of the modular angle α, where m =  sin² α. A more extensive review and definition of these alternatives, their complements, and the associated notation schemes are given in the articles on elliptic integrals and quarter period.

Definition as inverses of elliptic integrals

Elliptic Jacobi function, sn, corresponding to k = 0.8, generated using a version of the domain coloring method.^[1]

The above definition, in terms of the unique meromorphic functions satisfying certain properties, is quite abstract. There is a simpler, but completely equivalent definition, giving the elliptic functions as inverses of the incomplete elliptic integral of the first kind. Let

${\displaystyle u=\int _{0}^{\varphi }{\frac {\mathrm {d} \theta }{\sqrt {1-m\sin ^{2}\theta }}}\,.}$

Then the elliptic function sn u is given by

${\displaystyle \operatorname {sn} \;u=\sin \varphi \,}$

and cn u is given by

${\displaystyle \operatorname {cn} \;u=\cos \varphi }$

and

${\displaystyle \operatorname {dn} \;u={\sqrt {1-m\sin ^{2}\varphi }}\,.}$

Model of amplitude (measured along vertical axis) as a function of independent variables u and k

Here, the angle $\varphi$ is called the amplitude. On occasion, dn u = Δ(u) is called the delta amplitude. In the above, the value m is a free parameter, usually taken to be real, 0 ≤ m ≤ 1, and so the elliptic functions can be thought of as being given by two variables, the amplitude $\varphi$ and the parameter m.

The remaining nine elliptic functions are easily built from the above three, and are given in a section below.

Note that when ${\displaystyle \varphi =\pi /2}$, that u then equals the quarter period K.

Definition as trigonometry

${\displaystyle \cos \varphi ,\sin \varphi }$ are defined on the unit circle, with radius r = 1 and angle ${\displaystyle \varphi =}$ arc length of the unit circle measured from the positive x-axis. Similarly, Jacobi elliptic functions are defined on the unit ellipse, with a = 1. Let

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&x^{2}+{\frac {y^{2}}{b^{2}}}=1,\quad b>1,\\&m=1-{\frac {1}{b^{2}}},\quad 0<m<1,\\&x=r\cos \varphi ,\quad y=r\sin \varphi \end{aligned}}}$

then:

${\displaystyle r(\varphi ,m)={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-m\sin ^{2}\varphi }}}\,.}$

For each angle $\varphi$ the angular component of the arc length, the 'angular arc length' is computed. An advantage of angular arc length is that we can calculate a total arc length for hyperbolas. For the ellipse the angular arc length is:

${\displaystyle u=u(\varphi ,m)=\int _{0}^{\varphi }r(\theta ,m)\,d\theta .}$

Let $P=(x,y)$ be the point on the ellipse with angular arc length ${\displaystyle u(\varphi ,m)}$ and let ${\displaystyle P'=(x',y')}$ be the point on the unit circle with the angular arc length $\varphi$, (note that origin ${\displaystyle O,P'}$ and $P$ are on the same straight line). The familiar relations from the unit circle (${\displaystyle OP'=1}$):

${\displaystyle x'=\cos \varphi ,\quad y'=\sin \varphi }$

imply for the ellipse:

${\displaystyle x'=\operatorname {cn} (u,m),\quad y'=\operatorname {sn} (u,m)}$.

So the projections of the intersection point $P'$ of the line ${\displaystyle OP}$ with the unit circle on the x- and y-axis are simply ${\displaystyle \operatorname {cn} (u,m)}$ and ${\displaystyle \operatorname {sn} (u,m)}$. These projections may be interpreted as 'definition as trigonometry'. In short:

${\displaystyle cn(u,m)={\frac {x(u,m)}{r(u,m)}},\quad sn(u,m)={\frac {y(u,m)}{r(u,m)}},\quad dn(u,m)={\frac {1}{r(u,m)}}.}$

For the $x$ and $y$ value of the point $P$ with $u$ and parameter $m$ we get, after inserting the relation:

${\displaystyle r(\varphi ,m)={\frac {1}{\operatorname {dn} (u,m)}}}$

into:${\displaystyle x=r(\varphi ,m)\cos(\varphi ),y=r(\varphi ,m)\sin(\varphi )}$ that:

${\displaystyle x={\frac {\operatorname {cn} (u,m)}{\operatorname {dn} (u,m)}},\quad y={\frac {\operatorname {sn} (u,m)}{\operatorname {dn} (u,m)}}.}$

The latter relations for the x- and y coordinates of points on the unit ellipse may be considered as generalization of the relations ${\displaystyle x=\cos \varphi ,y=\sin \varphi }$ for the coordinates of points on the unit circle.

