United States third-party and independent presidential candidates, 2016

United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 2016

This article contains lists of official and potential third party and independent candidates associated with the 2016 United States presidential election.

"Third party" is a term commonly used in the United States in reference to political parties other than the two major parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. An independent candidate is one who runs for office with no formal party affiliation.

Ballot access in states holding 270 or more electoral votes represents a majority of the 538 electoral votes in the Electoral College. The number of electoral votes for which a party or independent candidate has secured ballot access may increase as those parties or candidates complete their petitions, and filings for ballot access, until September 2016 when the last petition deadlines occur.^[1]

According to the Authoritative Green Papers website, 31 people are on the ballot in at least one state, while 192, including those who are on ballots in some states, have obtained recognition as official "write-in" candidates who will have their votes counted.

Received over one million votes nationally

Gary Johnson, Libertarian Party

Ballot access: The Libertarian ticket was on all 51 ballots.^[2]

Nominee

Name	Prior positions	State	Nominated	Vice presidential nominee
Gary Johnson (Campaign)	Governor of New Mexico, 1995–2003 Libertarian Party presidential nominee, 2012	New Mexico	May 29, 2016[3]	William Weld of Massachusetts
Other parties	National Total	National percentage	highest single state total	highest single state percentage
Independence Party of New York	4,360,873	3.28%	402,452 (3.36%) California	74,031 (8.25%) New Mexico

Nationally, Johnson captured 5 percent or more of the vote in eight states: New Mexico, North Dakota, Alaska, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming and Maine.

Poll Standings

All major polling outfits have included Johnson in their published results. His highest total was 13% in a CNN/ORC poll taken in July. Since then he has generally been in the upper single digits, breaking 10% as recently as October 10 in a Politico/Morning Consult poll.

His greatest statewide percentage was in his home state of New Mexico, where he reached the mid-twenties in September, and has since fallen back into the teens. He has been in the teens in several other state polls, most recently in a WBUR/MassINC poll taken in New Hampshire on November 1.

Should the ticket get 5% or more nationwide, the Libertarian Party would qualify for Federal Matching funds in 2020.

Party nomination contest

There were six primaries, Gary Johnson received 22,642 votes while none of the others received as much as 4 thousand.

Libertarian National Convention Presidential vote, 2016 [4]
Candidate	First Ballot	Percentage	Second Ballot	Percentage
Gary Johnson	458	49.5%	518	55.8%
Austin Petersen	197	21.3%	203	21.9%
John McAfee	131	14.2%	131	14.1%
Darryl Perry	63	6.8%	52	5.60%
Marc Allan Feldman	58	6.3%	18	1.9%
Kevin McCormick	9	1.0%	1(write-in)	0.1%
None of the above	5	0.5%	2	0.2%
Ron Paul (Write-in)	1	0.1%
Vermin Supreme (Write-in)	1	0.1%
Heidi Zemen (Write-in)	1	0.1%
Derrick Grayson (Write-in)	1	0.1%	1	0.1%
Michael Shannon (Write-in)			1	0.1%
Rhett Smith (Write-in)			1	0.1%
Totals	928	100%

Jill Stein, Green Party

Ballot access (Write-in included): 47 states + DC

Nominee

Name	Prior positions	State	Nominated	Vice presidential nominee
Jill Stein (Campaign)	Lexington Town Meeting member (2005–2011) Green Party presidential nominee, 2012	Massachusetts	August 6, 2016	Ajamu Baraka of Washington, D.C.
National Total	National percentage	highest single state total	highest single state percentage	notes
1,244,695	0.98%	221,466 (1.9%) California	12,727 (3.00%) Hawaii	This is the first fourth-place finisher to breach the one million mark since 1948

Poll standings

All major polling outfits have included Stein in their published results. Her highest total was 6% in McClatchy/Marist poll taken early August. Since then her highest total was 4% in a CBS/New York Times poll taken in late October. She generally stands at 2 or 3%.

In statewide polling she has gotten as high as 7% in an Emmerson college poll from Vermont in September.

Party nomination contest

Five additional candidates sought the Green Party nomination.^[5][6][7]

Green National Convention Presidential Roll call vote, 2016[8]
Candidate	First Ballot	Percentage
Jill Stein	233.5	81.64%
William Kreml	18.25	6.38%
Sedinam Curry	14.5	5.07%
Darryl Cherney	8.5	2.97%
Kent Mesplay	7.5	2.62%
Elijah Manley	3.25	1.14%
No candidate	0.5	0.17%
Totals	286	100%
Turnout	286	71.14%

Candidates receiving more than a hundred thousand popular votes

Evan McMullin: Better for America Group and others

The anti-Donald Trump Better for America PAC recruited Even McMullin as a candidate for president. He is on the ballot in 11 states and has write-in access for many more.

