Ko Ko Mo (I Love You So)

Not to be confused with Kokomo (song).

"Ko Ko Mo (I Love You So)" is a popular novelty song written in late 1954 by the Rhythm & Blues partnership of Forest Gene Wilson and Eunice Levy,[1] and also credited to Jake Porter. One of the earliest rock and roll songs,[2] it was probably "the most extensively recorded rock 'n' roll song of that time".[3]

Originally recorded by R&B duo Gene and Eunice (Wilson and Levy) in November 1954 on the Combo label and again in January 1955 on the Aladdin label, it was covered by at least 17 different musicians in the first few months of 1955 alone, including Perry Como, The Crew-Cuts, The Charms, Louis Armstrong and Gary Crosby, Goldie Hill & Red Sovine, Hawkshaw Hawkins and Rita Robbins, The Hutton Sisters (Marion Hutton and Betty Hutton), The Flamingos, Ronnie Aldrich and The Squads, Tito Rodríguez, Big Dave and His Orchestra, Marvin & Johnny, Barry Frank (with the Four Bells), Bill Darnell & Betty Clooney, Jack Cardwell with Jackie Hill, and The Dooley Sisters. Andy Griffith also recorded a satirical parody of the song.

The song spent 15 weeks in the Billboard charts from January to May 1955, and peaked at #3 in its Honor Roll of Hits in the week ending March 2, 1955.[4] The version by Perry Como, RCA's first rock 'n' roll release,[5] was the most successful,[3] reaching #2 on the Billboard charts in February 1955, while a version by The Crew-Cuts reached #6 on the Pop charts that same month.[6] Gene and Eunice's versions were on the charts for 7 weeks and reached #6 on the Billboard R&B charts.

History

Forrest Samuel Wilson, Jr. (born September 3, 1931 in San Antonio, Texas; died in July 24, 2003 in Las Vegas, Nevada) (known professionally as Gene Forrest) and Eunice Hazel Russ (known professionally as Eunice Levy) (born March 12, 1931 in Texarkana, Texas; died May 26, 2002),[7][8] who were romantically involved with one another (and later married) and known as "The Sweethearts of Rhythm & Blues",[9] wrote the song together by the Spring of 1954.[10] Classified as a rhythm and blues song, it featured Dave Bartholomew's much-used (or even over-used)[11] tresillo three-beat Caribbean or Latin riff,[12] and a habanera bassline.[2]

Gene and Eunice

Performing under the name Gene and Eunice, in the Fall of 1954 Forrest and Levy made the first recording of the song,[10] backed by Jonesy's Combo (which included saxophonist Brother William Woodman's band),[13][14] in the studio in the basement of veteran musician Jake Porter's home, and released in November 1954 on his Combo label (Combo 64) as their first single.[1][15] Late in 1954 The Billboard magazine reported: "Uptowners also digging the stellar treatment issued by newcomers Gene and Eunice and their Combo 'Ko-Ko-Mo' slicing".[16]

On the 78rpm version (Combo 64-A), the songwriting was credited to G. Forest and Porter (as V. Haver), with no credit given to Levy,[17] however the 45rpm version (Combo 45 64-A) credited Forrest (as F. Wilson), Porter, and Levy as the songwriters.[14] The song was copyrighted to Wilson, Porter, and Levy and the Meridian Music Corporation on January 10, 1955,[18] and reviewed positively in The Billboard magazine on January 15, 1955.[19] Played by influential pioneer rock and roll disc jockey Alan Freed on his program on 1010 WINS from New York City,[20][21] this version of the song "hit it big in New York and Chicago very quickly",[22] as well as in Cincinnati, Cleveland, Atlanta, and Los Angeles by mid-January 1955.[23]

However, in January 1955, Aladdin Records, which had Wilson on contract as a solo artist, claimed ownership of the team of Gene & Eunice, and had them record another version of the song[24] with Johnny Otis's band (billed as Johnny's Combo—perhaps as a slap at Combo Records) (Aladdin 3276).[25][26] While the songwriting was credited to Wilson, Porter and Levy,[14] Aladdin also claimed the publishing rights,[24] which Porter had only a few weeks earlier sold to the E.H. Morris Publishing Company for an advance of $5,000,[24][27] with the result that Forrest and Levy received very little of the songwriting royalties due them.[13] Aladdin released the re-cut version on January 17, 1955.[28] Aladdin, a much larger independent label than Combo, ran an ad in Billboard announcing: "Don't Be Fooled! This Is The Gene & Eunice Ko Ko Mo."[13] Combo Records responded on January 22, 1955, proclaiming: "This is it! The original Ko Ko Mo".[29]