Introducing complex numbers, our ellipse has a dual:

${\displaystyle xx^{2}-{\frac {yy^{2}}{b^{2}}}=1}$

from applying Jacobi's imaginary transformation^[2] to the elliptic functions in the above equation for x and y.

${\displaystyle xx={\frac {1}{\operatorname {dn} (u,1-m)}},\quad yy={\frac {\operatorname {sn} (u,1-m)}{\operatorname {dn} (u,1-m)}}}$

It follows that we can put ${\displaystyle x=dn(u,1-m),y=sn(u,1-m)}$.

Definition in terms of theta functions

Equivalently, Jacobi's elliptic functions can be defined in terms of his theta functions. If we abbreviate $\vartheta (0;\tau )$ as $\vartheta$, and $\vartheta _{01}(0;\tau ),\vartheta _{10}(0;\tau ),\vartheta _{11}(0;\tau )$ respectively as $\vartheta _{01},\vartheta _{10},\vartheta _{11}$ (the theta constants) then the elliptic modulus k is $k=\left({\vartheta _{10} \over \vartheta }\right)^{2}$. If we set $u=\pi \vartheta ^{2}z$, we have

Elliptic Jacobi function, cn, k = 0.8

Elliptic Jacobi function, dn, k = 0.8

$\mathrm {sn} (u;k)=-{\vartheta \vartheta _{11}(z;\tau ) \over \vartheta _{10}\vartheta _{01}(z;\tau )}$

$\mathrm {cn} (u;k)={\vartheta _{01}\vartheta _{10}(z;\tau ) \over \vartheta _{10}\vartheta _{01}(z;\tau )}$

$\mathrm {dn} (u;k)={\vartheta _{01}\vartheta (z;\tau ) \over \vartheta \vartheta _{01}(z;\tau )}$

Since the Jacobi functions are defined in terms of the elliptic modulus k(τ), we need to invert this and find τ in terms of k. We start from $k'={\sqrt {1-k^{2}}}$, the complementary modulus. As a function of τ it is

$k'(\tau )=\left({\vartheta _{01} \over \vartheta }\right)^{2}.$

Let us first define

$\ell ={1 \over 2}{1-{\sqrt {k'}} \over 1+{\sqrt {k'}}}={1 \over 2}{\vartheta -\vartheta _{01} \over \vartheta +\vartheta _{01}}.$

Then define the nome q as $q=\exp(\pi i\tau )$ and expand $\ell$ as a power series in the nome q, we obtain

$\ell ={q+q^{9}+q^{25}+\cdots \over 1+2q^{4}+2q^{16}+\cdots }.$

Reversion of series now gives

$q=\ell +2\ell ^{5}+15\ell ^{9}+150\ell ^{13}+1707\ell ^{17}+20910\ell ^{21}+268616\ell ^{25}+\cdots .$

Since we may reduce to the case where the imaginary part of τ is greater than or equal to 1/2 sqrt(3), we can assume the absolute value of q is less than or equal to exp(-1/2 sqrt(3) π) ~ 0.0658; for values this small the above series converges very rapidly and easily allows us to find the appropriate value for q.