Name	Prior positions	State	Announced candidacy	Vice presidential candidate	Notes
Evan McMullin (Campaign)	Chief Policy Director for the House Republican Conference, 2015–2016 CIA agent, 2001–2011	Utah	August 8, 2016[9]	Mindy Finn of the District of Columbia[10]	See also: Better for America ^A (as Independence Party of Minnesota nominee) Nathan Johnson, a resident of San Diego, appears as McMullin's running mate on numerous state ballots.[11][12]
Other parties	National Total	National percentage	highest single state total	highest single state percentage
Independence party of South Carolina Independence party of Minnesota	545,048 [13]	0.41%	233,266 (21.41%) (Utah)	233,266 (21.41%) (Utah)	Aside from his large total in Utah, the ticket came in third in Idaho, and fourth in seven of the nine other states where it was on the ballot.

Darrell Castle, Constitution Party

Electoral votes: 207 (Scott Copeland has access to 4 electoral votes in Idaho, where Castle is on the ballot as an independent^[14])

Write-in included: 406

Ballot access: Alaska, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming.^{[15][16][17][18]}
Write-in access: Alabama, Arizona, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Montana, New Hampshire, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia.^[16]

Nominee

Name	Prior positions	State	Nominated	Vice presidential nominee
Darrell Castle	Attorney, Constitution Party vice presidential nominee, 2008	Tennessee	April 16, 2016[19][20]	Scott N. Bradley of Utah
Other parties	National Total	National percentage	highest single state total	highest single state percentage
Taxpayer's Party Michigan	190,307	0.14%	21,010 (0.35%) Pennsylvania	3,311 (1.24%) Alaska

Poll standings

Castle has not been featured in any national polls. However he was listed in a few in Utah in August and September, where he got as much as 2%, and in Nevada, where he got 1%.

Nomination contest

The 2016 Presidential Nominating Convention was held in Salt Lake City, Utah on April 13–16.^[21]

Constitution Party National Convention presidential vote, 2016[22][23]
Candidate	Votes	Percentage	Notes
Darrell Castle	184	54.19%	received 181,741 votes (0.14%) in the general election
Scott Copeland (Texas)[24]	103.5	30.49%	On the ballot in Idaho as the Constitution Party's presidential nominee,[25]
Tom Hoefling[26]	19	5.60%	Sought 2016 American Independent Party presidential nomination American Independent Party presidential nominee, 2012 America's Party presidential nominee, 2012, 2016
Daniel Cummings (Wyoming)[27]	9	2.65%
J.R. Myers (Alaska)	9	2.65%	Sought 2016 American Independent Party presidential nomination, on the ballot in Idaho as the Constitution Party's vice-presidential nominee,[28]
Don Grundmann (California)[29]	6	1.77%	Sought 2008 and 2012 Constitution Party presidential nomination
John Diamond (Pennsylvania)[30]	5	1.47%
Jeremy Friedbaum (Utah)[31]	4	1.18%
Totals	339.5	100.00%

American Independent and other Fusion tickets

Several states, most notably New York, permit fusion tickets. A fusion ticket is when a candidate or candidates are permitted more than one ballot line by being nominated by one or more third parties and permitting the votes on all lines to be added together for a single state total.

The Clinton/Kaine ticket is on the ballot in New York on the Women's Equality and Working Families Party lines, while the Trump/Pence ticket is on the Conservative party there as well as the American Independent Party in California.

Conservative party nomination in New York

The state committee nominated Donald Trump by voice vote.

Total popular vote:271,961 (3.79%)

Working Families party nomination in New York

Initially, the Working Families Party had endorsed Bernie Sanders for president, but when he conceded defeat at the Democratic convention and endorsed Hillary Clinton, the party had a mail in primary where Clinton defeated Jill Stein and "no endorsement" with 68% of the vote, preferring fusion rather than "asking voters to cast a vote that is at best meaningless and at worst destructive of progressive possibility."^[32]

Total popular vote:130,245 (1.82%)

Woman's Equality party nomination in New York

A faction of the party's executive committee nominated Dr. Lynn Sandra Kahn, while another nominated Hillary Clinton. The New York State board of elections decided the former Secretary of State would get the ballot line.^[33][34]

Total popular vote:32,307 (0.45%)

American Independent Party nomination in California

The state committee ignored the primary and designated Trump as its nominee.^[35]

California did not record a separate ballot total for the AIP.

Party nomination contest

Below are the results of the California Primary ballot, which was rendered supurfluous when the state committee decided to select Donald Trump.^[36]

California American Independent presidential primary, June 7, 2016[37]
Candidate	Votes	Percentage
Alan Spears	7,348	19%
Arthur Harris	6,510	17%
Robert Ornelas	6,411	17%
J.R. Myers	4,898	13%
Wiley Drake	4,828	13%
James Hedges	3,989	11%
Thomas Hoefling	3,917	10%
Total	37,901	100%

Candidates receiving more than ten thousand popular votes

Gloria La Riva, multiple parties

Electoral votes: 80 (Gloria LaRiva has a combined 135 electoral votes via the Party for Socialism and Liberation, the Peace and Freedom Party, and the Liberty Union Party)