The Combo and Aladdin singles, counted as one unit by Billboard's compilers,[13] entered the Billboard R&B charts in the week ending January 26, 1955,[30] and spent 7 weeks in the charts,[31] before it reached #7 in the week ending February 16, 1955,[32] before peaking at #6 on the R&B charts.[6][13]

Cover versions

Encouraged by findings of the US Federal Court in the A Little Bird Told Me case that permitted cover versions,[33] and fueled by advance rumors that the song was a likely hit,[26] by the middle of January 1955, cover versions had been recorded by Perry Como (RCA Victor 20-5994A) on January 4, 1955 in New York city;[34] The Crew-Cuts;[35][36] The Hutton Sisters (Marion Hutton and Betty Hutton) (Capitol 303); the Bill Darnel & Betty Clooney duo (X Records "X"-0087; 4X-0087);[37][38] and The Dooley Sisters (Tampa 100) that "broke lose in Pittsburgh".[39]

By the end of January 1955, there were also a jazz version by Louis Armstrong and Gary Crosby (Decca 29420),[40][41] that was recorded on January 18, 1955 in Los Angeles;[42] The Charms (De Luxe 6080).[43][44][45][46] a "vigorous country" version by Alabama disc jockey Jack Cardwell with Jackie Hill (King 1442),[47][48] that was recorded on January 20, 1955 at radio station WKAB in Mobile, Alabama; a country version by Goldie Hill & Red Sovine (Decca 29411); and a rockabilly/Western swing version by country singer Hawkshaw Hawkins with Rita Robbins (Victor 47-6022);[49]

However, pioneer rock and roll disc jockey Alan Freed refused to play the copycat 'cover' versions of R&B hits (including "Ko Ko Mo") which were rapidly being turned out by the major pop labels,[50] as he believed that they were imitative of the originals and that his audience quickly detected their lack of authenticity.[51] Other disc jockeys refused to play any R&B songs, including Marc Jennings, of WCMI in Huntington, West Virginia, who indicated in May 1955:

"Tunes like 'Kiss the Baby', 'Hearts of Stone', 'Ko Ko Mo' and 'Tweedle Dee' are products of the mass hysteria prevalent in our world today."[52]

Perry Como

"Ko Ko Mo (I Love You So)"
Single by Perry Como
Released 1955
Recorded 1955
Genre Big band, Traditional pop
Length 02:40
Label RCA Victor
Writer(s) Forest Gene Wilson, Jake Porter, Eunice Levy

The most popular and commercially successful version of Ko Ko Mo (I Love You So) was that of Perry Como,[3] "the quintessential white pop crooner of the 1950s",[53] who recorded his version at Webster Hall, New York on January 4, 1955,[54] as the first rock 'n' roll release on the RCA Victor label.[1] Shapiro and Pollock see Como's version as part of "the industry effort to whitewash the racy, raunchy music of rhythm and blues before anyone's daughter heard it".[55]

Como's version was reviewed positively in The Billboard magazine on January 15, 1955,[56] and promoted extensively in a two-page advertising spread in the same issue,[57][58] headlined as "DIG PERRY IN ACTION ON A GREAT 'ROCK-AND-ROLL' RECORD".[59] Como also performed the song on his television program "The Perry Como Chesterfield Show" in mid-January,[60] and again on February 18, 1955.

Entering the Billboard charts on February 5, 1955, eventually the song spent 14 weeks in the charts.[61] Como's version peaked on March 2, 1955, when it was ranked #2 onBillboard's Disc Jockey Chart, #5 on the Best Sellers in Stores chart, and #5 on the Juke Box Chart.[62] However, on March 2, 1955, Julius La Rosa sang the song with Joni James on Como's Perry Como Chesterfield Show on CBS due to Como's vacation. Como also performed the song on his NBC television program The Perry Como Show on October 29, 1955.[63] At the end of 1955, Como's version was ranked by Billboard Magazine as #22 on its Disc Jockey charts and #25 of the year's Top Tunes based on record sales.[64][65]

Como again performed the song on The Perry Como Show on April 28, 1956,[66] this time with Louis Armstrong,[67] who had previously covered the song with Gary Crosby in early 1955.

