Leslie Howard (actor)

Leslie Howard
Howard as Ashley Wilkes in Gone with the Wind (1939)
Born	Leslie Howard Steiner 3 April 1893 Forest Hill, London, England, United Kingdom
Died	1 June 1943 (aged 50) At sea in the Bay of Biscay
Occupation	Actor, director, producer
Years active	1916–1943
Spouse(s)	Ruth Evelyn Martin (1916–1943; his death; 2 children)
Children	Ronald Howard (1918–1996) Leslie Ruth Howard (1924–2013)

Leslie Howard (born Leslie Howard Steiner, 3 April 1893 – 1 June 1943) was an English stage and film actor, director, and producer.^[1] Howard also wrote many stories and articles for The New York Times, The New Yorker and Vanity Fair. Howard was one of the biggest box-office draws and movie idols of the 1930s but is probably best remembered for playing Ashley Wilkes in Gone with the Wind (1939). Howard had movie roles in many other notable films, including: Berkeley Square (1933), Of Human Bondage (1934), The Scarlet Pimpernel (1934), The Petrified Forest (1936), Pygmalion (1938), Intermezzo (1939), "Pimpernel" Smith (1941) and The First of the Few (1942), receiving two nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actor.

Howard's Second World War activities included acting and filmmaking. He was active in anti-German propaganda and rumored to have been involved with British or Allied Intelligence, sparking conspiracy theories regarding his death in 1943 at the hands of the German Luftwaffe when the British airliner on which he was a passenger was shot down over the Bay of Biscay.

Early life

Howard was born Leslie Howard Steiner to a British mother, Lilian (née Blumberg), and a Hungarian Jewish father, Ferdinand Steiner, in Forest Hill, London. Lilian had been brought up as a Christian, but she was of partial Jewish ancestry—her paternal grandfather Ludwig Blumberg, a Jewish merchant originally from East Prussia, had married into the English upper middle classes.^[2][3][4] Howard was educated at Alleyn's School, London. Like many others around the time of World War I, the family Anglicised its name in this case to "Stainer," although Howard's legal name remained Steiner as evidenced by his military records and the public notice of his name change in 1920.^[5] He worked as a bank clerk before enlisting at the outbreak of the Great War. He served in the British Army as a subaltern in the Northamptonshire Yeomanry but suffered shell shock, which led to his relinquishing his commission in 1916.^[6]

Theatre career

Howard began his professional acting career in regional tours of Peg O' My Heart and Charley's Aunt in 1916-1917 and on the London stage in 1917 but had his greatest theatrical success in the United States in the Broadway theatre, in such plays as Aren't We All? (1923), Outward Bound (1924), and The Green Hat (1925). He became an undisputed Broadway star in Her Cardboard Lover (1927). After his success as time traveller Peter Standish in Berkeley Square (1929), Howard launched his Hollywood career in the film version of Outward Bound, but didn't like the experience and vowed never to return to Hollywood. Howard would return, however, many times—later repeating the Standish role in the 1933 film version of Berkeley Square.

The stage, however, continued to be an important part of his career. Howard frequently juggled acting, producing, and directing duties in the Broadway productions in which he starred. Howard was also a dramatist, and starred in the Broadway production of his play, Murray Hill (1927). He played Matt Denant in John Galsworthy's 1927 Broadway production Escape in which he first made his mark as a dramatic actor. His stage triumphs continued with The Animal Kingdom (1932) and The Petrified Forest (1935).^[7] He later repeated both roles in the film versions.

In the same period, he had the misfortune to open on Broadway in William Shakespeare's Hamlet (1936) just a few weeks after John Gielgud launched a rival production of the same play that was far more successful^[8] with both critics and audiences. Howard's production, his final stage role, lasted for only 39 performances before closing.

Howard was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame in 1981.^[9]

Film career

Scott Sunderland, Leslie Howard and Wendy Hiller in Pygmalion (1938), which Howard co-directed

In 1920 Howard suggested forming a film production company, British Comedy Films Ltd., to his friend Adrian Brunel. The two eventually settled on the name Minerva Flims Ltd. The Company's Board of Directors consisted of Howard, Brunel, C. Aubrey Smith, Nigel Playfair and A. A. Milne. One of the Company's investors was H. G. Wells. Although the movies produced by Minerva—which were written by A. A. Milne—were well-received by critics, the Company was only offered £200 apiece for movies it cost them £1,000 to produce and Minerva Films Ltd. was short-lived.^[10][11][12] Early films include four written by A. A. Milne, including The Bump, starring C. Aubrey Smith; Twice Two; Five Pounds Reward; and Bookworms, the latter two starring Howard. Some of these films survive in the archives of the British Film Institute.

Following his move to Hollywood, Howard often played stiff-upper-lipped Englishmen. He appeared in the film version of Outward Bound (1930), though in a different role than the one he portrayed on Broadway. He had second billing under Norma Shearer in A Free Soul (1933), which also featured Lionel Barrymore and future Gone With the Wind rival Clark Gable six years prior to their Civil War masterpiece. He starred in the film version of Berkeley Square (1933), for which he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor. He played the title character in The Scarlet Pimpernel (1934).

Howard co-starred with Bette Davis in The Petrified Forest (1936) and reportedly insisted that Humphrey Bogart play gangster Duke Mantee, repeating his role from the stage production. It re-launched Bogart's screen career, and the two men became lifelong friends; Bogart and Lauren Bacall later named their daughter "Leslie Howard Bogart" after him.^[13]

Howard had earlier co-starred with Davis in the film adaptation of W. Somerset Maugham's book Of Human Bondage (1934) and later in the romantic comedy It's Love I'm After (1937) (also co-starring Olivia de Havilland). He played Professor Henry Higgins in the film version of George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion (1938), with Wendy Hiller as Eliza, which earned Howard another Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. Howard starred with Ingrid Bergman in Intermezzo (1939) and Norma Shearer in a film version of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (1936).

