John Barker (diplomat)

John Barker
Consul of the Levant Company in Aleppo
In office 1799–1825
Monarch	George III George IV
Preceded by	Robert Abbott
Succeeded by	Nathaniel William Worry
British Consul in Alexandria
In office 1826–1829
Monarch	George IV
Preceded by	Peter Lee
Succeeded by	?
British Consul-General in Egypt
In office 1829–1833
Monarch	George IV William IV
Preceded by	Henry Salt
Succeeded by	Patrick Campbell
Personal details
Born	9 March 1771 Smyrna, Ottoman Empire
Died	5 October 1849 (aged 78) Suedia, Ottoman Syria
Nationality	British
Spouse(s)	Marianne Hays
Children	Three sons Two daughters
Occupation	Horticulturist
Profession	Diplomat

John Barker (9 March 1771 – 5 October 1849) was an English diplomat and horticulturist.

Diplomatic career

Born in Smyrna (present-day İzmir) on 9 March 1771, Barker was educated in England. In 1797, he went to Constantinople where he became private secretary to Sir John Spencer Smith, the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire.^[1]

Barker was Consul of the Levant Company in Aleppo maybe as early as 1799, but certainly from 1803. He seems to have remained in post until 1825, not least because there is no evidence of a replacement. He had an annual salary of £1,200,^[2] the equivalent of £106,326 in present-day terms.^[3] He had to flee from Aleppo in 1807 due to the rupture between the United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire. He remained in hiding and rendered important services to the East India Company. He returned to Aleppo after the signing of the 1809 peace treaty between the two countries. Barker stayed in Aleppo until 1825.^[1] Upon his departure, the Aleppo consulship remained vacant for nearly a decade, until Nathaniel William Werry was appointed to the post in 1835.^[4][5]

On 28 June 1826, Barker was appointed British consul in Alexandria, Egypt.^[6] Following the death of Henry Salt in 1827, Barker acted as consul-general in Egypt.^[7] He was formally appointed to the position on 30 June 1829.^[8] Barker proved himself unreliable during the first stages of the crisis between Western powers and Muhammad Ali Pasha, the viceroy of Egypt who was pursuing an expansionist policy at that time. As a result, British Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston replaced him as consul with a commissioned officer, Colonel Patrick Campbell.^[9] Barker retired in 1833. In the same year, his collection of antiquities was sold anonymously by Sotheby's. Barker had been a fervent collector of antiquities, and his collection comprised 258 lots. The British Museum and John Lee were the principal buyers.^[7]

Interest in horticulture

Barker spent his retirement years in Suedia (ancient Seleucia Pieria), on the banks of the Orontes River, near the city of Antioch. He built a spacious house for himself in Suedia, and planted fruit trees. The native inhabitants, both Muslim and Christian, loved and respected him and his family.^[10] Barker was especially interested in the peach, the nectarine and the apricot. For many years, he sent agents as far away as Bukhara, Samarkand and Kandahar to get him scions of the best fruit-producing trees.^[11] Thanks to his botanical garden, he introduced many oriental plants and trees to England and Western plants and trees to Syria.^[12] The famous "Stanwick nectarine" was introduced by Barker to the United Kingdom through the assistance of the Duke of Northumberland.^[11]

Barker helped improve the culture of cotton and silk in Syria. He also introduced vaccination to the Middle East.^[12] When an outbreak of cholera occurred in the north of Syria in 1848, a remedy was discovered by which many persons were cured even in the advanced stages of the disease. Barker verified the efficiency of the remedy by personal observation, and once he was satisfied with the result, he went to great lengths to spread the knowledge of what he deemed an important discovery to the whole world. Despite the fact that he was officially retired, Barker did not totally disengage himself from active politics and public life. During the 1835 Euphrates expedition, for instance, he forwarded the objects of the expedition and received with considerable hospitality Colonel Chesney and his men.^[11]

Family

Barker's family came from the small market town of Bakewell in Derbyshire, England.^[11] His father was William Barker, merchant, a Member of the Levant Company, based in Smyrna.^[13] On 15 June 1800, Barker married Marianne Hays, the only surviving child of David Hays, a former consul in Aleppo. Marianne's stepfather Robert Abbott—her mother's second husband—had succeeded her father as consul in Aleppo. Following his death in 1797, Marianne's mother had carried on the consular business during two years, until Barker arrived as consul in 1799.^[14] Barker and his wife Marianne had three sons and two daughters, all of whom possessed a great facility for acquiring languages, and became proficient Orientalists. The most famous of Barker's five children was his son William Burckhardt (c. 1810 – 1856), who was born in Aleppo during his father's consulship.^[11]

References

General

• Grant, Arthur H.; rev. Lynn Milne (September 2004). "John Barker" (subscription required). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1405. Retrieved 5 July 2009.

Specific

1. Dawson, Warren Royal; Uphill, Eric Parrington (1972). Who Was Who in Egyptology (2nd ed.). London: Egypt Exploration Society. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-85698-031-2. OCLC 3241760. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
2. Wood, Alfred Cecil (1964) [First published 1935]. A History of the Levant Company. Routledge. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-7146-1384-0.
3. UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from Gregory Clark (2016), "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" MeasuringWorth.
4. Foreign Office (1953). The Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Year Book. London: Harrison. p. 589. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
5. Colin Wilson (2011). List of British Consular Officials in the Ottoman Empire and its former territories, from the sixteenth century to about 1860 (PDF). Retrieved 19 June 2014.
6. The London Gazette: no. 18264. pp. 1647–1648. 4 July 1826. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
7. Egypt Exploration Fund (1949). "Volumes 35–38" (snippet view). The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. Egypt Exploration Society: 161. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
8. The London Gazette: no. 18589. p. 1213. 30 June 1829. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
9. Jones, Raymond A. (1983). The British Diplomatic Service, 1815–1914. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-88920-124-8. OCLC 9912001. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
10. Burke, Edmund (1850). "Appendix to Chronicle: Deaths". The Annual Register of World Events: A Review of the Year. 91: 272. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
11. Barker, William Burckhardt (1853). Ainsworth, William, ed. Lares and penates, or, Cilicia and its governors. London: Ingram, Cooke, and Co. pp. 1–4. OCLC 368496977. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
12. Arnold-Baker, Charles (2001) [1996]. The Companion to British History (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-415-18583-7. OCLC 44914284. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
13. Register of Births & Christenings at the English Factory of Smyrna.
14. Barker, John (2005) [1876]. Syria and Egypt under the Last Five Sultans of Turkey. Elibron Classics. Vol. I. Adamant Media Corporation. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-1-4021-8785-8. Retrieved 26 February 2010.