Despite its commercial success, Como's version is regarded by some critics as being one of his worst recordings, due to his reluctance to record the song, his apparent discomfort, an inane choral backing, and losing both the rhythm and meter of the song in the final chorus.[1] Albin Zak described Como's version as a "bizarre transformation emphasizing the novelty element to the point of Spike Jonesish parody."[68]

The Crew-Cuts

"Ko Ko Mo (I Love You So)"
Single by The Crew-Cuts
Released 1955
Recorded 1955
Genre Big band, Traditional pop, R&B, Doo-wop, Swing music
Length 02:40
Label Mercury records
Writer(s) Forest Gene Wilson, Jake Porter, Eunice Levy
The Crew-Cuts singles chronology
"Don't Be Angry"
(1955)		 "Ko Ko Mo"
(1955)		 "Chop Chop Boom"
(1955)

Canadian vocal quartet The Crew-Cuts' version of Ko Ko Mo was released by Mercury Records as catalog number 70529. After their version was reviewed positively in The Billboard magazine on January 15, 1955,[69] it entered the Billboard magazine charts on January 29, 1955, eventually spending 14 weeks in the there.[61] On the Disk Jockey chart, it peaked at #11; on the Best Seller chart, at #10; on the Juke Box chart, at #6.[70] The song was one side of a two-sided hit, with the flip side being "Earth Angel."

Defending against the criticism that they and other white artists were being "predatory" by "systematically pillaging the R&B charts" and recording cover versions of songs written by black musicians,[71][72] Crew-Cut member Rudi Maugeri responded:

"If we hadn't done "Don't Be Angry" or "Ko Ko Mo (I Love You So)" or "Earth Angel", these songs would not have helped black groups get their songs to the white masses. They helped us by writing good Material, and we helped them by doing their material and presenting it to white audiences."[73]

The Flamingos

In an attempt to capitalize on what he felt would be a hit record after hearing Gene and Eunice's Combo Records version in California in November 1954,[74] Chicago blues label Parrot Records owner Al Benson encouraged The Flamingos to record an up tempo version of the song on his label (Parrot 812).[75][76][77][78] Released in late January 1955, the single features Nate Nelson and Johnny Carterin unison on lead.[79] While it was played on the radio in various parts of the United States, it was never able to steal the thunder from the Gene and Eunice version.[80] This lack of commercial success precipitated their move to Chess Records' Checkers subsidiary later in 1955.[80]

In January 1959 Checker Records re-released The Flamingo's Parrot Records version as a single, and included it on their self-titled album the following month.[75] In 1961 The Flamingos re-released a version of the song on End Records (End 1085).[81][82]

The Charms

On January 11, 1955,[43] The Charms recorded their version of the song on the De Luxe label (De Luxe 6080).[44][45][46] Seen as a cover of The Flamingo's cover,[75] their "attempt to hijack Gene And Eunice's 'Ko Ko Mo' in February 1955 failed, and saw the group return to writing originals."[83] Alan Freed's refusal to play cover records at the time (really directed at White pop covers); nonetheless had the effect of shutting out The Charms.[84] Despite reaching #7 in the New Orleans R&B charts by mid-February,[85] their version was withdrawn from sale by the end of February 1955.[43]

Other versions

By the end of February 1955, there was also a mambo version of Ko Ko Mo (I Love You So) by Tito Rodríguez(Victor 47-5998);[86] Additionally, Andy Griffith (Capitol 3057) had satirized the song in which he described the love affair of a lady wrestler and a referee.[87] Griffith's version was still in the top 10 of the Capitol Records on the Pop charts on April 30, 1955.[88]

By March 19, 1955, at least another two versions were released:[49] including those by Marvin & Johnny (Modern 949); and Barry Frank (with the Four Bells) (Bell Records).

