Kundu equation

The Kundu equation is a general form of integrable system that is gauge-equivalent to the mixed nonlinear Schrödinger equation. It was proposed by Anjan Kundu.^[1] as

${\displaystyle iq_{t}+q_{xx}+i\alpha (|q|^{2}q)_{x}+c|q|^{2}q-(\theta _{t}+\theta _{x}^{2}-i\theta _{xx})q+\theta _{x}(2iq_{x}-\alpha |q|^{2}q)=0,\ \ ......(1)}$

with arbitrary function ${\displaystyle \theta (t,x)}$ and the subscripts denoting partial derivatives. Equation (1) is shown to be reducible for the choice of ${\displaystyle \theta _{x}=-\kappa |q|^{2}}$ to an integrable class of mixed nonlinear Schrödinger equation with cubic–quintic nonlinearity,given in a representative form

${\displaystyle q_{t}+q_{xx}+i\alpha (|q|^{2}q)_{x}+c|q|^{2}q+\gamma |q|^{4}q+4i\kappa (|q|^{2})_{x}q=0.\ \ ......(2)}$

Here ${\displaystyle \alpha ,c,\kappa }$ are independent parameters, while ${\displaystyle \gamma =\kappa (4\kappa +\alpha ).}$ Equation (1), more specifically equation (2) is known as the Kundu equation.^[2]

Properties and applications

The Kundu equation is a completely integrable system, allowing Lax pair representation, exact solutions and higher conserved quantity. Along with its different particular cases this equation has been investigated for finding its exact travelling wave solutions,^[3] exact solitary wave solutions^[2] via bilinearization,^[4] and Darboux transformation^[5][6] together with the orbital stability for such solitary wave solutions.^[7]

The Kundu equation has been applied to various physical processes such as fluid dynamics, plasma physics, and nonlinear optics (See ^[7] for relevant references). It is linked to the mixed nonlinear Schrödinger equation through a gauge transformation and is reducible to a variety of known integrable equations such as the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE), derivative NLSE, higher nonlinear derivative NLSE, Chen–Lee–Liu, Gerjikov-Vanov, and Kundu–Eckhaus equations, for different choices of the parameters.^[1]

Kundu-Eckhaus Equation

A generalization of nonlinear Schroedinger equation with additional quintic nonlinerity and a nonlinear dispersive term was proposed in ^[1] in the form

${\displaystyle \psi _{t}+\psi _{xx}-2c|\psi |^{2}\psi +\kappa ^{2}|\psi |^{4}\psi \pm 2i\kappa (|\psi |^{2})_{x}\psi =0,......(3)}$

which may be obtained from the Kundu Equation (2), when restricted to ${\displaystyle \alpha =0}$. The same equation, limited further to the particular case ${\displaystyle c=0,}$ was introduced later as Eckhaus equation, following which equation (3) is presently known as the Kundu-Ekchaus equation. The Kundu-Ekchaus equation can be reduced to the nonlinear Schroedinger equation through a nonlinear transformation of the field and known therefore to be gauge equivalent integrable systems, since they are equivalent under the gauge transformation.

Properties and Applications

The Kundu-Ekchaus equation is associated with a Lax pair, higher conserved quantity, exact soliton solution, rogue wave solution etc. Over the years various aspects of this equation, its generalizations and link with other equations have been studied. In particular, relationship of Kundu-Ekchaus equation with the Johnson's hydrodynamic equation near criticality is established,^[8] its discretizations,^[9] reduction via [[Lie symmetry]],^[10] complex structure via Bernoulli subequation ,^[11] bright and dark soliton solutions via Bäcklund transformation ^[12] and Darboux transformation ^[13] with the associated rogue wave solutions ,^[14][15] are studied.

