Juku
Gakushū juku (Japanese: 学習塾; see cram school) are special private schools (primarily in Japan) that offer lessons conducted after regular school hours, on weekends, and during school vacations.
History
Juku attendance rose from the 1970s through the mid-1980s; participation rates increased at every grade level throughout the compulsory education years. This phenomenon is a source of great concern to the Ministry, which issued directives to the regular schools that it hoped would reduce the need for after-school lessons, but these directives have had little practical effect. Some juku even have branches in the United States and other countries to help children living abroad catch up with students in Japan.
While new media have been introduced into juku as instructional and delivery methods, traditional teaching is increasingly shifting to individual tutoring. This shift is partly a response by the supplementary education industry to declining numbers of children and the threat this decline poses to their industry.
Structure and curriculum
There are two types of juku, academic and nonacademic.
Academic juku
Academic juku can be roughly divided into five categories. Locally based middle- or small-sized cram schools [1]
- 1. Schools for salvaging dropouts or children who avoid regular school (free schools, etc.) [1]
- 2. Franchising cram schools [1]
- 3. Other miscellaneous types of cram schools [1]
As of 2011, almost one in five children in their first year of primary school attend after-class instruction, rising to nearly all university-bound high schoolers.[2] The fees are around ¥260,000 ($3,300) annually.[2]
Academic juku offer instruction in the five required subjects: mathematics, Japanese language, science, English and social studies.[3] They are best known and most widely publicized for their role as "cram schools", where children (sent by concerned parents) can study to improve scores on upper-secondary school entrance examinations. However, as seen above, there are also juku that exist to provide supplementary education, whether remedial courses to help children falling behind in their studies, refresher courses to explain material in further detail, or courses that cover material on a higher level and thus appeal to those children bored by the standardized class structure.[4]
Nonacademic juku
Many other children, particularly younger children, attend nonacademic juku for piano lessons, art instruction, swimming, and abacus (soroban) lessons.
Social influence
Juku also play a social role, and children in Japan say they like going to juku because they are able to make new friends. Many children ask to be sent because their friends attend. Some children seem to like juku because of the closer personal contact they have with their teachers and, for students in crowded spaces like Tokyo in particular,[2] the relief jukus can provide from small homes, family, television, Internet, and other distractions.[2]
To some observers, juku represent an attempt by parents to exercise a meaningful measure of choice in Japanese education, particularly for children attending public schools.
Controversy
Criticism
Because of the commercial nature of most juku, some critics argue that they have profit rather than education at heart. Shares in 5 juku chains are traded publicly, and 25 others were as of 1992 ready to issue stock as well.[4]
Not all students can afford to attend juku; however, school and university test scores rise in direct proportion to spending on juku.[2] The average fee is $160 a month for elementary school and $175 a month for junior high school, but the best ones are several times that amount.[4] Japan spent $10.9 billion on tutoring and cram schools in 1991 alone,[4] including $9 billion on juku for students in the ninth grade or below[4] "-- almost double the figure spent [in 1985]."[4] With poor students therefore at risk of falling behind, the social and economic inequality in what had been a relatively egalitarian approach to education, at least in public schools through ninth grade, is why Japan's powerful teachers' union does not support the juku institution.[2]
In response to these accusations, "juku teachers and administrators say that since their schools are profit-making enterprises, they have to guarantee results to succeed. The results are easy to measure since they depend on how many graduates pass the examinations for private school. The profit motive, in other words, provides an incentive to create an atmosphere in which students want to learn."[4]
"The rise of juku is praised as a secret of Japanese success, a healthy reflection of a system of advancement based on merit. It is also criticized as forcing a new generation to surrender its childhood out of an obsession with status and getting ahead. 'Juku are harmful to Japanese education and to children,' said Ikuo Amano, professor of sociology at the University of Tokyo. 'It's not healthy for kids to have so little free time. It is not healthy to become completely caught up in competition and status at such a young age.'"[4]
For some, "the schools are also seen as reinforcing a tradition of rote learning over ingenuity."[2]
Merits
However, in many ways, juku compensate for the formal education system's inability or unwillingness to address particular individual problems. "In a 2008 government survey, two-thirds of parents attributed the growing role of juku to shortcomings in public education,"[2] such as the abolition of Saturday schooling (which therefore reduces the number of hours available to cover course material) and the reduction of curricular content. (see Yutori education) Juku also offer a more personalized service[2] "and many encourage individual inquisitiveness when the public system treats everyone alike. 'The juku are succeeding in ways that the schools are not,' an OECD report says." [2]
Alternatives
Students who do not attend juku, although at greater risk of being left behind, have at their disposal other avenues of assistance.
For example, self-study literature and supplemental texts and study guides, some produced by publishing houses associated with juku, are widely available commercially. Most of these items are moderately priced. A correspondence course of the Upper-Secondary School of the Air is broadcast almost daily on NHK educational radio and television channels. These programs are free, but accompanying textbooks have to be bought. In addition, about 1% of elementary school students and 7.3% of lower-secondary school students take extra lessons at home with tutors.
See also
External links
References
- 1 2 3 4 "education-in-japan.info". Retrieved 9 April 2016.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Testing times". The Economist. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
- ↑ "中央教育審議会初等中等教育分科会教育課程部会教育課程企画特別部会（第２回）". Retrieved 9 April 2016.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "How Do Japan's Students Do It? They Cram". The New York Times. 27 April 1992. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
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