Johannes Hassebroek
Johannes Hassebroek (11 July 1910 in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt – 17 April 1977 in Westerstede) was a German SS officer of the Death's Head Units responsible for the Nazi concentration camps guardianship. He became a concentration camp commandant with the rank of Major (Sturmbannführer).
Early years
Hassebroek was the son of prison guard who had joined the Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten after his service in the First World War. He encouraged his son to become involved in right-wing politics and enrolled him in the conservative Bismarckbund youth movement.[1] The young Hassebroek also attempted to enrol in the army but was rejected, due largely to the reduction in size ordered by the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, and as such he was apprenticed to a factory instead.[1]
Nazi Party involvement
Hassebroek initially continued as a member of the Bismarckbund before switching to the Sturmabteilung as a 19-year-old, joining the Nazi Party the following year (#256,527).[1] He lost his job in 1931 and spent three years unemployed, during which time his faith in Nazism was strengthened.[2] During this time he was a regular in the SA street fights against Communist Party supporters whilst also serving as a volunteer counsellor with the Hitler Youth.[2] The party found him a job with the Saxon Fishermen's Association in 1934 although this ended when their offices moved to Berlin leaving Hassebroek unemployed again.[2]
The SS
In June 1934 he left the SA to join the SS (#107,426) instead under the advice of a friend who told him that SS membership would help him get into the police.[2] He was put to work in an administrative role with little hope of promotion after SS psychologists deemed him too compliable and weak-willed for officer material.[3] However he appealed the decision and was allowed to enter the officer training scheme at Braunschweig. Initially he failed but following another appeal was given a second chance and at 26 passed the course and was given a trial run as an SS officer.[3]
His first assignment was as a member of the SS-Death's Head Units stationed at the concentration camp at Esterwegen.[3] Reports from his superiors at the time still criticised his lack of a forceful personality although they also indicated an improvement.[4] When Esterwegen was closed in 1936 he was transferred to a unit near Sachsenhausen concentration camp before being sent for Wehrmacht training and was sent to the front when the Second World War broke out.[4] However he remained an SS man, being attached to Theodor Eicke's 3rd SS Division Totenkopf rather than the regular army.[5] Hassebroek's reports improved significantly whilst he was at war and in 1942 he was promoted to Hauptsturmführer, his first promotion.[4]
Concentration camp commandant
Hassebroek fell ill in the summer of 1942 before suffering a right leg wound, resulting in long spells in military hospitals in Riga, Munich and Berlin.[6] Whilst at the latter facility he met Richard Glücks, who had overall charge of the concentration camps, and he soon requested that Hassebroek be sent to his units.[6] Returning to Sachsenhausen in August 1942 he remained there until October 1943 when he was given command of Gross-Rosen concentration camp in succession to Wilhelm Gideon.[6] The camp that Hassebroek took over had only 3000 inmates but it grew rapidly in size under his command and by the time it was closed had as many as 80,000.[6] By late 1944 Hassebroek, who had been promoted to Major (Sturmbannführer) in the interim, also had responsibility for thirteen sub-camps set up to deal with the severe overcrowding in Gross-Rosen.[7] It was estimated that as many as 100,000 people had died at the camp during Hassebroek's time in charge.[6] For his part Hassebroek was adjudged a success in his new role, with Glücks reporting that he "exudes self-confidence and toughness" near the end of the war.[6]
Later years
Hassebroek was initially arrested by Czechoslovakians before ultimately passing into the hands of the British Army who put him on trial.[8] Initially sentenced to death, this was quickly commuted to life imprisonment and finally fifteen years, with him being released from prison in 1954.[8] He settled in Braunschweig where he worked as a sales agent until 1967 when he was arrested under German law for his involvement in the camps.[8] He was accused of being personally responsible for the killings of nine Jews and three other inmates at Gross Rosen, in part because of evidence arising from the testimonies given by Oskar Schindler earlier in the decade.[9] In the case that followed he was acquitted firstly by the Braunschweig court and then again, following an appeal by the prosecution, by the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany.[10] He continued to be under investigation until his death in 1977.[9]
Up to death in 1977 Hassebroek remained nostalgic for his SS days, commenting to Israeli historian Tom Segev that "our service was an overwhelming emotional experience of enormous strength. We believed not only in the same values and ideals - we believed in each other".[6] He also claimed that he had no involvement in killings, arguing "all I know about the atrocities at Gross Rosen I learnt during the trials against me."[11]
References
- 1 2 3 Tom Segev, Soldiers of Evil, Berkley Books, 1991, p. 179
- 1 2 3 4 Segev, Soldiers of Evil, p. 180
- 1 2 3 Segev, Soldiers of Evil, p. 181
- 1 2 3 Segev, Soldiers of Evil, p. 182
- ↑ Segev, Soldiers of Evil, p. 72
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Segev, Soldiers of Evil, p. 183
- ↑ David Cesarani, Sarah Kavanaugh, Holocaust: The End of the "Final Solution" and its Aftermaths, Routledge, 2004, p. 65
- 1 2 3 Segev, Soldiers of Evil, p. 184
- 1 2 David Crowe, Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account of His Life, Wartime Activities, and the True Story Behind the List, Basic Books, 2007, p. 564
- ↑ Segev, Soldiers of Evil, p. 185
- ↑ Segev, Soldiers of Evil, p. 19