Ballot access: California, Colorado, Florida, Louisiana, New Jersey, New Mexico, Vermont, Washington^[38][39]

Nominee

Name	Prior positions	State	Nominated	Vice presidential nominee	Notes
Gloria La Riva	Newspaper printer and activist Peace and Freedom Party presidential nominee, 2016, Party for Socialism and Liberation presidential nominee, 2008 Workers World Party presidential nominee, 1992	New Mexico	July 2015[40]	Eugene Puryear of Washington, D.C.[40] | Dennis Banks of Minnesota(in CA only)[41]	Appeared on the Vermont ballot as the Liberty Union Party ticket[42] Puryear is Constitutionally ineligible to serve as Vice President – under age 35 Banks appeared as the vice-presidential candidate on the Peace and Freedom ticket in California.
State parties	National Total	National percentage	Peace and Freedom Total	other party total
Party for Socialism and Liberation Peace and Freedom (California) Liberty Union (Vermont).	60,990	0.05%	53,133	7,857

Party for Socialism and Liberation

La Riva is on the ballot in numerous states under this banner and as an independent.

Liberty Union Party (Vermont)

La Riva won the primary in Vermont and thus was awarded the ballot line there.

La Riva participated in the Free and Equal presidential debate.

Peace and Freedom Party

La Riva won the primary in California and thus was awarded the ballot line at the state convention. Jill Stein, who was on the Green party primary ballot was removed from the PF one.

California Peace and Freedom presidential primary, June 7, 2016[43]
Candidate	Votes	Percentage	Con. Vote
Gloria Estela La Riva	2,232	49%	56
Monica Moorehead	1,369	30%	12
Lynn Sandra Kahn	963	21%	1
Jill Stein	(disqualified)	0%	9
Total	4,564	100%	78

Rocky De La Fuente; American Delta and Reform Parties, plus others

Electoral votes: 147 (De La Fuente has access to a combined 147 electoral votes as an Independent, via The American Delta Party and via The Reform Party)^[44][45]

Write-In included: 346 Electors^[44][45]

Anticipated Write-In Included: 404 Electors

Ballot access:

Under the ballot label "Reform Party" Florida

Under the ballot label "American Delta Party":^[46] Colorado,^[47] Iowa,^[48] Louisiana,^[49] Minnesota,^[50] Mississippi,^[51] New Jersey,^[52] New Mexico.^[53]

As an independent: Alaska,^[54] Idaho,^[55] Kentucky,^[56] Montana,^[57] Nevada,^[58] New Hampshire,^[59] North Dakota,^[60] Rhode Island^[61] Tennessee,^[62] Utah,^[55] Vermont,^[63] Wisconsin,^[64] Wyoming.^[65]

Write-In:^[66] Alabama, Arizona, California, Delaware, District of Columbia, Indiana, Maryland, Nebraska, New York, Pennsylvania, Oregon, Virginia, Kansas, West Virginia, Washington. Total 199 Electors

Anticipated Write-In:^[66] Connecticut, Missouri, South Dakota

Pending Lawsuit: California, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Hawaii, Ohio, Oklahoma, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas.

No Ballot Access 2016 : Georgia, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, North Carolina, South Carolina.

Nominee

Name	Prior positions	State	Announced candidacy	Vice presidential nominee	Notes
Rocky De La Fuente	Businessman	Florida	July 19, 2016[67]	Michael Steinberg of Florida	Received 67,457 votes in the Democratic presidential primary Ran for the Democratic United States Senate nomination in Florida, 2016
State parties	National Total	National percentage	highest single state total	highest single state percentage
American Delta Reform.	32,742	0.02%	9,101(0.1%) Florida	1,063 (0.34%) Vermont

Poll Standings

In August and September, Suffolk University did polling listing De la Fuente in Nevada. He got only 1%.

American Delta party nomination

The American Delta Party is an organization specifically created to support De La Fuente's independent candidacy.

Reform party nomination

The Reform Party recognized the following other candidates as seeking its presidential nomination^[68] The vote totals nominating De La Fuente were never released.

Name	Notes
Ed Chlapowski[68]	Owner/manager at Opportunity Resolution
Kenneth Cross[68]	Semi-retired engineer and businessman Reform Party vice-presidential nominee, 2012
Lynn Kahn[68]	Doctor of clinical psychology Sought 2016 Peace and Freedom Party presidential nomination. Will appear on Arkansas and Iowa ballot.
Darcy Richardson[68]	Historian and writer 2012 Democratic Party presidential hopeful. received 41,730 in the primary[69]

Independent

Name	State	Vice presidential nominee	national vote total	ballot access.
Richard Duncan	Ohio	Ricky Johnson	23,778 (0.02%)	18 (173)Ohio[70] (Alabama, Alaska, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia

Poll standings: Was listed in several Ohio polls.