On April 18, 1955, Life magazine, in discussing the emergence of rock 'n roll music and the ensuing controversy, mentioned Ko Ko Mo in the article as representative of the new songs that were dominating the juke boxes.[89] On April 24, 1955 Mitch Miller defended "Ko Ko Mo (I Love You So)" in an article in The New York Times entitled "June, Moon and Swoon and Ko Ko Mo".[90]

In 1955 rockabilly duo The Collins Kids performed the song on Tex Ritter's Town Hall Ranch Party television program.[91] Jamaican / British vocal groupThe Southlanders performed the song on BBC television program In Town Tonight on October 15, 1955.[92]

In 1957 professional baseball player Arthur Lee Maye & Mel Williams recorded the song on Johnny Otis' Dig Records,[93] however it was not released until 2000, when it was included on Johnny Otis Rock 'N Roll Hit Parade (ACE CDCHD 774). In August 1959 Joe Houston released "a rocking arrangement" of the song that featured horns (Combo 157),[94] and a "deliriously fractured doo-wop harmony over a loping rhumba pattern".[95]

In 1960 Sam Butera & The Witnesses released their version of the song on Dot Records.[96] By September 1961 The Four Amigos (Jose Vadis, Miguel Alcaildes, German Salinas, and Pedro Berrios),[97][98] "a lively Puerto Rican cross between the Four Preps and Kingston Trio",[99] released a Spanish-language version of the song on Capitol Records [Capitol ST 1617].[99]

In January 1965 The Righteous Brothers included the song on their Phil Spector produced fourth album You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin' (Philles Records PHLP-4007, LP-4007), and subsequently performed the song on the NBC television program Shindig! on March 10, 1965,[100] and again on September 18, 1965.[101] Also in 1965 New Jersey quartet The Valtairs (Harry Ray, Joe Gardner, Kenneth Short, and Gregory Henson) released the song as the flip side of "Moonlight in Vermont" on the Selsom Records label, but it failed to chart.[102]

