Juniperus scopulorum

Juniperus scopulorum
Juniperus scopulorum in North Dakota
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Pinales
Family: Cupressaceae
Genus: Juniperus
Species: J. scopulorum
Binomial name
Juniperus scopulorum
Sarg.
Natural range of Juniperus scopulorum

Juniperus scopulorum (Rocky Mountain juniper) is a species of juniper native to western North America, in Canada in British Columbia and southwest Alberta, in the United States from Washington east to North Dakota, south to Arizona and also locally western Texas, and northernmost Mexico from Sonora east to Coahuila. It grows at altitudes of 500–2,700 metres (1,600–8,900 ft) on dry soils, often together with other juniper species.[2][3][4][5] "Scopulorum" means "of the mountains.[6]

Foliage and cones

It is a small tree reaching 1.5-4.5 m (rarely to 6 m) tall, with a trunk up to 300 mm (rarely 600 mm) diameter. The shoots are slender, 0.7–1.2 millimetres (0.028–0.047 in) diameter. The leaves are arranged in opposite decussate pairs, or occasionally in whorls of three; the adult leaves are scale-like, 1–2 mm long (to 5 mm on lead shoots) and 1–1.5 millimetres (0.039–0.059 in) broad. The juvenile leaves (on young seedlings only) are needle-like, 5–10 mm long. The seed cones are berry-like, globose to bilobed, 6–9 millimetres (0.24–0.35 in) in diameter, dark blue with a pale blue-white waxy bloom, and contain two seeds (rarely one or three); they are mature in about 18 months. The pollen cones are 2–4 millimetres (0.079–0.157 in) long, and shed their pollen in early spring. It is dioecious, producing cones of only one sex on each tree.[2][3][5]

One particular individual, the Jardine Juniper in Utah, is thought to be over 1500 years old,[7] while a dead trunk found in New Mexico was found to have 1,888 rings; older trees in the same area are suspected to exceed 2,000 years.[4]

It is closely related to Juniperus virginiana, and often hybridizes with it where their ranges meet on the Great Plains. Hybrids with Juniperus horizontalis and Juniperus osteosperma also occur.

Isolated populations of junipers occurs close to sea level in the Puget Sound area in Washington Park near Anacortes and southwestern British Columbia in a park called Smugglers Cove. In both locales, there are a considerable number of young and old specimens. Previously included in J. scopulorum, it has recently been shown to be genetically distinct, and has been described as a new species Juniperus maritima. It is a cryptic species barely distinguishable on morphology, though it does differ in phenology, with the cones maturing in 14–16 months, and often has the tips of the seeds exposed at the cone apex.[8]

Uses

Some Plateau Indian tribes boiled an infusion from the leaves and inner bark to treat coughs and fevers. The cones were also sometimes boiled into a drink used as a laxative and to treat colds.[9]

Among many Native American cultures, the smoke of the burning cedar is used to drive away evil spirits prior to conducting a ceremony, such as a healing ceremony.[10]

The cultivar 'Skyrocket' is a very popular ornamental plant in gardens, grown for its very slender, strictly erect growth habit. Due to its disposition for a fungal disease, namely cedar apple rust, caused by Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae.[11] 'Skyrocket' is more and more replaced by the new cultivar Juniperus virginiana 'Blue Arrow'. Several other cultivars are also grown to a lesser extent.

It is also a popular collected tree for bonsai in the US.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Conifer Specialist Group (1998). "Juniperus scopulorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2006. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 12 May 2006.
  2. 1 2 Farjon, A. (2005). Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 1-84246-068-4
  3. 1 2 Adams, R. P. (2004). Junipers of the World. Trafford. ISBN 1-4120-4250-X
  4. 1 2 Gymnosperm Database: Juniperus scopulorum Retrieved January 1, 2008
  5. 1 2 Flora of North America: Juniperus scopulorum
  6. ↑ Great Basin Wildflowers, Laird R. Blackwell, p. 24
  7. ↑ Utahlink: Jardine Juniper
  8. ↑ Adams, R. P. (2007). "Juniperus maritima, the seaside juniper, a new species from Puget Sounds, North America" (PDF). Phytologia. pp. 263–283. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011.
  9. ↑ Hunn, Eugene S. (1990). Nch'i-Wana, "The Big River": Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land. University of Washington Press. p. 354. ISBN 0-295-97119-3.
  10. ↑ Lyon, William S. (1998). Encyclopedia of Native American Healing. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. p. 173. ISBN 0-393-31735-8.
  11. ↑ [http%3A%2F%2Fweb.aces.uiuc.edu%2Fvista%2Fpdf_pubs%2F802.pdf&ei=t-0rS_rQDISmnQP035zSCg&usg=AFQjCNFUnGDxh-pryWr9xz2zam0ZDIRqug]
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