Howard is perhaps best remembered for his role as Ashley Wilkes in Gone With the Wind (1939), his last American film, but he was uncomfortable with Hollywood and returned to England to help with the Second World War effort. He starred in a number of Second World War films including 49th Parallel (1941), "Pimpernel" Smith (1941), and The First of the Few (1942, known in the U.S. as Spitfire), the latter two of which he also directed and co-produced.^[14] His friend and The First of the Few co-star, David Niven said Howard was "...not what he seemed. He had the kind of distraught air that would make people want to mother him. Actually, he was about as naïve as General Motors. Busy little brain, always going."^[15]

In 1944, after his death, British exhibitors voted him the second most popular local star at the box office.^[16]

• 
  A Free Soul (1931) Movie Poster
• 
  Leslie Howard and Ann Harding in The Animal Kingdom (1932)
• 
  Leslie Howard and Myrna Loy in The Animal Kingdom (1932)
• 
  Of Human Bondage (1934) Movie Poster
• 
  Leslie Howard and Norma Shearer in Romeo and Juliet (1936)
• 
  Romeo and Juliet (1936) Lobby Card with John Barrymore and Basil Rathbone
• 
  Leslie Howard and Rosamund John in The First of the Few (1942)

Personal life

Howard married Ruth Evelyn Martin in March, 1916,^[17] and they had two children, Ronald "Winkie" and Leslie Ruth "Doodie." His son Ronald Howard (1918–1996)^[18] became an actor and portrayed the title character in the television series Sherlock Holmes (1954).

Arthur, Howard's younger brother, was also an actor, primarily in British comedies. A sister, Irene, was a costume designer and later a casting director for MGM.^[19] Another sister, Doris (aka Dorice) Stainer, founded a small school, Hurst Lodge School, in Sunningdale, Berkshire, England, in 1945 and remained its headmistress until the 1970s.

Widely known as a ladies' man^[20] (he himself once said that he "didn't chase women but … couldn't always be bothered to run away"),^[21] Howard is reported to have had an affair with Tallulah Bankhead when they appeared on stage (in the UK) in Her Cardboard Lover (1927); Merle Oberon, while filming The Scarlet Pimpernel (1934) and Conchita Montenegro, with whom he had appeared in the film Never the Twain Shall Meet (1931). There were also rumours of affairs with Norma Shearer and Myrna Loy (during filming of The Animal Kingdom).^[22]

Howard met and fell in love with Violette Cunnington in 1938 while working on the film Pygmalion. Cunnington was secretary to Gabriel Pascal who was producing the film. Cunnington became Howard's secretary and lover and the two traveled to the United States, living together while Howard was filming Gone With The Wind (1939) and Intermezzo: A Love Story (1939). Howard's wife and daughter joined him in Hollywood before production ended on the two movies, making Howard's arrangement with Cunnington somewhat uncomfortable for everyone.^[23][24][25] Howard left the United States for the last time with his wife and daughter in August, 1939. Cunnington soon followed. She later appeared in two of Howard's films, "Pimpernel" Smith (1941) and The First of the Few (1942), in minor roles under the stage name of Suzanne Clair. Cunnington, in her early 30s, died in 1942 of pneumonia, just six months before Howard's death. Howard was distraught over her death. In his will, Howard had left her his Beverly Hills house.^[26][27]

The Howard's family home in Britain was Stowe Maries, a 16th-century six-bedroom farmhouse on the edge of Westcott village near Dorking, Surrey.^[21]

Howard's will revealed an estate of $251,000, or £62,761 (the equivalent of £2.55 million as of 2015).^[28][29]

An English Heritage blue plaque commemorating Howard was placed at 45 Farquhar Road, Upper Norwood, London in 2013.^[30]

Death

BOAC Flight 777 was shot down over the Bay of Biscay.

Howard died in 1943 when flying to Bristol, UK, from Lisbon, Portugal, on KLM Royal Dutch Airlines/BOAC Flight 777. The aircraft, "G-AGBB" a Douglas DC-3, was shot down by Luftwaffe Junkers Ju 88C6 maritime fighter aircraft over the Bay of Biscay.^[31] Howard was among the 17 fatalities, including four ex-KLM flight crew.^[32][33]

The BOAC DC-3 Ibis had been operating on a scheduled Lisbon–Whitchurch route throughout 1942–1943 that did not pass over what would commonly be referred to as a war zone. By 1942, however, the Germans considered the region an "extremely sensitive war zone."^[34] On two occasions, 15 November 1942, and 19 April 1943, the camouflaged airliner had been attacked by Messerschmitt Bf 110 fighters (a single aircraft and six Bf 110s, respectively) while en route; each time, the pilots escaped via evasive tactics.^[35] On 1 June 1943, "G-AGBB" again came under attack by a schwarm of eight V/KG40 Ju 88C6 maritime fighters. The DC-3's last radio message indicated it was being fired upon at longitude 09.37 West, latitude 46.54 North.^[32]

According to German documents, the DC-3 was shot down at 46°07′N 10°15′W / 46.117°N 10.250°W, some 500 miles (800 km) from Bordeaux, France, and 200 miles (320 km) northwest of A Coruña, Spain. Luftwaffe records indicate that the Ju 88 maritime fighters were operating beyond their normal patrol area to intercept and shoot down the aircraft.^[20] Bloody Biscay: The Story of the Luftwaffe's Only Long Range Maritime Fighter Unit, V Gruppe/Kampfgeschwader 40, and Its Adversaries 1942–1944 (Chris Goss, 2001) quotes First Oberleutnant Herbert Hintze, Staffel Führer of 14 Staffeln and based in Bordeaux, that his Staffel shot down the DC-3 because it was recognised as an enemy aircraft. Hintze further states that his pilots were angry that the Luftwaffe leaders had not informed them of a scheduled flight between Lisbon and the UK, and that had they known, they could easily have escorted the DC-3 to Bordeaux and captured it and all aboard. The German pilots photographed the wreckage floating in the Bay of Biscay, and after the war copies of these captured photographs were sent to Howard's family.^[31]

The following day, a search of the Bay of Biscay was undertaken by "N/461", a Short Sunderland flying boat from No. 461 Squadron RAAF. Near the same coordinates where the DC-3 was shot down, the Sunderland was attacked by eight Ju 88s and after a furious battle, managed to shoot down three of the attackers, scoring an additional three "possibles", before crash-landing at Praa Sands, near Penzance. In the aftermath of these two actions, all BOAC flights from Lisbon were subsequently re-routed and operated only under the cover of darkness.^[36]

The news of Howard's death was published in the same issue of The Times that reported the "death" of Major William Martin, the red herring used for the ruse involved in Operation Mincemeat.^[37]

The tragedy rendered Howard the first leading cast member from Gone with the Wind to die.