Dan Vacek, Legal Marijuana Now Party

'Ballot access: Iowa, Minnesota

Name	Prior positions	State	Nominated	Vice presidential nominee	National Popular vote
Dan Vacek	Financial Assistance Caseworker, Ramsey County, Minnesota	Minnesota	July 25, 2016[71]	Mark Elworth of Nebraska	13,536 (0.01%)

Alyson Kennedy, Socialist Workers Party

Name	Prior positions	State	Nominated	Vice presidential nominee	National vote total	Ballot access
Alyson Kennedy	Labor Organizer and Activist Socialist Workers Party vice presidential nominee 2008	Illinois [72]	February 12, 2016[73]	Osborne Hart of Pennsylvania[74]	12,300 (0.01%)	Colorado, Louisiana, Minnesota, New Jersey, Tennessee, Utah, Washington[75]

Candidates receiving between one thousand and ten thousand votes nationwide

American Solidarity Party

Electoral votes: 9

Write-In included: 332

Anticipated Write-In Included: 351 Electors

Ballot access: Colorado^[76]

Write-In: Alabama,^[77] Alaska,^[78] California,^[79] Georgia,^[80] Idaho,^[81] Iowa,^[77] Kansas, Kentucky,^[82] Maryland,^[83] Michigan,^[84] Minnesota,^[85] Nebraska,^[86] New Hampshire,^[77] New Jersey,^[77] New York,^[87] North Dakota,^[88] Ohio,^[89] Oregon,^[90] Pennsylvania,^[77] Rhode Island,^[77] Texas,^[91] Vermont,^[77] Virginia,^[92] Washington,^[93] Washington D.C,^[94] Wisconsin^[95]

Anticipated Write-In: Washington D.C., Wyoming

Nominee

Name	Prior positions	State	Nominated	Vice presidential nominee	National Total
Mike Maturen	Sales professional	Michigan	July 9, 2016	Juan Muñoz	4,106(0.0032%)

Independent

Name	Prior positions	State	Announced candidacy	Vice presidential candidate	Ballot access	total popular vote (percentage)
Laurence Kotlikoff	Economics professor at Boston University	Massachusetts		Edward E. Leamer of California	* On ballot: Colorado, Louisiana[96] As write-in: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia[97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118]	2,189 (0%)

Tom Hoefling, America's Party

Electoral votes: 44

Ballot access: Arkansas, Colorado, Florida

Candidate

Name	Prior positions	State	Announced candidacy	Vice presidential nominee
Tom Hoefling	Political activist American Independent Party and Constitution Party presidential candidate, 2016 American Independent Party and America's Party presidential nominee, 2012	Iowa	January 2016[119]	Steve Schulin of South Carolina

Monica Moorehead, Workers World Party

Electoral votes: 30

Ballot access: New Jersey, Utah, Wisconsin^[120][121]
(Texas)^[115]

Nominee

Name	Prior positions	State	Nominated	Vice presidential nominee
Monica Moorehead	Perennial candidate and activist	New Jersey	November 8, 2015[122]	Lamont Lilly[122]
State parties	National Total	National percentage	highest single state total	highest single state percentage

Poll standings: In order to see if support for Jill Stein and Gary Johnson was genuine, Falrleigh Dickinson University conducted a poll substituting Moorhead and Jim Hedges of the Prohibition Party, for Johnson and Stein. Ms. Moorehead received 3%, the same amount Stein did.^[123]

Emidio "Mimi" Soltysik, Socialist Party USA

Electoral votes: 25

Ballot access: Colorado, Michigan^[124]

Nominee

Name	Prior positions	State	Nominated	Vice presidential nominee
Mimi Soltysik	Former National Co-Chair, Socialist Party USA	California	October 17, 2015[125]	Angela Walker of Wisconsin
Other parties	National Total	National percentage	highest single state total	highest single state percentage
Natural Law Party (Michigan)[126]

He also received 1,086 votes in Guam's presidential "beauty contest."

James Hedges, Prohibition Party

Electoral votes: 21

Ballot access: Arkansas, Colorado, Mississippi^[127]

Nominee

Name	Prior positions	State	Announced candidacy	Nominated	Vice presidential nominee
James Hedges	Tax Assessor, Thompson Township, Fulton County, Pennsylvania (2002–2007) American Independent Party presidential candidate, 2016 Prohibition Party presidential candidate, 2012	Pennsylvania	July 2015[128]	July 31, 2015[128]	Bill Bayes of Mississippi
State parties	National Total	National percentage	highest single state total	highest single state percentage

Poll standings: In order to see if support for Jill Stein and Gary Johnson was genuine, Falrleigh Dickinson University conducted a poll substituting Hedges and Monica Moorhead of the Workers'World Party, for Johnson and Stein. Hedges received 4%.^[123]

Rocky Giordani, Independent American Party

Electoral votes: 18

Ballot access: New Mexico, Oregon, Utah^[129]

Nominee

Name	Prior positions	State	Nominated	Vice presidential nominee
Rocky Giordani	Author	Utah	November 7, 2015[130]	Farley Anderson

Chris Keniston, Veterans Party of America

Electoral votes: 15

Ballot access: Colorado, Mississippi^[131]