Minor functions

Reversing the order of the two letters of the function name results in the reciprocals of the three functions above:

${\begin{aligned}\operatorname {ns} (u)&={\frac {1}{\operatorname {sn} (u)}}\\[8pt]\operatorname {nc} (u)&={\frac {1}{\operatorname {cn} (u)}}\\[8pt]\operatorname {nd} (u)&={\frac {1}{\operatorname {dn} (u)}}\end{aligned}}$

Similarly, the ratios of the three primary functions correspond to the first letter of the numerator followed by the first letter of the denominator:

Elliptic Jacobi function, sc, k = 0.8

${\begin{aligned}\operatorname {sc} (u)&={\frac {\operatorname {sn} (u)}{\operatorname {cn} (u)}}\\[8pt]\operatorname {sd} (u)&={\frac {\operatorname {sn} (u)}{\operatorname {dn} (u)}}\\[8pt]\operatorname {dc} (u)&={\frac {\operatorname {dn} (u)}{\operatorname {cn} (u)}}\\[8pt]\operatorname {ds} (u)&={\frac {\operatorname {dn} (u)}{\operatorname {sn} (u)}}\\[8pt]\operatorname {cs} (u)&={\frac {\operatorname {cn} (u)}{\operatorname {sn} (u)}}\\[8pt]\operatorname {cd} (u)&={\frac {\operatorname {cn} (u)}{\operatorname {dn} (u)}}\end{aligned}}$

More compactly, we have

${\displaystyle \operatorname {pq} (u)={\frac {\operatorname {pn} (u)}{\operatorname {qn} (u)}}}$

where p and q are any of the letters s, c, d.

(This notation is due to Gudermann and Glaisher and is not Jacobi's original notation

Addition theorems

The functions satisfy the two algebraic relations

$\operatorname {cn} ^{2}(u,k)+\operatorname {sn} ^{2}(u,k)=1,\,$

$\operatorname {dn} ^{2}(u,k)+k^{2}\ \operatorname {sn} ^{2}(u,k)=1.\,$

From this we see that (cn, sn, dn) parametrizes an elliptic curve which is the intersection of the two quadrics defined by the above two equations. We now may define a group law for points on this curve by the addition formulas for the Jacobi functions

${\begin{aligned}\operatorname {cn} (x+y)&={\operatorname {cn} (x)\;\operatorname {cn} (y)-\operatorname {sn} (x)\;\operatorname {sn} (y)\;\operatorname {dn} (x)\;\operatorname {dn} (y) \over {1-k^{2}\;\operatorname {sn} ^{2}(x)\;\operatorname {sn} ^{2}(y)}},\\[8pt]\operatorname {sn} (x+y)&={\operatorname {sn} (x)\;\operatorname {cn} (y)\;\operatorname {dn} (y)+\operatorname {sn} (y)\;\operatorname {cn} (x)\;\operatorname {dn} (x) \over {1-k^{2}\;\operatorname {sn} ^{2}(x)\;\operatorname {sn} ^{2}(y)}},\\[8pt]\operatorname {dn} (x+y)&={\operatorname {dn} (x)\;\operatorname {dn} (y)-k^{2}\;\operatorname {sn} (x)\;\operatorname {sn} (y)\;\operatorname {cn} (x)\;\operatorname {cn} (y) \over {1-k^{2}\;\operatorname {sn} ^{2}(x)\;\operatorname {sn} ^{2}(y)}}.\end{aligned}}$

Relations between squares of the functions

$-\operatorname {dn} ^{2}(u)+m_{1}=-m\;\operatorname {cn} ^{2}(u)=m\;\operatorname {sn} ^{2}(u)-m$

$-m_{1}\;\operatorname {nd} ^{2}(u)+m_{1}=-mm_{1}\;\operatorname {sd} ^{2}(u)=m\;\operatorname {cd} ^{2}(u)-m$

$m_{1}\;\operatorname {sc} ^{2}(u)+m_{1}=m_{1}\;\operatorname {nc} ^{2}(u)=\operatorname {dc} ^{2}(u)-m$

$\operatorname {cs} ^{2}(u)+m_{1}=\operatorname {ds} ^{2}(u)=\operatorname {ns} ^{2}(u)-m$

where m + m₁ = 1 and m = k².

Additional relations between squares can be obtained by noting that pq² · qp² = 1 and that pq = pr / qr where p, q, r are any of the letters s, c, d, n and ss = cc = dd = nn = 1.