Theories regarding the air attack

A long-standing hypothesis states that the Germans believed that British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, was on board the flight.^[38] Churchill, in his autobiography, expressed sorrow that a mistake about his activities might have cost Howard his life.^[39] The BBC television series "Churchill‘s Bodyguard" (original broadcast 2006) suggested that (Abwehr) German intelligence agents had learned of Churchill's proposed departure and route. Churchill's bodyguard, Detective Inspector Walter H. Thompson later wrote that Churchill, at times, seemed clairvoyant about threats to his safety, and, acting on a premonition, changed his departure to the following day.

Speculation by historians also centred on whether British code breakers had decrypted top secret Enigma messages outlining the assassination plan, and Churchill may have wanted to protect the code breaking operation so the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht would not suspect that their Enigma machines were compromised. German spies (who commonly watched the airfields of neutral countries), may then have mistaken Howard and his manager, as they boarded their aircraft, for Churchill and his bodyguard, as Howard's manager Alfred Chenhalls physically resembled Churchill, while Howard was tall and thin, like Thompson. Although the overwhelming majority of published documentation of the case repudiates this theory, it remains a possibility. The timing of Howard's takeoff and the flight path were similar to Churchill's flight, making it easy for the Germans to have mistaken the two flights.^[40]

Two books focusing on the final flight, Flight 777 (Ian Colvin, 1957), and In Search of My Father: A Portrait of Leslie Howard (Ronald Howard, 1984), concluded that the Germans deliberately shot down Howard's DC-3 to assassinate him, and demoralize Britain.^[20][41] Howard had been travelling through Spain and Portugal lecturing on film, but also meeting with local propagandists and shoring up support for the Allies. The British Film Yearbook for 1945 described Leslie Howard's work as "one of the most valuable facets of British propaganda".^[42]

The Germans could have suspected even more surreptitious activities, since Portugal, like Switzerland, was a crossroads for internationals, and spies, from both sides. British historian James Oglethorpe, investigated Howard's connection to the secret services.^[43] Ronald Howard's book explores the written German orders to the Ju 88 squadron, in great detail, as well as British communiqués that verify intelligence reports indicating a deliberate attack on Howard. These accounts indicate that the Germans were aware of Churchill's real whereabouts at the time and were not so naive as to believe he would be travelling alone on board an unescorted, unarmed civilian aircraft, which Churchill also acknowledged as improbable. Ronald Howard was convinced the order to shoot down Howard's airliner came directly from Joseph Goebbels, Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda in Nazi Germany, who had been ridiculed in one of Leslie Howard's films, and believed Howard to be the most dangerous British propagandist.^[20]

Most of the 13 passengers were either British executives with corporate ties to Portugal, or lower-ranking British government civil servants. There were also two or three children of British military personnel.^[20] The bumped passengers were the teenage sons of Cornelia Stuyvesant Vanderbilt: George and William Cecil, who had been recalled to London from their Swiss boarding school. Being bumped by Howard saved their lives. William Cecil is best associated with his ownership and preservation of his grandfather George Washington Vanderbilt's Biltmore estate in North Carolina. William Cecil described a story in which he met a woman, several months after his return to London, who said she had secret war information, and used his mother's phone to put in a call to the British Air Ministry. She told them that she had a message from Leslie Howard.^[44]

A 2008 book by Spanish writer José Rey Ximena^[45] claims that Howard was on a top-secret mission for Churchill to dissuade Francisco Franco, Spain's authoritarian dictator and head of state, from joining the Axis powers.^[46] Via an old girlfriend, Conchita Montenegro,^[46] Howard had contacts with Ricardo Giménez Arnau, a young diplomat in the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Further circumstantial background evidence is revealed in Jimmy Burns's 2009 biography of his father, spymaster Tom Burns.^[47] According to author William Stevenson in A Man called Intrepid, his biography of Sir William Samuel Stephenson (no relation), the senior representative of British Intelligence for the western hemisphere during the Second World War,^[48] Stephenson postulated that the Germans knew about Howard's mission and ordered the aircraft shot down. Stephenson further claimed that Churchill knew in advance of the German intention to shoot down the aircraft, but allowed it to proceed to protect the fact that the British had broken the German Enigma code.^[49] Former CIA agent Joseph B. Smith recalled that, in 1957, he was briefed by the National Security Agency on the need for secrecy and that Leslie Howard's death had been brought up. The NSA claimed that Howard knew his aircraft was to be attacked by German fighters and sacrificed himself to protect the British code-breakers.^[50]

The 2010 biography by Estel Eforgan, Leslie Howard: The Lost Actor, examines currently available evidence and concludes that Howard was not a specific target,^[51] corroborating the claims by German sources that the shootdown was "an error in judgement".^[36] There is a monument in San Andrés de Teixido, Spain, dedicated to the victims of the crash. Howard's aircraft was shot down over the sea north of this village.^[52]

Biographies

Howard did not publish an autobiography, although a compilation of his writings, Trivial Fond Records, edited and with occasional comments by his son Ronald, was published in 1982. This book includes insights on his family life, first impressions of America and Americans when he first moved to the United States to act on Broadway, and his views on democracy in the years prior to and during the Second World War.

Howard's son and daughter each published memoirs of their father: In Search of My Father: A Portrait of Leslie Howard (1984) by Ronald Howard, and A Quite Remarkable Father: A Biography of Leslie Howard (1959) by Leslie Ruth Howard.

Estel Eforgan's Leslie Howard: The Lost Actor is a full-length book biography published in 2010.

Leslie Howard: A Quite Remarkable Life, a film documentary biography produced by Thomas Hamilton of Repo Films, was shown privately at the NFB Mediatheque, Toronto, Canada in September 2009 for contributors and supporters of the film. Subsequently, re-edited and retitled "Leslie Howard: The Man Who Gave a Damn", the documentary was officially launched on 2 September 2011 in an event held at Leslie Howard's former home "Stowe Maries" in Dorking, and reported on BBC South News the same day.^[53] Lengthy rights negotiations with Warners then delayed further screenings until May 2012, although the situation now appears to have been resolved and Repo Films now intends to enter the film into various International Film Festivals.