Nominee

Name	Prior positions	State	Nominated	Vice presidential nominee	Popular vote
Chris Keniston	Reliability Engineer	Texas		Deacon Taylor of Florida	4,726 (0.18%)

Peter Skewes, American Party (South Carolina)

Electoral votes: 9

Ballot access: South Carolina

Nominee

Name	Prior positions	State	Announced candidacy	Vice presidential nominee
Peter Skewes	Professor, Clemson University	South Carolina	May 15, 2016[132]	Michael Lacy

Candidates receiving between one hundred and one thousand votes nationwide

Rod Silva, Nutrition Party

Electoral votes: 9

Ballot access: Colorado^[133]

Nominee

Name	Prior positions	State	Nominated	Vice presidential nominee	popular vote
Rod Silva	Restaurateur	New Jersey	October 20, 2015[134]	Richard Silva	657 (0.00%)

Jerry White, Socialist Equality Party

Electoral votes: 8

Ballot access: Louisiana^[135]

Nominee

Name	Prior positions	State	Nominated	Vice presidential nominee	Total popular vote:
Jerry White	Labor editor, World Socialist Web Site Socialist Equality Party presidential nominee, 1996, 2008, and 2012	Michigan	April 22, 2016[136]	Niles Niemuth of Wisconsin (Constitutionally ineligible – under age 35)[137]	369 nationwide.

No ballot access

According to the Federal Election Commission almost 2,000 People, both real and fictional, have been registered as presidential candidates.^[138]

Among the more notable ones are:

Name	Prior positions	State	Announced candidacy
Zoltan Istvan	Futurist, writer, transhumanist philosopher	California	October 2014[139][140][141]	Founder of the proposed Transhumanist Party, Has write-in access in New York and Florida
Dan Bilzerian	Professional poker player	California	June 2015[142]
Ken Fields	Entrepreneur, environmental advocate	New York	November 2015[143][144]
Terry Jones	Pastor for Dove World Outreach Center	Florida	July 2013[145][146]
Merlin Miller	Filmmaker	Tennessee	July 2015[147]
Joe Schriner	Painter	Ohio	October 2014[148]
Guy Schwartz	Musician	Texas
Ron White	Comedian and actor		November 2015[149]
Robby Wells	Former Savannah State University head football coach	North Carolina	December 2012 (original filing)[150] March 2016[151]

Chloe Barcella, president party

Write-in Candidates

A minimum of 671,874 (0.52%) voters^[152] cast write in ballots, what is believed to be a record. Many were for registered candidates who were on the ballot in one or more states, others for candidates who were registered but were on no ballots and others were for fictional or perceptibly humorous figures, like of Mickey Mouse or Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The vast majority of these will never be counted or recorded as individuals but as "Others" or "Scattered." Many states disallow write-up candidacy^[153]

Bernie Sanders

Several grassroots campaigns to elect Bernie Sanders President as a write-in candidate were established on social media in the run-up to the United States presidential election. Though Sanders continued to campaign for Democrat nominee Hillary Clinton, supporters pointed to alleged DNC bias in the Democratic Party's presidential primaries against Sanders, and Clinton's email scandal, and continued to support him.^[154] Both Clinton and Donald Trump would have had to win less than the required 270 electoral college votes for Sanders to have denied either candidate the presidency, and for the election to be passed to the House of Representatives - thus the initial write-in campaign around Vermont, offering only 3 college votes, was unsuccessful.^[155] The campaign expanded to include all 12 eligible states (one of which listed Sanders as an official write-in candidate), and relied on states such as California, with a high electoral college vote count and large support for Sanders, to be successful in denying both Trump and Clinton.^[156] He has received over 20 thousand votes.

What is notable here is that he came in third in Vermont,^[157] coming ahead of both Gary Johnson and Jill Stein and taking 5.67% of the vote (18,183 tallied), something that has never happened before in a fall Presidential election, although in the 1960s, Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. and President Lyndon Johnson had won the New Hampshire primary.

Non notable candidates

The following candidates had no on-ballot access but were official write-in candidates in at least one state.^[158]

Alabama, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont are not listed below as those states do not require filing as a write-in candidate.