Expansion in terms of the nome

Let the nome be $q=\exp(-\pi K'/K)$ and let the argument be $v=\pi u/(2K)$. Then the functions have expansions as Lambert series

$\operatorname {sn} (u)={\frac {2\pi }{K{\sqrt {m}}}}\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {q^{n+1/2}}{1-q^{2n+1}}}\sin((2n+1)v),$

$\operatorname {cn} (u)={\frac {2\pi }{K{\sqrt {m}}}}\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {q^{n+1/2}}{1+q^{2n+1}}}\cos((2n+1)v),$

$\operatorname {dn} (u)={\frac {\pi }{2K}}+{\frac {2\pi }{K}}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {q^{n}}{1+q^{2n}}}\cos(2nv).$

Jacobi elliptic functions as solutions of nonlinear ordinary differential equations

The derivatives of the three basic Jacobi elliptic functions are:

${\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} z}}\,\mathrm {sn} \,(z)=\mathrm {cn} \,(z)\,\mathrm {dn} \,(z),$

${\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} z}}\,\mathrm {cn} \,(z)=-\mathrm {sn} \,(z)\,\mathrm {dn} \,(z),$

${\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} z}}\,\mathrm {dn} \,(z)=-k^{2}\mathrm {sn} \,(z)\,\mathrm {cn} \,(z).$

With the addition theorems above and for a given k with 0 < k < 1 they therefore are solutions to the following nonlinear ordinary differential equations:

• $\mathrm {sn} \,(x)$ solves the differential equations

${\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}y}{\mathrm {d} x^{2}}}+(1+k^{2})y-2k^{2}y^{3}=0$

and

$\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} y}{\mathrm {d} x}}\right)^{2}=(1-y^{2})(1-k^{2}y^{2})$

• $\mathrm {cn} \,(x)$ solves the differential equations

${\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}y}{\mathrm {d} x^{2}}}+(1-2k^{2})y+2k^{2}y^{3}=0$

and

$\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} y}{\mathrm {d} x}}\right)^{2}=(1-y^{2})(1-k^{2}+k^{2}y^{2})$

• $\mathrm {dn} \,(x)$ solves the differential equations

${\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}y}{\mathrm {d} x^{2}}}-(2-k^{2})y+2y^{3}=0$

and

$\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} y}{\mathrm {d} x}}\right)^{2}=(y^{2}-1)(1-k^{2}-y^{2})$

Approximation in terms of Hyperbolic Functions

The Jacobi elliptic functions can be expanded in terms of the hyperbolic functions. When $m$ is close to unit such that ${\displaystyle m_{1}^{2}}$ and higher power of $m_{1}$ can be neglected we have

• sn (u):

${\displaystyle \operatorname {sn} (u,m)\approx \tanh(u)+{\frac {1}{4}}m_{1}(\sinh(u)\cosh(u)-u)\operatorname {sech} ^{2}(u).}$

• cn (u):

${\displaystyle \operatorname {cn} (u,m)\approx \operatorname {sech} (u)-{\frac {1}{4}}m_{1}(\sinh(u)\cosh(u)-u)\tanh u\operatorname {sech} (u).}$

• dn (u):

${\displaystyle \operatorname {dn} (u,m)\approx \operatorname {sech} (u)+{\frac {1}{4}}m_{1}(\sinh(u)\cosh(u)+u)\tanh(u)\operatorname {sech} (u).}$

• am (u):

${\displaystyle \operatorname {am} (u,m)\approx \operatorname {gd} (u)+{\frac {1}{4}}m_{1}(\sinh(u)\cosh(u)-u)\operatorname {sech} (u).}$

Inverse functions

The inverses of the Jacobi elliptic functions can be defined similarly to the inverse trigonometric functions; if $x=\mathrm {sn} (\xi ,k)$, $\xi =\mathrm {arcsn} (x,k)$. They can be represented as elliptic integrals,^[3][4] and power series representations have been found.^[5]

Map projection

The Peirce quincuncial projection is a map projection based on Jacobian elliptic functions.