Filmography

Year	Country	Title	Credited as
			Director	Producer	Actor	Role
1914	UK	The Heroine of Mons			Yes	cast member
1917	UK	The Happy Warrior			Yes	Rollo
1919	UK	The Lackey and the Lady			Yes	Tony Dunciman
1920	UK	Twice Two		Yes
	UK	The Temporary Lady		Yes
	UK	The Bump		Yes
	UK	Bookworms		Yes	Yes	Richard
	UK	Five Pounds Reward		Yes	Yes	Tony Marchmont
1921	UK	Too Many Crooks		Yes
1930	US	Outward Bound			Yes	Tom Prior
1931	US	Five and Ten			Yes	Bertram "Berry" Rhodes
	US	Devotion			Yes	David Trent
	US	A Free Soul			Yes	Dwight Winthrop
	US	Never the Twain Shall Meet			Yes	Dan Pritchard
1932	UK	Service for Ladies			Yes	Max Tracey
	US	Smilin' Through			Yes	Sir John Carteret
	US	The Animal Kingdom			Yes	Tom Collier
1933	US	Berkeley Square			Yes	Peter Standish
	US	Captured!			Yes	Captain Fred Allison
	US	Secrets			Yes	John Carlton
1934	US	British Agent			Yes	Stephen "Steve" Locke
	UK	The Lady Is Willing			Yes	Albert Latour
	US	Of Human Bondage			Yes	Philip Carey
1935	UK	The Scarlet Pimpernel			Yes	Sir Percy Blakeney
1936	US	The Petrified Forest			Yes	Alan Squier
	US	Romeo and Juliet			Yes	Romeo
1937	US	Stand-In			Yes	Atterbury Dodd
	US	It's Love I'm After			Yes	Basil Underwood
1938	UK	Pygmalion	Yes	Yes	Yes	Professor Henry Higgins
1939	US	Intermezzo		Yes	Yes	Holger Brandt
	US	Gone with the Wind			Yes	Ashley Wilkes
1941	UK	"Pimpernel" Smith	Yes	Yes	Yes	Professor Horatio Smith
	UK	Common Heritage			Yes	Himself
	UK	49th Parallel			Yes	Philip Armstrong Scott
	UK	From the Four Corners			Yes	A passer-by
	UK	The White Eagle			Yes	narrator
1942	UK	In Which We Serve			Yes	voice
	UK	The First of the Few	Yes	Yes	Yes	R.J. Mitchell
	UK	National Savings Trailer: Noel Coward and Leslie Howard			Yes	on-screen participant
	UK	Mr. Leslie Howard "by request"			Yes	presenter
1943	UK	War in the Mediterranean			Yes	voice
	UK	The Gentle Sex	Yes	Yes	Yes	"Observations of a mere man" (voice)
	UK	The Lamp Still Burns		Yes

Theatre credits

Date	Title	Role	Notes
20 December 1913	Deception[54]	Wilson Smith	Author Stanley Hall, Upper Norwood, London (Amateur Production)
20 December 1913	The Perplexed Husband[54]		Stanley Hall, Upper Norwood, London (Amateur Production)
1916 October/November Tour	Peg O' My Heart[54][55]	Jerry	England Tour
1916-1917 Winter-Spring Tour	Charley's Aunt[54][55]	Jack Chesney	England Tour
10 June 1917	The Tidings Brought to Mary[54][56]	the Apprentice	Strand Theatre, London
1917 Summer-Fall Tour	Under Cover[54][55]	Monty Vaughan	England Tour
14 February - 30 March 1918[56]	The Freaks[54][55][56]	Ronald Herrick	New Theatre, London
19 March 1918	Romanticismo[54][56]	Marquis Giacomino d'Arfo	Comedy Theatre, London
14 April 1918	Romanticismo[54]	Marquis Giacomino d'Arfo	King's Hall, London
1 April 1918	The Morals of Vanda[54]	Leonard Mortimer	Grand Theatre, Croydon, London
6 May 1918	Box B[54]	Capt. Robert Stroud	London Coliseum, London
3 June 1918	Sinners[54]	Robert Ransom	Prince of Wales Theatre, Birmingham, England
20 July 1918 - Spring 1919[56]	The Title[54][55][56]	John Culver	Royalty Theatre, London
3 April 1919	Our Mr. Hepplewhite[54][55][56]	Lord Bagley	Criterion Theatre, London
24 November 1919	Just A Wife Or Two[54]	Victor Hamilton	West Pier, Brighton, England
5 January 1920	Mr. Pim Passes By[54][55][56]	Brian Strange	New Theatre, London and The Garrick Theatre, London
10 February 1920	The Young Person in Pink[54][55][56]	Lord Stevenage	Prince of Wales Theatre, London
16 February 1920	Kitty Breaks Loose[54][56]	Jack Wilson/Sir John Wilde	Duke of York's Theatre, London
9 June 1920	East Is West[54][55][56]	Billy Benson	Lyric Theatre, London
July 1920	Rosalind of the Farmyard[56]	Captain L'Estrange	Shaftesbury Theatre, London
1 November 1920 - January 1921	Just Suppose	Hon. Sir Calverton Shipley	Henry Miller's Theatre, New York[7]
10 December 1920	P's and Q's	Charley Stark	Morosco Theatre, New York
10 October 1921 - October 1921	The Wren	Roddy	Gaiety Theatre, New York[7]
22 December 1921 - February 1922	Danger	Percy Sturgess	39th Street Theatre, New York[7]
14 March 1922 - June 1922	The Truth About Blayds	Oliver Blayds	Booth Theatre, New York[7]
24 August - September 1922	A Serpent's Tooth	Jerry Middleton	Little Theatre, New York[7]
14 November - December 1922	The Romantic Age	Gervase Mallory	Comedy Theatre, New York[7]
25 December 1922 - January 1923	The Lady Cristilinda	Martini	Broadhurst Theatre, New York[7]
20 February - April 1923	Anything Might Happen	Hal Turner	Comedy Theatre, New York[7]
21 May - June 1923	Aren't We All?	The Hon. William Tatham	Gaiety Theatre, New York[7]
7 January - May 1924	Outward Bound	Henry	Ritz Theatre, New York[7]
25 August - December 1924	The Werewolf	Paolo Moreira	49th Street Theatre, New York[7]
13 January - February 1925	Shall We Join the Ladies?	Mr. Preen	Empire Theatre, New York[7]
13 January - February 1925	Isabel	Peter Graham	Empire Theatre, New York[7]
15 September 1925 - February 1926	The Green Hat	Napier Harpenden	Broadhurst Theatre, New York[7]
27 July 1926	The Way You Look At It[54][55][56]	Bobby Rendon	Queen's Theatre, London
20 December 1926	Mayfair[54]		Broad Street Theatre, Newark (Out-of-Town Tryout)
21 March - August 1927	Her Cardboard Lover	Andre Sallicel	Empire Theatre, New York[7]
29 September - October 1927	Murray Hill[57]	Wrigley	Author Bijou Theatre, New York[7]
26 October 1927 - March 1928	Escape	Matt Denant	Booth Theatre, New York[7]
June 1928	Tell Me the Truth (A Bit of Tomfoolery)[56]	—	Author Ambassadors Theatre, London
21 August 1928	Her Cardboard Lover[55][56]	Andre Sallicel	Lyric Theatre, London
6 March 1929	Berkeley Square[55][56]	Peter Standish	Lyric Theatre, London
1929	Candle Light[55]	Josef	Southampton, England
30 September 1929 - January 1930	Candle Light	Josef	Empire Theatre, New York[7]
4 November 1929 - May 1930	Berkeley Square	Peter Standish	Co-producer, Co-director Lyceum Theatre, New York[7]
8 February - February 1930	Out of a Blue Sky	—	Author, Director Booth Theatre, New York[7]
12 January - June 1932	The Animal Kingdom	Tom Collier	Co-producer Broadhurst Theatre, New York[7]
31 March - April 1932	We Are No Longer Children	—	Co-director Booth Theatre, New York[7]
19–28 October 1933[58]	This Side Idolatry[55][56]	William Shakespeare	Producer Lyric Theatre, London
July 1934	Elizabeth Sleeps Out[56][57]	—	Author Whitehall Theatre, London
7 January - June 1935	The Petrified Forest	Alan Squier	Co-producer Broadhurst Theatre, New York[7]
20 April - May 1936	Elizabeth Sleeps Out[57]	—	Author Comedy Theatre, New York[7]
10 November - December 1936	Hamlet	Hamlet	Director, Producer Imperial Theatre, New York[7]
27 September 1937	Alias Mrs. Jones[54]	—	Author, Director Little Theatre, Bristol, England
May 1938	Here's to Our Enterprise[56]		Lyceum Theatre, London
25 September 1942	Cathedral Steps[56]	Horatio Nelson[59]	St. Paul's Cathedral, London