• • Fox, Cherunda Lynn, 25 states
  • Schoenke, Marshall Roy , 20 states
  • Buchanan, Robert Lewis "Bob" , 16 states
  • Hartnell, Benjamin "Ben" , 16 states
  • Valdivia, Anthony "Tony" Joseph , 12 states
  • Basiago, Andrew Daniel "Andy" , 9 states
  • Schriner, Joseph Charles "Joe" "Average Joe" "The Painter" , 9 states
  • Wysinger, Demetra Jefferson , 9 states
  • Perry, Darryl W. , 8 states
  • Vogel-Walcutt, Jennifer J. "JJ" , 8 states
  • Boring, Paij Jean "Page" , 7 states
  • Jacquemotte, Alan "Al-J" , 7 states
  • Reid, Janet L. , 7 states
  • Ball, Dennis Andrew , 6 states
  • Librace, David , 6 states
  • Limbaugh, David , 6 states
  • Olkowski, Michael S. , 6 states
  • Cubbler, Scott Ralston , 5 states
  • Flippin, Ameer Xenos , 5 states
  • Jennings, Gerald John "Jerry", II , 5 states
  • Moreau, Kevin Michael , 5 states
  • Morris, Laio Chantelle , 5 states
  • Sterling, Shawna Joy , 5 states
  • Williams, Charles Mitchell "Mitchell" , 5 states
  • Bowhall, William Ernest, Jr. , 4 states
  • Puskar, Michael Brandon , 4 states
  • Roberts, Matthew "None of the Above" , 4 states
  • Steinacker, Delano Aimes, II , 4 states
  • Whitaker, Barbara Joan , 4 states
  • Bartlett, Henry Lovell , 3 states
  • Brown, Kennedy King , 3 states
  • Brown, Theodis, Sr. , 3 states
  • Carter, Willie Felix , 3 states
  • Collins, Loren , 3 states
  • Jackson, Denny Carroll , 3 states
  • Li, Johnson Immanuel Yuquimpo, Jr. , 3 states
  • Locke, Star , 3 states
  • Robertson, Platt Allen , 3 states
  • Smith, Duff Cooper "Coop" , 3 states
  • Tittle, Sheila Telles "Samm" , 3 states
  • Vakil, Kora Roberta Katz , 3 states
  • Bolar, Shelia Mariah , 2 states
  • Breivogel, JoAnn , 2 states
  • Burton, Jamin , 2 states
  • Byrne, David C. , 2 states
  • Carlisle, Martin Christopher , 2 states
  • Cavazos, Cynthia T. , 2 states
  • Edgell, Richard Baxter , 2 states
  • Gyurko, Zoltan Istvan , 2 states
  • Lee, Jonathan , 2 states
  • Paracha, Emaad Muhammad , 2 states
  • Roberts, Clifton Lee , 2 states
  • Smith, William Roger "Roger" , 2 states
  • Sood, Ajay , 2 states
  • Strickland, Gloria Dawn , 2 states
  • Thomson, Douglas W. , 2 states
  • Wallace, William Leonard , 2 states
  • Zerilli, Charles R. , 2 states
  • Adams, Paul , 1 state
  • Allen, Stephen L. , 1 state
  • Aranja, Arantxa , 1 state
  • Asherie, Neer R. , 1 state
  • Baird, Dustin Alan , 1 state
  • Bell, James Jerome , 1 state
  • Bickelmeyer, Michael , 1 state
  • Blickley, Mark , 1 state
  • Blumenthal, Paul E. , 1 state
  • Botero, Juan B. , 1 state
  • Boyles, Michael David , 1 state
  • Boynton, Philip D. , 1 state
  • Brown, Dana E. , 1 state
  • Brown, Ray C. , 1 state
  • Brumfield, Author C. , 1 state
  • Canns, Gary S. , 1 state
  • Clark, Roy Allen "Santa" , 1 state
  • Cohen, Ariel , 1 state
  • Connolly, William J. , 1 state
  • Cooper, Jeffrey A. , 1 state
  • Corsetti, Michael , 1 state
  • Cummings, Darryl , 1 state
  • Deame, Kevin , 1 state
  • Dean, Charlie , 1 state
  • Denz, Vickie Lynn , 1 state
  • Edalgo, James Edward , 1 state
  • Elgar, Betsy Pauline , 1 state
  • Elliott, Claire Elisabeth , 1 state
  • Ellis, Craig , 1 state
  • Evans, Ronald , 1 state
  • Feegbeh, William B. , 1 state
  • Floyd, Theo R. , 1 state
  • Fried, Jason , 1 state
  • Gates, Jacqueline , 1 state
  • Gerhard, Eric , 1 state
  • Glentz, Joseph , 1 state
  • Griffith, William Richard , 1 state
  • Harper, Mark J. , 1 state
  • Helgerson, Timothy , 1 state
  • Hess, William Anthony, IV , 1 state
  • Heupel, RaeDeen Rose , 1 state
  • Holbeck, Alec , 1 state
  • Hrenak, James, Jr. , 1 state
  • Huffman, Lonny Paul , 1 state
  • In-Albon, Mitchell , 1 state
  • Indiana, Tara , 1 state
  • Ingbar, Michael Frederick , 1 state
  • Jaynes, Bruce E. , 1 state
  • Jobe, James Walter , 1 state
  • Johnson Pendleton, Cathy , 1 state
  • Keita, Mohammed , 1 state
  • Kelly, Melissa L. , 1 state
  • Kern, Jacob S. , 1 state
  • Kirschner, Barry , 1 state
  • Klojzy, Jeffrey John, Jr. , 1 state
  • Kobin, Asher J. , 1 state
  • Kokes, Troy Morgan , 1 state
  • Koplitz, Roger , 1 state
  • Lacy, Chris , 1 state
  • Lash, Ken , 1 state
  • Levinson, Michael Stephen "Lev" , 1 state
  • Limbaush, Charles David , 1 state
  • Ling, William Martin , 1 state
  • Lohmiller, Bruce , 1 state
  • Lowe, Donald Eugene , 1 state
  • Luesing, Richard Turner, Jr. , 1 state
  • Lynch, Darin , 1 state
  • Mackler, Jeffrey , 1 state
  • Mallapadi, Srinivasa K. , 1 state
  • Malloy, Steven P. , 1 state
  • Martin, Daniel Stevens , 1 state
  • Maus, William Joseph , 1 state
  • McCarthy, Stephen John , 1 state
  • McCathy, Stephen , 1 state
  • McKee, Kevin P. , 1 state
  • Meluch, Timothy B. , 1 state
  • Miller, Scott Erwin , 1 state
  • Monson, Dori Thomas , 1 state
  • Morrow, Robert , 1 state
  • MsMere, Reverend , 1 state
  • Muffoletto, Daniel , 1 state
  • Muhammad, Ricky , 1 state
  • Mullis, Ric , 1 state
  • Mutford, Jason , 1 state
  • Nieman, Thomas J. , 1 state
  • None of these candidates , 1 state
  • Orwick, Aaron Idean , 1 state
  • Parks, Stephen Paul , 1 state
  • Payeur, Micah , 1 state
  • Perry, Brian Anthony , 1 state
  • Perry, David , 1 state
  • Perry, David "Dave" , 1 state
  • Ramos, Luis Alberto, Jr. , 1 state
  • Regenold, Ricky J. , 1 state
  • Rice, Robert D. , 1 state
  • Schafer, Paul , 1 state
  • Schmidt, Joseph , 1 state
  • Schumacher, Derrick , 1 state
  • Seeberg, Phillip , 1 state
  • Semon, Adam Lee , 1 state
  • Sidner, Arthur E. , 1 state
  • Snell, Keith Richard , 1 state
  • Soldjah, Sistah , 1 state
  • Stack, David G. , 1 state
  • Steffes, Dale , 1 state
  • Sterner, Corey , 1 state
  • Stevens, Timothy Allen , 1 state
  • Stout, Matthew Water , 1 state
  • Stroh, Josiah R. , 1 state
  • Struck, James T. , 1 state
  • Symonette, Maurice , 1 state
  • Tabor, Samuel Lewis , 1 state
  • Taysom, Nicola "Niki" Jo , 1 state
  • Terry, Doug , 1 state
  • Thomas, Mary E. , 1 state
  • Tyree, Roy Wayne , 1 state
  • Urbach, Marc , 1 state
  • Vann, Mary A. , 1 state
  • Welsh, Esther , 1 state
  • Wettschreck, Kirk , 1 state
  • Wharton, Jeffrey Ryan, Sr. , 1 state
  • Williams, Victor , 1 state
  • Wilson, Sandra , 1 state
  • Wolff, Robert M. , 1 state
  • Wu, Jeffrey Anthony , 1 state
  • Zutler, Daniel Paul , 1 state

