Joan I of Navarre

Joan I
Drawing of Joan I
Queen of Navarre; Countess of Champagne
Reign	1274–1305
Predecessor	Henry I
Successor	Louis I
Queen consort of France
Reign	1285–1305
Born	14 January 1273 Bar-sur-Seine, France
Died	2 April 1305 (aged 32) Château de Vincennes, France
Spouse	Philip IV of France
Issue more…	Louis X of France Philip V of France Charles IV of France Isabella, Queen of England
House	Blois
Father	Henry I of Navarre
Mother	Blanche of Artois
Religion	Roman Catholicism

Joan I (14 January 1273 – 31 March/2 April 1305),^[1] (Basque: Joana I.a Nafarroakoa) the daughter of King Henry I of Navarre and Blanche of Artois, reigned as queen regnant of Navarre and also served as queen consort to Philip IV of France.

Life

Joan was born in Bar-sur-Seine, Champagne on 14 January 1273 as a princess of the House of Blois.^[2] The following year, upon the death of her father, she became Countess of Champagne and queen regnant of Navarre.^[3] Her mother, Blanche, was her guardian and regent in Navarre. Various powers, both foreign and Navarrese, sought to take advantage of the minority of the heiress and the "weakness" of the female regent, which caused Joan and her mother to seek protection at the court of Philip III of France. Her mother arrived in France in 1274, and by the Treaty of Orléans in 1275, Joan was betrothed to one of Philip's sons (Louis or Philip).^[4] Blanche therefore placed her daughter and the government of Navarre under the protection of the King of France. After this, Joan was brought up with Philip. It is, in fact, uncertain whether she ever resided in Navarre during her childhood.^[2]

Queen of France

At the age of 11, Joan married the future Philip IV of France on 16 August 1284, becoming queen consort of France in 1285 a year later. Their three surviving sons would all rule as kings of France, in turn, and their only surviving daughter, Isabella became queen consort of England.

Joan was described as having been plump and plain, whereas her beautiful daughter Isabella resembled her father more in physical appearance. As regards her character, Joan was bold, courageous, and enterprising.

Joan was described as a success in her role of Queen of France: she secured the succession, she was an efficient mistress of the royal court, a dignified first lady and had a very good relationship with the King. Having grown up together, the couple was evidently close to each other and Philip is reported to have loved and respected her deeply.^[5] His emotional dependence on her is suggested as a reason to why she never visited Navarre. In 1294, Philip appointed her regent of France should his son succeed him being still a minor.^[6] However, he is not believed to have entrusted her with influence over the affairs of France, unless they concerned her own domains Navarre and Champagne.^[6]

Queen Joan founded the famous College of Navarre in Paris in 1305.

Queen of Navarre and Countess of Champagne

Funeral of Queen Joan I

Queen Joan I of Navarre and countess of Champagne and Brie was declared to be of legal majority upon her marriage in 1284, and did homage for Champagne and Brie to her father-in-law in Paris.^[7]

Joan never visited the Kingdom of Navarre, which was ruled in her name by French governors appointed first by her father-in-law and then by her spouse in her name.^[2] The French governors were extremely unpopular in Navarre and her absence from the country was resented:^[8] however, it was the French who were blamed for her absence rather than her, and the loyalty to her right to rule was not questioned; rather, it was emphasized in Navarre that it was in fact she rather than the French who was their sovereign. From afar, edicts were issued in her name, coins struck in her image,^[8] and she gave her protection to chapels and convents. She never came closer to Navarre than to Carcasonne in 1300, and her spouse was somewhat blamed for this.^[5]

Joan was much more directly active as countess of Champagne. While being a county rather than a kingdom, Champagne was much richer and more strategically important. Philip IV appointed her administrators, however, Joan visited Champagne regularly and are recorded to have participated in all duties of a ruling vassal and is not regarded to have been passive but an active independent ruler in this domain. In 1297, she raised and led an army against the Count of Bar when he rebelled against her by invading Champagne.^[9] This was explicitly in the absence of her spouse, and she personally brought the count to prison before she joined her spouse.^[9] She also personally acted in her process against Bishop Guichard of Troyes, whom she accused of having stolen funds from Champagne and her mother by fraud.^[9]

Joan died in 1305, allegedly in childbirth, though one chronicler accused her husband of having killed her. Her personal physician was the inventor Guido da Vigevano.

Issue

With Philip IV of France:

1. Margaret (1288 – c. 1294)
2. Louis X of France, King Louis I of Navarre from 1305, France from 1314 (October 1289 – 5 June 1316)
3. Blanche (1290 – c. 1294)
4. Philip V of France and Navarre (as Philip II) (1292/93 – 3 January 1322)
5. Charles IV of France and Navarre (as Charles I) (c. 1294 – 1 February 1328)
6. Isabella (c. 1295 – 23 August 1358), married Edward II of England
7. Robert (1297 – July 1308)

Ancestry

Ancestors of Joan I of Navarre

16. Henry I, Count of Champagne               8. Theobald III, Count of Champagne                       17. Marie of France, Countess of Champagne               4. Theobald I of Navarre                             18. Sancho VI of Navarre               9. Blanche of Navarre                       19. Sancha of Castile               2. Henry I of Navarre                                   20. Guy II of Dampierre               10. Archambaud VIII of Bourbon                       21. Matilda of Bourbon               5. Margaret of Bourbon                             22. Guy III, Count of Forez               11. Guigone of Forez                       23. Adelasia               1. Joan I of Navarre                                         24. Philip II of France               12. Louis VIII of France                       25. Isabelle of Hainaut               6. Robert I of Artois                             26. Alfonso VIII of Castile               13. Blanche of Castile                       27. Eleanor of England               3. Blanche of Artois                                   28. Henry I, Duke of Brabant               14. Henry II, Duke of Brabant                       29. Matilda of Flanders, Duchess of BrabantMatilda of Flanders               7. Matilda of Brabant                             30. Philip of Swabia               15. Marie of Hohenstaufen                       31. Irene Angelina

Notes

1. An annotated index of medieval women. Markus Wiener Publishers. 1992. Retrieved 2010-03-25.
2. Woodacre 2013, p. 39.
3. Woodacre 2013, p. 25.
4. Woodacre 2013, p. 29.
5. Woodacre 2013, p. 42.
6. Woodacre 2013, p. 43.
7. Woodacre 2013, p. 35-36.
8. Woodacre 2013, p. 40.
9. Woodacre 2013, p. 37.

References

• Woodacre, Elena (2013). The Queens Regnant of Navarre: Succession, Politics, and Partnership, 1274-1512. Palgrave Macmillan.