Radio career

Howard was not only an accomplished actor on stage and screen, he appeared many times on radio as well. Howard began his career on radio in the early 1930s when he performed dramatic readings for The Yardley Program. Not much is known about the program because the recordings have been lost, but references to the show can be found in fan magazines of the time^[60] and the show is listed in The New York Times radio program guide.^[61] Howard was also a guest performer on such shows as The Rudy Vallee Show/Fleischmann's Yeast Hour, Lux Radio Theatre, The Silver Theatre, The Magic Key of RCA, Your Hit Parade and Kraft Music Hall with Bing Crosby.

In May, 1935, Leslie Howard and his daughter, Leslie Ruth Howard, aged 10, appeared on The Rudy Vallee Show/Fleischmann's Yeast Hour in "The Enchanted Forest" scene from James M. Barrie's Dear Brutus. The show was so popular with audiences that for the first time in the show's history an encore was performed six weeks later on 27 June 1935. That show survives and can be heard on the Old Time Radio Library's website.^[62]

At the end of 1936 Howard began appearing as a guest on Eddie Cantor's Texaco Town. It took six months and three appearances before he and Cantor finally delivered the punch line in the skit "Three Pairs of Rubbers." Howard's appearances were not limited to guest spots. Beginning in October 1935 and into the spring of 1936 Howard had his own show on CBS. It was a serial titled The Amateur Gentleman.^[63] The show eventually became Leslie Howard's Matinee^[64] with each week bringing a new adapted play popular at the time to radio listeners. Howard also appeared in Columbia Presents Shakespeare as Benedick in the play Much Ado About Nothing with Rosalind Russell in the summer of 1937.^[65] Howard produced two shows for Lux Radio Theatre: Lady for A Day, starring May Robson and Guy Kibbee, and The Life of Emile Zola, starring Paul Muni and Josephine Hutchinson. His last known radio appearance in the United States before returning to England to help with the war effort was the Radio Tribute to the King and Queen in which dozens of British stars performed skits while King George VI and Queen Elizabeth listened with President Roosevelt and Mrs. Roosevelt from Hyde Park.^[66][67] Howard's appearances on the BBC's Britain Speaks were broadcast to the United States from July 16, 1940, after the onset of WWII urging America to enter the war in support of Britain. By January 1941 Howard had completed 27 broadcasts of Britain Speaks.^[68] Howard also appeared on a panel program for the BBC called The Brains Trust.

Unfortunately, most of Howard's radio broadcasts have been lost but a few have survived for the enjoyment of audiences today.