Previously speculated

The following individuals have been the focus of presidential speculation as an independent candidate in multiple media reports during the 2016 election cycle, but such speculation has ostensibly ceased for a period of three months or longer.

• Lawrence Lessig, Professor of Law at Harvard Law School (previously sought Democratic Party presidential nomination)^[159]

Withdrew

• Waka Flocka Flame, rap artist from Georgia^[160]
• John McAfee, anti-virus software businessman (originally declared as third-party candidate under named 'Cyber Party', before seeking Libertarian Party nomination)^[161]
• Ted Williams, voice actor from Ohio^[162]

Declined

Individuals listed in this section have been the focus of media speculation as being possible 2016 presidential candidates but have unequivocally ruled out an independent presidential bid in 2016.

• Michael Bloomberg, Mayor of New York City 2002–2013^[163]
• David A. French, writer for National Review^[164]
• Jon Huntsman, Jr., United States Ambassador to China 2009–2011; Governor of Utah 2005–2009; presidential candidate in 2012^[165]
• Dennis Michael Lynch, businessman, documentary film maker and conservative commentator from New York (formed an exploratory committee for a potential bid as an independent before electing to instead explore a potential bid for the Republican nomination)^[166][167]
• Bernie Sanders, U.S. Senator from Vermont since 2007; U.S. Representative from Vermont 1991–2007 (expressed interest in a possible independent presidential bid before declaring his candidacy for the Democratic Party nomination)^{[168][169][170]} He was registered as a write-in candidate in Vermont and California without his authorization.
• Jesse Ventura, Governor of Minnesota 1999–2003, Mayor of Brooklyn Park, Minnesota 1991–1995 (publicly expressed interest in a Libertarian Party candidacy instead, before declining to run altogether)^[171][172]
• Jim Webb, U.S. Senator from Virginia 2007–2013 (campaign)^[173]

See also

• Democratic Party presidential candidates, 2016
• Republican Party presidential candidates, 2016
• United States presidential election, 2016 timeline