See also

• Elliptic integral
• Elliptic curve
• Schwarz–Christoffel mapping
• Carlson symmetric form
• Jacobi theta function
• Ramanujan theta function
• Dixon elliptic functions
• Abel elliptic functions
• Weierstrass's elliptic functions

Notes

1. http://nbviewer.ipython.org/github/empet/Math/blob/master/DomainColoring.ipynb
2. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/JacobisImaginaryTransformation.html
3. Reinhardt, W. P.; Walker, P. L. (2010), "§22.15 Inverse Functions", in Olver, Frank W. J.; Lozier, Daniel M.; Boisvert, Ronald F.; Clark, Charles W., NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521192255, MR 2723248
4. Ehrhardt, Wolfgang. "The AMath and DAMath Special Functions: Reference Manual and Implementation Notes" (PDF). p. 42. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
5. Carlson, B. C. (2008). "Power series for inverse Jacobian elliptic functions" (PDF). Mathematics of Computation. 77: 1615–1621. doi:10.1090/s0025-5718-07-02049-2. Retrieved 17 July 2013.

References

• Abramowitz, Milton; Stegun, Irene Ann, eds. (1983) [June 1964]. "Chapter 16". Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. Applied Mathematics Series. 55 (Ninth reprint with additional corrections of tenth original printing with corrections (December 1972); first ed.). Washington D.C., USA; New York, USA: United States Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards; Dover Publications. p. 569. ISBN 0-486-61272-4. LCCN 64-60036. MR 0167642. ISBN 978-0-486-61272-0. LCCN 65-12253.
• N. I. Akhiezer, Elements of the Theory of Elliptic Functions, (1970) Moscow, translated into English as AMS Translations of Mathematical Monographs Volume 79 (1990) AMS, Rhode Island ISBN 0-8218-4532-2
• A. C. Dixon The elementary properties of the elliptic functions, with examples (Macmillan, 1894)
• Alfred George Greenhill The applications of elliptic functions (London, New York, Macmillan, 1892)
• H. Hancock Lectures on the theory of elliptic functions (New York, J. Wiley & sons, 1910)
• Jacobi, C. G. J. (1829), Fundamenta nova theoriae functionum ellipticarum (in Latin), Königsberg, ISBN 978-1-108-05200-9, Reprinted by Cambridge University Press 2012
• Reinhardt, William P.; Walker, Peter L. (2010), "Jacobian Elliptic Functions", in Olver, Frank W. J.; Lozier, Daniel M.; Boisvert, Ronald F.; Clark, Charles W., NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521192255, MR 2723248
• E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson A Course of Modern Analysis, (1940, 1996) Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-58807-3
• (French) P. Appell and E. Lacour Principes de la théorie des fonctions elliptiques et applications (Paris, Gauthier Villars, 1897)
• (French) G. H. Halphen Traité des fonctions elliptiques et de leurs applications (vol. 1) (Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1886–1891)
• (French) G. H. Halphen Traité des fonctions elliptiques et de leurs applications (vol. 2) (Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1886–1891)
• (French) G. H. Halphen Traité des fonctions elliptiques et de leurs applications (vol. 3) (Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1886–1891)
• (French) J. Tannery and J. Molk Eléments de la théorie des fonctions elliptiques. Tome I, Introduction. Calcul différentiel. Ire partie (Paris : Gauthier-Villars et fils, 1893)
• (French) J. Tannery and J. Molk Eléments de la théorie des fonctions elliptiques. Tome II, Calcul différentiel. IIe partie (Paris : Gauthier-Villars et fils, 1893)
• (French) J. Tannery and J. Molk Eléments de la théorie des fonctions elliptiques. Tome III, Calcul intégral. Ire partie, Théorèmes généraux. Inversion (Paris : Gauthier-Villars et fils, 1893)
• (French) J. Tannery and J. Molk Eléments de la théorie des fonctions elliptiques. Tome IV, Calcul intégral. IIe partie, Applications (Paris : Gauthier-Villars et fils, 1893)
• (French) C. Briot and J. C. Bouquet Théorie des fonctions elliptiques ( Paris : Gauthier-Villars, 1875)

External links

• Hazewinkel, Michiel, ed. (2001), "Jacobi elliptic functions", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4
• Weisstein, Eric W. "Jacobi Elliptic Functions". MathWorld.