Radio credits

Date	Network	Show Title	Episode Title	Episode Number	Appearing	Listen (Shows filed under show title)
27 March 1932 to 8 May 1932	NBC Networks	Yardley Program[69]	Yardley Program		Leslie Howard Reading, London String Quartet[70]
1933 or 1934[71]	NBC	Rudy Vallee - Fleischmann’s Yeast Hour			Leslie Howard, Margaret Sullavan
23 May 1934	NBC	Sketch: Without the Benefit of Clergy[70][72]	Without the Benefit of Clergy		Leslie Howard
9 December 1934	NBC	Lux Radio Theatre	Berkeley Square	9	Leslie Howard, Helen Chandler
14 February 1935	NBC	Rudy Vallee - Fleischmann’s Yeast Hour	A Minuet	278[73]	Leslie Howard, Merle Oberon	Old Time Radio Library
31 March 1935	NBC	Lux Radio Theatre	The Romantic Age	25	Leslie Howard, Sidney Fox
16 May 1935	NBC	Rudy Vallee - Fleischmann's Yeast Hour	Dear Brutus	291	Leslie Howard, Leslie Ruth Howard
27 June 1935	NBC	Rudy Vallee - Fleischmann’s Yeast Hour	Dear Brutus	297	Leslie Howard, Leslie Ruth Howard	Old Time Radio Library
6 October 1935 to 1 December 1935	CBS	The Amateur Gentleman[74]	The Amateur Gentleman		Leslie Howard, Elizabeth Love
8 December 1935	CBS	Play: Dear Brutus[70]	Dear Brutus		Leslie Howard, Leslie Ruth Howard
22 December 1935	CBS	Play: Purple and Fine Linen[70]	Purple and Fine Linen		Leslie Howard
29 December 1935	CBS	Play: An Unfinished Story[70]	An Unfinished Story		Leslie Howard, Paula Winslowe[75]
5 January 1936	CBS	Play: Her Cardboard Lover[70][76]	Her Cardboard Lover		Leslie Howard
12 January 1936	CBS	Play: The Admirable Crichton[70]	The Admirable Crichton		Leslie Howard
26 January 1936	CBS	Leslie Howard's Matinee[77]	There's Always Juliet[70]		Leslie Howard
2 February 1936	CBS	Leslie Howard's Matinee	The Guardsman[70]		Leslie Howard
9 February 1936	CBS	Leslie Howard's Matinee	Murray Hill[70]		Leslie Howard
16 February 1936	CBS	Leslie Howard's Matinee	Journey's End[70]		Leslie Howard
23 February 1936	CBS	Leslie Howard's Matinee	Springtime for Henry[70]		Leslie Howard
8 March 1936	CBS	Leslie Howard's Matinee	The Scarlet Pimpernel[70]		Leslie Howard
15 March 1936	CBS	Leslie Howard's Matinee	Raffles[70]		Leslie Howard
22 March 1936	CBS	Leslie Howard's Matinee	Just Suppose[70]		Leslie Howard
29 March 1936	CBS	Leslie Howard's Matinee	The Second Man[70]		Leslie Howard
5 April 1936	CBS	Magic Key of RCA, The	Galsworthy’s Justice	026	Leslie Howard	Old Time Radio Library
17 September 1936	NBC	Rudy Vallee - Fleischmann’s Yeast Hour	The Miraculous Visitor	7	Leslie Howard, Beatrice Barrett, Carl Hubble
6 December 1936	CBS	Eddie Cantor’s Texaco Town	Three Pairs of Rubbers	12	Leslie Howard	Old Time Radio Library
14 February 1937	CBS	Eddie Cantor’s Texaco Town	Hamlet	22	Leslie Howard	Old Time Radio Library
19 May 1937	CBS	Your Hit Parade	Interview and Lucky Strike Ad		Leslie Howard	Transcript Variety Radio Directory
30 May 1937	CBS	Eddie Cantor’s Texaco Town	Aired In England	37	Leslie Howard	Old Time Radio Library
21 June 1937	CBS	Lux Radio Theatre	Monsieur Beaucaire	138	Leslie Howard, Elissa Landi	Old Time Radio Library - Lux
19 July 1937	CBS	Columbia Presents Shakespeare[78]	Much Ado About Nothing	2nd show in series	Leslie Howard, Rosalind Russell[79]	Old Time Radio Library
2 January 1938	BBC		Hamlet		Leslie Howard
28 November 1938	CBS	Lux Radio Theatre	Interference	195	Leslie Howard, Mary Astor, Herbert Marshall
12 December 1938	CBS	Lux Radio Theatre	The Scarlet Pimpernel	197	Leslie Howard, Olivia de Havilland	Old Time Radio Library - Lux
15 December 1938	NBC	The Kraft Music Hall[80]			Leslie Howard, Jane Bryan
8 January 1939	CBS	Silver Theatre, The	A Study In Triangles	028	Leslie Howard, Rita Johnson	Old Time Radio Library
26 March 1939	CBS	The Gulf Screen Guild Theater	Never In This World[81]	012	Leslie Howard, Kay Francis, Mary Nash, Irving Pichel, Virginia Weidler, Morgan Wallace	Screen Guild Theater
1 May 1939	CBS	Lux Radio Theatre	Lady For A Day[82]	217	May Robson, Guy Kibbee, Warren William, Jean Parker	Old Time Radio Library - Lux
8 May 1939	CBS	Lux Radio Theatre	The Life of Emile Zola[82]	218	Paul Muni, Josephine Hutchinson	Old Time Radio Library - Lux
11 June 1939	NBC	Radio Tribute to the King and Queen[83]	Goodbye, Mr. Chips Segment		Leslie Howard, Greer Garson	Tribute To Their Majesties