Discography

Singles

Albums

Videography

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Malcolm Mcfarlane and Ken Crossland, Perry Como: A Biography and Complete Career Record (McFarland, 2009):97.
  2. 1 2 Larry Birnbaum, Before Elvis: The Prehistory of Rock 'n' Roll (Rowman & Littlefield, 2012):312.
  3. 1 2 3 Charlie Gillett, The Sound of the City: The Rise of Rock and Roll, rev. ed. (Pantheon Books, 1984):53.
  4. ↑ The Billboard(March 19, 1955):30.
  5. ↑ Malcolm Mcfarlane and Ken Crossland, Perry Como: A Biography and Complete Career Record (McFarland, 2009):96-97.
  6. 1 2 Jay Warner, American Singing Groups: A History from 1940 to Today (Hal Leonard Corporation, 2006):109.
  7. ↑ Texas Birth Index, 1903-1997. Texas: Texas Department of State Health Services. Microfiche.
  8. ↑ Russ had married a building contractor named Harold Levy. After her marriage to English record distributor Jack Frost, she was known as Eunice Levy Frost. See [www.geocities.ws/shakin_stacks/eunicelevy.txt] (March 9, 2003).
  9. ↑ Nick Talevski, Rock Obituaries- Knocking On Heaven's Door (Omnibus, 2010):368.
  10. 1 2
  11. ↑ Robert Palmer, An Unruly History of Rock & Roll (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995): 60.
  12. ↑ Rick Coleman, Blue Monday: Fats Domino and the Lost Dawn of Rock 'n' Roll (De Capo, 2007):125.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 "Gene & Eunice: This is My Story"
  14. 1 2 3 "Gene & Eunice Record Label Shots".
  15. ↑ The Billboard (January 15, 1955):33.
  16. ↑ Galen Gart, First Pressings: The History of Rhythm & Blues: Volume 4: 1954 (1954).
  17. ↑ "Gene & Eunice Record Label Shots",
  18. ↑ Library of Congress. Copyright Office, Catalog of Copyright Entries (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1956):125.
  19. ↑ "Reviews of New R&B Records", The Billboard (January 15, 1955).
  20. ↑ Michael Lydon, Ray Charles: Man and Music, Updated Commemorative Edition (Routledge, 2004):118.
  21. ↑ "ALAN FREED'S TOP 25" (February 12, 1955).
  22. ↑ Galen Gart, ed., First Pressings: Rock History as Chronicled in Billboard Magazine (Big Nickel Publications, 1990):6.
  23. ↑ The Billboard (January 15, 1955):60 and (January 22, 1955):43.
  24. 1 2 3 "Gene, Eunice's Aladdin Disk", The Billboard (January 29, 1955):22.
  25. ↑ Martin Popoff, Goldmine Standard Catalog of American Records 1948-1991 (Krause Publications, 2010):484.
  26. 1 2 Arnold Shaw, Honkers and Shouters: The Golden Years of Rhythm and Blues (Macmillan, 1978):234.
  27. ↑ The Billboard (January 15, 1955):38.
  28. ↑ David Edwards and Mike Callahan, "Philo/Aladdin Singles Discography" (April 17, 2007).
  29. ↑ The Billboard (January 22, 1955):43.
  30. ↑ The Billboard(February 12, 1955):56.
  31. ↑ Arnold Shaw,Honkers and Shouters: The Golden Years of Rhythm and Blues (Macmillan, 1978):234.
  32. ↑ The Billboard(February 26, 1955):56.
  33. ↑ Russell Sanjek, American Popular Music and Its Business: The First Four Hundred Years Volume III: From 1900 to 1984 (Oxford University Press, 1988):340.
  34. ↑ Ko-Ko-Mo ( I Love You So "Ko Ko Mo (I Love You So)")
  35. ↑ The Billboard (January 15, 1955):1, 33.
  36. 1 2 Jay Warner, American Singing Groups: A History from 1940 to Today (Hal Leonard Corporation, 2006):132-133.
  37. ↑ The Billboard (January 15, 1955):1, 42.
  38. ↑ The Billboard (February 12, 1955):23.
  39. ↑ The Billboard (January 15, 1955):38.
  40. ↑ The Billboard(February 12, 1955):46.
  41. ↑ Michel Ruppli, ed., The Decca Labels: A Discography. Vol. 1: The California Sessions(Greenwood Press, 1996):539.
  42. ↑ Michael Meckna, Satchmo: the Louis Armstrong Encyclopedia (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004):176.
  43. 1 2 3 Marv Goldberg,"Otis Williams & The Charms: Based on Interviews with Otis Williams" (2003; 2009).
  44. 1 2 The Billboard(February 12, 1955):32.
  45. 1 2 Jon Hartley Fox, King of the Queen City: The Story of King Records (University of Illinois Press, 2009):104.
  46. 1 2 3 Jay Warner, American Singing Groups: A History from 1940 to Today (Hal Leonard Corporation, 2006):109, 110.
  47. ↑ The Billboard(February 26, 1955):58.
  48. ↑ The Billboard(March 19, 1955):48.
  49. 1 2 The Billboard (March 19, 1955):30.
  50. ↑ Ian Whitcomb, After the Ball: Pop Music from Rag to Rock (Penguin Books, 1974):221.
  51. ↑ Henry T. Sampson, Swingin' on the Ether Waves: A Chronological History of African Americans in Radio and Television Programming, 1925-1955, Vol. 2 (Scarecrow Press, 2005):1144.
