Judges of the Permanent Court of International Justice

The Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands, home to the Permanent Court of International Justice

The Permanent Court of International Justice was an international court attached to the League of Nations. The Court initially consisted of 11 judges and 4 deputy judges, recommended by member states of the League of Nations to the Secretary General of the League of Nations, who would put them before the Council and Assembly for election. The Council and Assembly were to bear in mind that the elected panel of judges was to represent every major legal tradition in the League, along with "every major civilization". Each member state was allowed to recommend 4 potential judges, with a maximum of 2 from its own nation. Judges were elected by a straight majority vote, held independently in the Council and Assembly.[1] The judges served for a period of nine years, with their term limits all expiring at the same time, necessitating a completely new set of elections.[2] The judges were independent and rid themselves of their nationality for the purposes of hearing cases, owing allegiance to no individual member state, although it was forbidden to have more than one judge from the same state. As a sign of their independence from national ties, judges were given full diplomatic immunity when engaged in Court business The only requirements for a judge were "high moral character" and that they have "the qualifications required in their respective countries [for] the highest judicial offices" or be "jurisconsults of recognized competence in international law".[3]

The first panel was elected on 14 September 1921, with Deputy Judges elected 2 days later.[4] In 1930 the number of judges was increased to 15 and a second set of elections were held on 25 September.[5] Judges continued to hold their posts, despite the Court not sitting for most of the 1940s due to the Second World War, until they resigned en masse in October 1945.[6] Judges were paid 15,000 Dutch florins a year, with daily expenses of 50 florins to pay for living expenses, and an additional 45,000 florins for the President, who was required to live at The Hague. Travelling expenses were also provided, and a "duty allowance" of 100 florins was provided when the court was sitting, with 150 for the Vice-President. This duty allowance was limited to 20,000 florins a year for the judges and 30,000 florins for the Vice-President; as such, it provided for 200 days of court hearings, with no allowance provided if the court sat for longer. The deputy judges received no salary, but when called up for service were provided with travel expenses, 50 florins a day for living expenses and 150 florins a day as a duty allowance.[7]

List of Judges

Nationality Name Term as a Judge Other roles Reason for termination Notes
JapanAdachi, MineichirōMineichirō Adachi15 January 1931 — 28 December 1934President 1931-1933Died[8]
SpainAltamira y Crevea, RafaelRafael Altamira y CreveaJanuary 1922 — October 1945 Court resigned en masse [8]
ItalyAnzilotti, DionisioDionisio AnzilottiJanuary 1922 — October 1945President 1928 — 1930Court resigned en masse [8]
BrazilBarbosa, RuyRuy BarbosaJanuary 1922 — 1 March 1923 Died
CubaBustamante y Sirven, Antonio Sánchez deAntonio Sánchez de Bustamante y SirvenJanuary 1922 — October 1945 Court resigned en masse [8]
ChinaCh'ung-hui, WangWang Ch'ung-hui15 January 1931 — 15 January 1936 Resigned [8]
FinlandErich, RafaelRafael Erich26 September 1938 — October 1945 Court resigned en masse
NetherlandsEysinga, Willem vanWillem van Eysinga15 January 1931 — October 1945 Court resigned en masse[8]
United KingdomFinlay, RobertRobert FinlayJanuary 1922 — 9 March 1929 Died
FranceFromageot, HenriHenri Fromageot19 September 1929 — October 1945 Court resigned en masse [8]
El SalvadorGuerrero, José GustavoJosé Gustavo Guerrero15 January 1931 — October 1945Vice President 1931-1936, President 1936-1946Court resigned en masse[8]
SwedenHammarskjöld, ÅkeÅke Hammarskjöld8 October 1936 — 7 July 1937 Died[8]
SwitzerlandHuber, MaxMax HuberJanuary 1922 — 6 December 1930 President 1925-1927, Vice President 1928-1931Not re-elected
United StatesHudson, Manley OttmerManley Ottmer Hudson8 October 1931 — October 1945 Court resigned en masse
United StatesHughes, Charles EvansCharles Evans Hughes8 September 1928 — 15 February 1930 Resigned [9]
United KingdomHurst, CecilCecil Hurst19 September 1929 — October 1945President 1934-1936, Vice President 1936-1946Court resigned en masse[8]
United StatesKellogg, Frank B.Frank B. Kellogg25 September 1930 — 9 September 1935 Resigned [10]
NetherlandsLoder, BernardBernard LoderJanuary 1922 — 6 December 1930President 1922-1924Not re-elected
United StatesMoore, John BassettJohn Bassett MooreJanuary 1922 — 11 April 1928Resigned
JapanNagaoka, HarukazuHarukazu Nagaoka17 September 1935 — 15 January 1942Resigned
RomaniaNeglulesco, DemetreDemetre Neglulesco15 January 1931 — October 1945 Court resigned en masse[8]
DenmarkNyholm, DidrikDidrik NyholmJanuary 1922 — 6 December 1930Not re-elected
JapanOda, YorozuYorozu OdaJanuary 1922 — 6 December 1930 Not re-elected
BelgiumRolin-Jaequemyns, EdouardEdouard Rolin-Jaequemyns15 January 1931 — 11 July 1936 Died[8]
PolandRostworowski, Michał JanMichał Jan Rostworowski15 January 1931 — 24 March 1940 Died[8]
GermanySchücking, WaltherWalther Schücking15 January 1931 — 25 August 1935 Died [8]
BrazilSilva Pessoa, Epitácio daEpitácio da Silva Pessoa10 September 1923 — 6 December 1930 Not re-elected
ChinaTien-Hsi, ChengCheng Tien-Hsi8 October 1936 — October 1945 Court resigned en masse
ColombiaUrrutia, Francisco JoséFrancisco José Urrutia15 January 1931 — 9 January 1942 Resigned[8]
BelgiumVisscher, Charles DeCharles De Visscher27 May 1937 — October 1945 Court resigned en masse
FranceWeiss, Charles AndreCharles Andre WeissJanuary 1922 — 31 August 1928Vice President 1922-1928Died

List of Deputy Judges

Nationality Name Term as a Deputy Judge Reason for termination Notes
NorwayBeichmann, FrederikFrederik Beichmann30 January 1920 — 6 December 1930Not re-elected[11]
ChinaCh'ung-hui, WangWang Ch'ung-hui30 January 1920 — 6 December 1930Not re-elected[11]
FinlandErich, RafaelRafael Erich15 January 1931 — 1 February 1936Post abolished[8]
PortugalMatta, Jose Caeiro daJose Caeiro da Matta15 January 1931 — 1 February 1936Post abolished[8]
RomaniaNegulesco, DemetreDemetre Negulesco30 January 1920 — 6 December 1930Not re-elected[11]
YugoslaviaNovaković, MiletaMileta Novaković15 January 1931 — 1 February 1936Post abolished[8]
Austria Redlich, JosefJosef Redlich15 January 1931 — 1 February 1936Post abolished[8]
YugoslaviaJovanović, MihajloMihajlo Jovanović30 January 1920 — 6 December 1930Not re-elected[11]

References

General References

Specific References

  1. ↑ Scott (1921) p.556
  2. ↑ Hudson (1930) p.719
  3. ↑ Moore (1922) p.504
  4. ↑ Scott (1921) p.557
  5. ↑ Hudson (1931) p.23
  6. ↑ Hudson (1957) p.569
  7. ↑ Moore (1922) p.506
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Hudson (1931) p.23
  9. ↑ Hudson (1931) p.21
  10. ↑ Hudson (1931) p.22
  11. 1 2 3 4 Scott (1921) p.558

Bibliography

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