James Waterhouse (photographer)

James Waterhouse (1842–1922) was a British photographer and Indian Army officer who headed the Photographic Department of the Survey of India and pioneered the development of photomechanical printing.

Early life

James Waterhouse was born in London on 24 July 1842, the son of William Waterhouse, solicitor and his wife Mary. He was educated at King's College and University College schools, London, before applying for a cadetship in the Bengal Artillery of the army of the East India Company.^[1] From 1857-59 he attended the Company's military seminary at Addiscombe, near Croydon, before sailing for India, where he arrived in October 1859.

Photography in India

Waterhouse may well have first learnt photography during his time at Addiscombe, where the subject had formed part of the curriculum since the mid-1850s and while stationed in Meerut in 1859 he acquired his first camera, 'a half-plate set made of the good old French walnut wood ... [which] ... stood the hot dry climate wonderfully well'.^[2] His first serious photographic expedition appears to have been made in 1861 in the company of a fellow officer, Boyce Edward Gowan, with whom he made the first recorded photographs of the ruined Buddhist stupa and monastery at Sanchi, near the holy Hindu city of Vidisha. In June 1861, an official circular issued under the authority of the Governor-General Lord Canning, was sent out encouraging military officers and others to collect photographs of ethnic and tribal types and in December 1861 Waterhouse was officially seconded to undertake a photographic tour of Central India (present-day Madhya Pradesh) for this purpose. This work occupied him for the whole of 1862 and involved a series of strenuous trips in Central India in search of suitable subjects: the best-known of this work is the series of portraits made of Sikandar Begum of Bhopal, her family and courtiers, taken in November of that year.^[3] A selection of these portraits was later included in John Forbes Watson and John William Kaye, The People of India (8 vols., India Museum, London, 1868–75), while views taken at Sanchi during the trip were used by the architectural historian James Fergusson in his Tree and Serpent Worship (India Museum, London, 1868).

The Survey of India

In May 1866 Waterhouse was appointed Assistant Surveyor in charge of the photozincographic operations of the Survey of India and after undergoing training at Dehradun in the use of photozincography for the reproduction of maps and plans, he arrived in Calcutta in December 1866 to take up his new post. The remaining thirty years of his career were to be spent in supervising the photographic operations of the Calcutta headquarters, overseeing a dramatic growth in the department's output and activities, from a minor and ill-housed offshoot of the Survey of India to one of its most important departments, housed in the impressive quarters which survive to the present day in Wood Street. As well as printing maps and plans, the Photolithographic Department of the Survey undertook a wide range of additional photographic activities under Waterhouse's direction, including the copying of the sketches made by Edward Law Durand in the course of his work with the Afghan Boundary Commission of 1884-87, the producing of presentation albums for the Viceroy relating to the Gilgit Mission of 1888 and the reproduction of photographs made by the Archaeological Survey of India.

In his later career, Waterhouse was president of the Asiatic Society of Bengal and chairman of the Indian Museum, as well as president of the Photographic Society of India and the Royal Photographic Society.^[4]

References

1. British Library, India Office Records, Cadet Papers, IOR/L/MIL/9/242 ff.65-74.
2. James Waterhouse, Thirty-seven years of photographic work in India, in Camera obscura: revue internationale pour la photographie paraissant touse les mois en 4 langues, Amsterdam, 1899-1901, vol. 1, no. 8 (1900), pp.594-95. For a complete transcript of Waterhouse's series of articles in this journal, see John Falconer et al, The Waterhouse Albums (Mapin Publishing, Ahmadabad, 2009).
3. For Waterhouse's own account of his photographic work in Central India, see Narrative of my tour in Malwa whilst engaged in photographing the tribes of Central India, British Library, India Office Records, Government of India Foreign Department Consultations (General Proceedings), no. 22 (July 1863), pp.34-37, IOR/P/205/14.
4. "WATERHOUSE, Maj.-Gen. James", Who Was Who (online edition, 2007)