  52. ↑ "Vox Jox", The Billboard (May 14, 1955):44.
  53. ↑ Kenneth J. Bindas, America's Musical Pulse: Popular Music in Twentieth-century Society (Greenwood Press, 1992):272.
  54. ↑ "Ko Ko Mo (I Love You So)".
  55. ↑ Nat Shapiro and Bruce Pollock, Popular Music, 1920-1979: a Revised Cumulation, Vol. 1, 2nd ed. (Gale Research, 1985):49.
  56. ↑ "Talent Corner", The Billboard (January 15, 1955):46 and "Review Spotlight on Records", 54.
  57. ↑ "Ko Ko Mo Belongs to Como", The Billboard (January 15, 1955):44-45.
  58. ↑ Michael T. Bertrand, Race, rock, and Elvis (University of Illinois Press, 2000):76.
  59. ↑ Nick Tosches, Unsung Heroes of Rock 'n' Roll: The Birth of Rock 'n' Roll in the Wild Years Before Elvis, rev. ed. (Harmony Books, 1991):9.
  60. ↑ "This Week's Best Buys", The Billboard (January 22, 1955):30.
  61. 1 2 George Plasketes, Play it Again: Cover Songs in Popular Music (Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2010):66.
  62. ↑ The Billboard(March 19, 1955):34.
  63. ↑ Malcolm Mcfarlane and Ken Crossland, Perry Como: A Biography and Complete Career Record (McFarland, 2009):196, 198.
  64. ↑ The Billboard (December 31, 1955):29.
  65. ↑ The Billboard (January 7, 1956):20.
  66. ↑ Malcolm Mcfarlane and Ken Crossland, Perry Como: A Biography and Complete Career Record (McFarland, 2009):196, 198.
  67. ↑ Malcolm Mcfarlane and Ken Crossland, Perry Como: A Biography and Complete Career Record (McFarland, 2009):198.
  68. ↑ Albin Zak, I Don't Sound Like Nobody: Remaking Music in 1950s America(University of Michigan Press, 2010):138.
  69. ↑ "Talent Corner", The Billboard (January 15, 1955):46 and "Review Spotlight on Records", 54.
  70. ↑ Whitburn, Joel (1973). Top Pop Records 1940-1955. Record Research.
  71. ↑ E.g. Reebee Garofalo, Rockin' Out: Popular Music in the USA, 4th ed. (Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008):139.
  72. ↑ Michael Coyle, "Hijacked Hits and Antic Authenticity", in Roger Beebe, Denise Fulbrook, and Ben Saunders, eds. Rock Over the Edge: Transformations in Popular Music Culture (Duke University Press, 2002):154.
  73. ↑ Rudi Maugeri, in Mark Kearney and Randy Ray, The Great Canadian Trivia Book Two (Dundurn, 1998):166.
  74. ↑ "The Vocal Group Hall of Fame: THe Flamingos".
  75. 1 2 3 4 5 Marv Goldberg,"The Flamingos: Based on interviews with Johnny Carter and Terry Johnson (2009).
  76. ↑ Jay Warner, American Singing Groups: A History from 1940 to Today (Hal Leonard Corporation, 2006):195.
  77. ↑ Robert Pruter,Doowop: the Chicago Scene (University of Illinois Press, 1996):51.
  78. ↑ Arnold Shaw,Honkers and Shouters: The Golden Years of Rhythm and Blues(Macmillan, 1978):312, 434.
  79. ↑ Robert Pruter, Doowop: The Chicago Scene (University of Illinois Press, 1996):51.
  80. 1 2 Robert Pruter, Doowop: The Chicago Scene (University of Illinois Press, 1996):51.
  81. ↑ George Plasketes, Play it Again: Cover Songs in Popular Music (Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2010):47.
  82. ↑ Martin Popoff, Goldmine Standard Catalog of American Records 1948-1991 (Krause Publications, 2010):437.
  83. ↑ Colin Larkin, ed.,The Encyclopedia of Popular Music, 4th ed. (Oxford University, 2000):306.
  84. ↑ "Otis Williams Charms".
  85. ↑ "R&B Territorial Best Sellers" The Billboard (February 26, 1955):56.
  86. ↑ The Billboard(February 12, 1955):48.
  87. ↑ The Billboard (February 26, 1955):52.
  88. ↑ "Top Sellers Popular", The Billboard (April 30, 1955):25.
  89. ↑ "A Question of Questionable Meanings", Life (April 18, 1955):168.
  90. ↑ Mitch Miller, "June, Moon, Swoon and Ko Ko Mo", The New York Times (April 24, 1955), Section Magazine 19.
  91. ↑ "Collins Kids - Ko Ko Mo (I Love You So) on YouTube
  92. ↑ "Kokomo" on YouTube
  93. ↑ Marv Goldberg, "Arthur Lee Maye & Crowns: Based on an interview with Arthur Lee Maye" (2000, 2009).
  94. ↑ The Billboard (August 24, 1959):48.
  95. ↑ Living Blues, Issues 176-181 (Center for the Study of Southern Culture, The University of Mississippi, 2005):75.
  96. ↑ "45 Discography for Dot Records - 16000 series".
  97. ↑ Billboard Music Week (September 25, 1961):41.
  98. ↑ Billboard (December 2, 1967):74.
  99. 1 2 Scholastic Voice 31 (1961):41.
  100. 1 2 "SHINDIG! - The Complete Series Volumes 11 & 12"
  101. 1 2 "Shindig! Volumes 23-24"
  102. ↑ "The Valtairs".
  103. ↑ "Gateway Top Tune".
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