References

Notes

1. Obituary Variety, 9 June 1943.
2. Eforgan 2010, pp. 1–10.
3. Nathan, John. "Leslie Howard: The Lost Actor, The life and death of a non-spy." The Jewish Chronicle, 20 December 2010. Retrieved: 20 December 2010.
4. Quintessential British Actor's Jewishness Not 'Gone With the Wind' Ivry, Benjamin. The Jewish Daily Forward. Forward.com. Published 17 November 2010. Accessed 28 December 2015.
5. The London Gazette, March 5, 1920.
6. The exact date of Howard's military separation is disputed. Eforgan has Howard resigning in May 1916 based on a notation in a file but produces no actual document showing Howard's separation; however, both of Howard's children state he served in France during the summer of 1916.
7. "Leslie Howard". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
8. Croall, Jonathan. Gielgud: A Theatrical Life 1904–2000. London: Continuum, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8264-1333-8.
9. "26 Elected to the Theater Hall of Fame." The New York Times, 3 March 1981.
10. Michael Brooke "Howard, Leslie (1893-1943)", BFI screenonline
11. Eforgan 2010, pp. 39–46.
12. Howard, L. R. 1959, pp. 46-48, 66-67
13. Sklar 1992, pp. 60–62.
14. Costanzi, Karen. "Leslie Howard: Actor & Patriot." things-and-other-stuff.com. Retrieved: 23 July 2010.
15. Finnie, Moira. "A Few Kind Words for Leslie Howard." Skeins of Thought, 2008. Retrieved: 4 August 2010.
16. "Bitter Street fighting." Townsville Daily Bulletin, 6 January 1944, p. 2 via National Library of Australia, Retrieved: 11 July 2012.
17. "Leslie H. Steiner = Ruth E. Martin." GRO Register of Marriages: Colchester, March 1916, 4a 1430.
18. "Ronald H. Stainer, mmn = Martin." GRO Register of Births: Lambeth, June 1918, 1d 598.
19. Ronald Howard, In Search of My Father: A Portrait of Leslie Howard, St. Martin's Press, New York 1981 ISBN 0-312-41161-8
20. Howard 1984
21. Gazeley, Helen. "Memories of Hollywood, in the hills of Surrey." Daily Telegraph (London), 29 April 2007. Retrieved: 4 August 2010.
22. "Leslie Howard found footage."The Guardian, 12 September 2010. Retrieved: 3 May 2012.
23. Howard, L. R. 1959.
24. Howard, L., ed. with R. Howard 1982.
25. Howard, R. 1984.
26. "Milestones, 8 May 1944." Time Magazine, 8 May 1944.
27. Gates, Anita. "The Good Girl Gets the Last Word (interview with Olivia de Havilland)." The New York Times, 7 November 2004. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
28. UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from Gregory Clark (2016), "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" MeasuringWorth.
29. Parker, John. "1939." Who's Who in the Theatre, 10th ed. London: Pitmans, 1947.
30. "HOWARD, LESLIE (1893-1943)". English Heritage. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
31. Goss 2001, pp. 50–56.
32. "ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-3-194 G-AGBB Bay of Biscay." Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved: 23 July 2010.
33. "Casualty details: Leslie Howard." Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC). Retrieved: 4 August 2010.
34. Rosevink and Hintze 1991, p. 14.
35. "Douglas DC-3-194 PH-ALI 'Ibis'" at the Wayback Machine (archived 6 November 2004). Retrieved: 23 July 2010.
36. Matthews, Rowan. "N461: Howard & Churchill." n461.com, 2003. Retrieved: 23 July 2010.
37. The Times, Thursday, 3 June 1943, p. 4.
38. Wilkes, Donald E., Jr. "The Assassination of Ashley Wilkes." The Athens Observer, 8 June 1995 p. 7A, via law.uga.edu. Retrieved: 23 July 2010.
39. Churchill 1950, p. 830.
40. " 'Churchill‘s Bodyguard' – Complete Series." Nugus Martin Productions via 7digital.com, 2006. Retrieved: 23 July 2010.
41. Colvin 2007, p. 187.
42. Noble 1945, p. 74.
43. "Leslie Howard." lesliehowardsociety.multiply.com. Retrieved: 22 July 2010.
44. Covington 2006, pp. 102–103.
45. Rey Ximena 2008
46. "Book: Howard kept Spain from joining WWII." United Press International, 6 October 2008. Retrieved: 25 May 2009.
47. Ridley, Jane. "From Madrid with Love." The Spectator via spectator.co.uk, 24 October 2009. Retrieved: 4 August 2010.
48. Stevenson 2000, p. 179.
49. "Intrepid Book Brings Spy's Life From Shadows." trueintrepid.com. Retrieved: 23 July 2010.
50. Smith 1976, p. 389.
51. Eforgan 2010, pp. 217–245.
52. Castro, Jesus (translated by Rachael Harrison). "The actor, the Jew and Churchill's double." eyeonspain.com. Retrieved: 18 August 2011.
53. "Leslie Howard: The Man Who Gave A Damn-Premier" on YouTube, 7 September 2011.
54. Leslie Howard On Stage
55. Ronald Howard, In Search of My Father, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1981
56. Estel Eforgan, Leslie Howard: The Lost Actor, Vallentine Mitchell & Co., Ltd., 2013
57. First performed in 1927 as Murray Hill and later as Elizabeth Sleeps Out
58. University of Birmingham: Cadbury Research Library Special Collections - This Side Idolatry by Talbot Jennings
59. Last public performance
60. "Leslie Howard, the favorite of stage and screen, whose brilliant dramatic readings are a delightful feature of the popular Yardley program." "The Radio Hall of Fame," Silver Screen, July, 1932.
61. "Radio Program Guide" The New York Times, 27 March 1932, pg. 162
62. "Dear Brutus" Old Time Radio, Rudy Vallee - Fleischmann's Yeast Hour, Dear Brutus Episode 197
63. "Radio Guide 36-03-07" Radio Guide, Week Ending 7 March 1936, pg. 22
64. "Radio Guide 36-02-01" Radio Guide, Sunday, 26 January 1936, pg. 28
65. "Round Up of Actors" The New York Times, Sunday, 27 June 1937, pg. 146
66. "The British Royal Visit" FDR Presidential Library and Museum
67. "Scenes from the Royal visit to Hyde Park" The Washington Post
68. Howard, Leslie, ed. with Ronald Howard. Trivial Fond Records. London: William Kimber & Co Ltd, 1982. ISBN 978-0-7183-0418-8.
69. Leslie Howard photo with caption: “Leslie Howard, the favorite of stage and screen, whose brilliant dramatic readings are a delightful feature of the popular Yardley program.” “The Radio Hall of Fame,” Silver Screen, July, 1932 (Pages missing from archived copy of magazine but photo with caption available on the internet)
70. Listing as it appears in The New York Times, Radio Program Guide Section
71. It is known that Leslie Howard appeared on Rudy Vallee’s show sometime in 1933 or 1934 because he made a reference to his appearance on the show that aired on 14 February 1935 stating he had been there "a year ago." Two pictures exist, the first with Howard, Margaret Sullavan, William Gargan and Rudy Vallee standing in front of the audience holding scripts and the second picture with Howard, Sullavan and Vallee standing with scripts in front of an NBC microphone. It is unlikely that Howard appeared on the 16 November 1933 show when Margaret Sullavan appeared because he had appeared in This Side Idolatry in London during October, 1933, and wouldn’t have been in the United States at that time. Also, Howard is not introduced as part of the cast on that show. The other show Margaret Sullavan appeared on in the right timeframe aired 14 June 1934. This was Episode 243 “Coquette” and is lost. Episode listings, however, show guests as: Willie and Eugene Howard, not Leslie Howard.
72. Series opened on WJZ’s network on Wednesday, 9 May 1934 with Clive Brook appearing in an adaptation of Michael Arlen’s Three-Cornered Moon. The show featured “dramatized love stories by well-known authors.” Article “Stars of the Screen to Act in Radio Plays,” The New York Times, Sunday, 6 May 1934.
73. Episode number is transposed in the Old Time Radio Library website to "287"
74. Show began on 6 October 1935 as a serial, The Amateur Gentleman. Each week brought a new episode of that story. However, the format was changed to present a new play adapted for radio each week beginning 8 December 1935. Play titles appeared in The New York Times, Radio Program Section.
75. Co-star appears in The Philadelphia Enquirer, Sunday Morning Edition, 29 December 1935
76. Show moved from 8:30pm EST to 2:00pm EST on Sundays, The New York Times, Radio Guide
77. Show title changed to Leslie Howard’s Matinee "Radio Guide 36-02-01" Radio Guide, Sunday, 26 January 1936, pg. 28
78. CBS/WABC Columbia Presents Shakespeare was an hour long show that ran for 8 weeks on Monday nights at 9:00pm EST on more than ninety stations starting on 12 July 1937 with John Barrymore in Hamlet
79. Appearing with Leslie Howard and Rosalind Russell were Ben Webster, Charlotte Evans, Dennis Green, John Davidson, Stefan Schnabel, Wright Kraemer, Julia Walsh, Lionel Braham and Nancy Leach; Conway Tearle, Narrator
80. Listed in The New York Times, Radio Guide, Sunday, 11 December 1938 as “Bing Crosby, Songs; Foursome Quartet: Trotter Orch.; Bob Burns, Comedian; Leslie Howard; Jane Bryan, Actors; Jan Smeterlin, Polish Pianist, and Others”
81. Although The New York Times, Radio Guide and other sources show the title as Never Of This World the host on the actual recording states the title multiple times as Never In This World
82. Leslie Howard was guest producer/director filling in for Cecil B. DeMille
83. Listed in The New York Times, Radio Guide, Sunday, 11 June 1939, as “Musical Tribute to King George and Queen Elizabeth; NBC Symphony, Sir Adrian Boult, Conductor; Gertrude Lawrence, Mistress of Ceremonies; Ronald Colman, Madeleine Carroll, Freddie Bartholomew, Leslie Howard and Others from New York, Hollywood"