RKL equation

A multi-component generalisation of the Kundu-Ekchaus equation (3), known as Radhakrishnan, Kundu and Laskshmanan (RKL) equation was proposed in nolinear optics for fiber optics communication through soliton pulses in a birefringent non-Kerr medium ^[16] and analysed subsequently for its exact soliton solution and other aspects in a series of papers^{[17] [18] [19] [20]}

Quantum Aspect

Though the Kundu-Ekchaus equation (3) is gauge equivalent to the nonlinear Schroedinger equation, they differ with respect to their Hamiltonian structures and field commutation relations. The Hamiltonian operator of the Kundu-Ekchaus equation quantum field model given by

${\displaystyle {H}=\int dx\left[:\left((\psi _{x}^{\dagger }\psi _{x}+c\rho ^{2}+i\kappa \rho (\psi ^{\dagger }\psi _{x}-\psi _{x}^{\dagger }\psi )\right):+\kappa ^{2}(\psi ^{\dagger }\rho ^{2}\psi )\right],\ \ \ \ \rho \equiv (\psi ^{\dagger }\psi )}$

and defined through the bosonic field operator commutation relation ${\displaystyle [\psi (x),\psi ^{\dagger }(y)]=\delta (x-y)}$, is more complicated than the well-known bosonic Hamiltonian of the quantum nonlinear Schroedinger equation. Here ${\displaystyle \ :\ \ :\ }$ indicates normal ordering in bosonic operators. This model corresponds to a double $\delta$-function interacting Bose gas and is difficult to solve directly.

one-dimensional Anyon gas

However under a nonlinear transformation of the field

${\displaystyle {\tilde {\psi }}(x)=e^{-i\kappa \int _{-\infty }^{x}\psi ^{\dagger }(x')\psi (x')dx'}\psi (x)}$

the model can be transformed to

${\displaystyle {\tilde {H}}=\int dx\vdots \left({\tilde {\psi }}_{x}^{\dagger }{\tilde {\psi }}_{x}+c({\tilde {\psi }}^{\dagger }{\tilde {\psi }})^{2}\right)\vdots ,}$

i.e. in the same form as the quantum model of [[nonlinear Schroedinger equation]] (NLSE), though it differs from the NLSE in its contents , since now the fields involved are no longer bosonic operators but exhibit anyon like properties

${\displaystyle {\tilde {\psi }}^{\dagger }(x_{1}){\tilde {\psi }}^{\dagger }(x_{2})=e^{i\kappa \epsilon (x_{1}-x_{2})}{\tilde {\psi }}^{\dagger }(x_{2}){\tilde {\psi }}^{\dagger }(x_{1}),\ {\tilde {\psi }}(x_{1}){\tilde {\psi }}^{\dagger }(x_{2})=e^{-i\kappa \epsilon (x_{1}-x_{2})}{\tilde {\psi }}^{\dagger }(x_{2}){\tilde {\psi }}(x_{1})+\delta (x_{1}-x_{2})}$

etc. where

${\displaystyle \epsilon (x-y)=+\ ,-,0\ \ ~}$ for ${\displaystyle \ ~x>y,\ x<y,\ \ x=y,}$

though at the coinciding points the bosonic commutation relation still holds. In analogy with the Lieb Limiger model of $\delta$ function bose gas, the quantum Kundu-Ekchaus model in the N-particle sector therefore corresponds to an one-dimensional (1D) anyon gas interacting via a ${\displaystyle \delta }$ function interaction. This model of interacting anyon gas was proposed and exactly solved by the Bethe ansatz in ^[21] and this basic anyon model is studied further for investigating various aspects of the 1D anyon gas as well as extended in different directions ^{[22] [23] [24] [25] [26]}