Bibliography

• Burns, Jimmy. Papa Spy: Love, Faith and Betrayal in Wartime Spain. London: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, 2009. ISBN 978-0-7475-9520-5.
• Churchill, Winston S. The Hinge of Fate. New York: Houghton-Mifflin, 1950.
• Colvin Ian. Admiral Canaris: Chief of Intelligence. London: Colvin Press, 2007. ISBN 978-1-4067-5821-4.
• Colvin Ian. Flight 777: The Mystery Of Leslie Howard. London: Evans Brothers, 1957.
• Covington, Howard E., Jr. Lady on the Hill: How Biltmore Estate Became an American Icon. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley, 2006. ISBN 978-0-471-75818-1.
• Eforgan, Estel. Leslie Howard: The Lost Actor. London: Vallentine Mitchell Publishers, 2010. ISBN 978-0-85303-941-9.
• Goss, Chris. Bloody Biscay: The Story of the Luftwaffe's Only Long Range Maritime Fighter Unit, V Gruppe/Kampfgeschwader 40, and Its Adversaries 1942–1944. London: Crécy Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0-947554-87-4.
• Howard, Leslie, ed. with Ronald Howard. Trivial Fond Records. London: William Kimber & Co Ltd, 1982. ISBN 978-0-7183-0418-8.
• Howard, Leslie Ruth. A Quite Remarkable Father: A Biography of Leslie Howard. New York: Harcourt Brace and Co., 1959.
• Howard, Ronald. In Search of My Father: A Portrait of Leslie Howard. London: St. Martin's Press, 1984. ISBN 0-312-41161-8.
• Macdonald, Bill. The True Intrepid: Sir William Stephenson and the Unknown Agents. Vancouver, BC: Raincoast Books 2002, ISBN 1-55192-418-8.
• Noble, Peter, ed. British Film Yearbook for 1945. London: The British Broadcasting Corporation, 1945.
• Rey Ximena, José. El Vuolo de Ibis [The Flight of the Ibis] (Spanish). Madrid: Facta Ediciones SL, 2008. ISBN 978-84-934875-1-5.
• Rosevink, Ben and Lt Col Herbert Hintze. "Flight 777" .FlyPast, Issue #120, July 1991.
• Sklar, Robert. City Boys: Cagney, Bogart, Garfield. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-691-04795-2].
• Smith, Joseph B. Portrait of a Cold Warrior. New York: Random House, 1976. ISBN 978-0-399-11788-6.
• Southall, Ivan. They Shall Not Pass Unseen. London: Angus and Robertson, 1956.
• Stevenson, William. A Man Called Intrepid: The Incredible World War II Narrative of the Hero Whose Spy Network and Secret Diplomacy Changed the Course of History. Guilford, Delaware: Lyons Press, 1976, reissued in 2000. ISBN 1-58574-154-X.
• Verrier, Anthony. Assassination in Algiers: Churchill, Roosevelt, De Gaulle, and the Murder of Admiral Darlan. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1st edition, 1991. ISBN 978-0-393-02828-7.

External links

• Leslie Howard at the Internet Movie Database
• Leslie Howard at the Internet Broadway Database
  
• Leslie Howard biography and credits at the British Film Institute's Screenonline
• Leslie Howard at the TCM Movie Database
  
• Van Neste, Dan."Leslie Howard: Unmasking the Pimpernel"
• Leslie Howard at Virtual History
• Leslie Howard: The Man Who Gave A Damn (2015) by Repo Films