References

1. Kundu, A. (1984), "Landau–Lifshitz and higher-order nonlinear systems gauge generated from nonlinear Schrödinger-type equations", Journal of Mathematical Physics, 25: 3433–3438, Bibcode:1984JMP....25.3433K, doi:10.1063/1.526113
2. Feng, Z.; Wang, X. (2006), "Explicit exact solitary wave solutions for the Kundu equation", Phys. Scripta, 64: 7
3. Zhang, H. (2010), "Various exact travelling wave solutions for Kundu equation with fifth order nonlinear terms", Rep. Math. Phys.: 231
4. Kakei, S.; al, et (1995), "Bilinearization of a generalised derivative NLS equation", J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 64: 1519, doi:10.1143/jpsj.64.1519
5. Geng, X.; Tam, H. (1999), "Darboux transformation and soliton solutions for generalised NLS equation", J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 68: 1508, doi:10.1143/jpsj.68.1508
6. Lü, X. (2013), "Soliton behavior for a generalized mixed nonlinear Schrödinger equation with N-fold Darboux transformation", Chaos, 23: 033137, doi:10.1063/1.4821132
7. Zhang, W.; al, et (2009), "Orbital stability of solitary waves for Kundu equations", J. Diff. Equations, 274: 1591
8. Kundu, A. (1987), "Exact solutions in higher order nonlinear equations gauge transformation", Physica D, 25: 399–406, doi:10.1016/0167-2789(87)90113-8
9. Levi, D.; Scimiterna, C. (2009), "The Kundu–Eckhaus equation and its discretizations", J. Phys. A, 42: 465203, doi:10.1088/1751-8113/42/46/465203
10. Toomanian, M.; Asadi, N. (2013), "Reductions for Kundu-Eckhaus equation via Lie symmetry analysis", Math. Sciences, 7: 50, doi:10.1186/2251-7456-7-50
11. Beokonus, H. M.; Bulut, Q. H. (2015), "On the complex structure of Kundu-Eckhaus equation via Bernoulli subequation function method", Waves in Random and Complex Media, 28 Aug.
12. Wang,, H. P.; al., et. (2015), "Bright and Dark solitons and Baecklund transformation for the Kundu–Eckhaus equation", Appl. Math. Comp., 251: 233
13. Qui, D.; al., et. (2015), "The Darbaux transformation and the Kundu–Eckhaus equation", Proc. Royal Soc. Lond. A, 451: 20150236
14. Wang, Xin; al., et. (2014), "Higher-order rogue wave solutions of the Kundu–Eckhaus equation", Phys. Scr., 89: 095210, doi:10.1088/0031-8949/89/9/095210
15. Ohta, Y.; Yang, J. (2012), "General higher order rogue waves and their dynamics in the NLS equation", Proc. Royal Soc. Lond. A, 468: 1716
16. Radhakrishnan, R.; Kundu, A.; Lakshmanan, M. (1999), "Coupled nonlinear Schr\"odinger equations with cubic-quintic nonlinearity: integrability and soliton interaction in non-Kerr media", Phys. Rev. E, 60: 3314, doi:10.1103/physreve.60.3314
17. Biswas, A. (2009), "1-soliton solution of the generalized Radhakrishnan, Kundu, Lakshmanan equation", Physics Letters A, 373: 2546, doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2009.05.010
18. Zhang, J. L.; Wang, M. L. (2008), "Various exact solutions for two special type RKL models", Chaos Solitons Fractals, 37: 215, doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2006.08.042
19. Ganji, D. D.; al., et. (2008), "Exp-function based solution of nonlinear Radhakrishnan, Kundu and Laskshmanan (RKL) equation", Acta Appl. Math., 104: 201, doi:10.1007/s10440-008-9252-0
20. Chun-gang, X. I. N.; al., et. (2011), "New soliton solution of the generalized RKL equation through optical fiber transmission", J. Anhui Univ. (Natural Sc Edition), 35: 39
21. Kundu, A. (1999), "Exact solution of double-delta function Bose gas through interacting anyon gas", Phys. Rev. Lett., 83: 1275, doi:10.1103/physrevlett.83.1275
22. Batchelor, M.T.; Guan, X. W..; Oelkers, N.. (2006), "One-dimensional interacting anyon gas: low energy properties and Haldane exclusion statistics", Phys. Rev. Lett., 96: 210402, doi:10.1103/physrevlett.96.210402
23. Girardeau, M. D. (2006), "Anyon-fermion mapping and applications to ultracold gasses in tight wave-guides", Phys. Rev. Lett., 97: 100402, doi:10.1103/physrevlett.97.100402
24. Averin, D. V.; Nesteroff, J. A. (2007), "Coulomb blockade of anyons in quantum antidots", Phys. Rev. Lett., 99: 096801, doi:10.1103/physrevlett.99.096801
25. Pˆatu, O.I.; Korepin, V. E.; Averin, D. V. (2008), "One-dimensional impenetrable anyons in thermal equilibrium. I. Anyonic generalizations of Lenard's formula", J. Phys. A, 41: 145006
26. Calabrese, P.; Mintchev, M. (2007), "Correlation functions of one-dimensional anyonic fluids", Phys. Rev. B, 75: 233104, doi:10.1103/physrevb.75.233104

External links

• Painleve Analysis.
• Darboux Transformation.
• Mixed Nonlinear Schrödinger equation
• Gerdjikov-Ivanov equation
• 1D Anyon
• How fiber optics works