References

1. Winger, Richard (July 2015). "2016 Petitioning for President". Ballot Access News. Retrieved 2015-08-28.
2. "2016 Presidential Ballot Access Map". lp.org.
3. Struyk, Ryan; de la Cuetara, Ines (May 29, 2016). "Gary Johnson Wins Libertarian Nomination for President". ABC News. Retrieved 2016-05-29.
4. Libertarian Party National Convention (Live Video). Orlando, Florida: C-SPAN. May 29, 2016. Retrieved May 29, 2016.
5. "2016 Presidential Candidates". Green Party of the United States. December 31, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
6. "Green Party presidential primary calendar". Green Party Watch. February 11, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
7. "RECOGNIZED CANDIDATES SEEKING THE GPUS 2016 PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATION". Green Party of the United States. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
8. "Election 2016 - Presidential Primaries, Caucuses, and Conventions". The Green Papers. August 6, 2016. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
9. Buchman, Joseph (August 8, 2016). "CIA's McMullin Launches "Third Party" 2016 POTUS Campaign". Independent Political Report. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
10. Walshe, Shushannah (October 6, 2016). "Presidential Candidate Evan McMullin Picks Mindy Finn as Running Mate". ABC News. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
11. "Independent Candidate Inundated With Mystery Running Mate Questions". Morning Edition. NPR. September 8, 2016. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
12. Strauss, Daniel (September 7, 2016). "Whoops: Independent candidate appears to have accidentally picked a running mate". Politico. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
13. http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php
14. "2016 November General Candidate List" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-09-10.
15. "Four Statewide Petitions Filed in Pennsylvania – Ballot Access News".
16. "Ballot access | The Constitution Party". www.constitutionparty.com.
17. Lesiak, Krzysztof (August 2, 2016). "Constitution Party secures ballot access in West Virginia". American Third Party Report. Retrieved 2016-08-02.
18. "Idaho Approves All Four Independent Presidential Candidate Petitions – Ballot Access News".
19. "US: Darrell Castle named Constitution Party candidate". Aljazeera.com. April 16, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
20. Winger, Richard (April 16, 2016). "Constitution Party Nominates Darrell Castle and Scott Bradley". Ballot Access News. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
21. "The Constitution Party hosts national convention in Salt Lake City"
22. Winger, Richard (April 16, 2016). "Constitution Party Nominates Darrell Castle". Ballot Access News. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
23. Ricardo Davis (April 16, 2016). "Constitution Party Nominating Convention Results". Constitution Party of Georgia. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
24. "Constitution Party on Twitter". Twitter. April 15, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
25. "Copeland/Myers Certified by CP-Idaho for 2016". Constitution Party of Idaho. August 1, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
26. "Constitution Party on Twitter". Twitter. April 15, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
27. "Daniel Cummings FEC Filing" (PDF). FEC. April 25, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
28. "Copeland/Myers Certified by CP-Idaho for 2016". Constitution Party of Idaho. August 1, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
29. "Constitution Party on Twitter". Twitter. April 15, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
30. "Constitution Party on Twitter". Twitter. April 15, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
31. "Constitution Party on Twitter". Twitter. April 15, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
32. http://workingfamilies.org/2016/08/wfp-endorses-hillary-clinton/
33. http://ballot-access.org/2016/09/16/new-york-state-board-of-elections-removes-rocky-de-la-fuente-and-lynn-kahn-from-ballot/
34. https://democracychronicles.com/ny-blocks-independents/
35. "Qualified Political Parties". California Secretary of State Alex Padilla. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
36. "Generally Recognized Presidential Candidates June 7, 2016, Presidential Primary Election". California Secretary of State.
37. "President American Independent - Statewide Results". Office of the Secretary of State of California. Government of California. 8 June 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
38. "Committee Tracking system – Florida Division of Elections – Department of State". Dos.elections.myflorida.com. Retrieved 2015-10-24.
39. Winger, Richard (May 15, 2016). "Liberty Union Party of Vermont Nominates Gloria La Riva for President". Ballot Access News. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
40. Winger, Richard (July 24, 2015). "Party for Socialism and Liberation Announces 2016 Presidential Ticket". Ballot Access News. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
41. "Meet Dennis Banks – Gloria La Riva for President 2016 – Vote Socialist!". Gloria La Riva for President. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
42. Winger, Richard (May 15, 2016). "Liberty Union Party of Vermont Nominates Gloria La Riva for President". Ballot Access News. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
43. "President Peace and Freedom - Statewide Results". Office of the Secretary of State of California. Government of California. 8 June 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
44. "Rocky De La Fuente Passes the 270 Vote Electoral Vote Threshold".
45. "official web site".
46. king-theme.com. "Home - American Delta Party". American Delta Party. Retrieved 2016-10-18.
47. "2016 General Election Candidate List". Colorado Secretary of State. August 15, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
48. Winger, Richard (August 26, 2016). "Iowa Approves All Presidential Petitions". Ballot Access News. Retrieved August 27, 2016.
49. Winger, Richard (August 9, 2016). "Reform Party Nominates Rocky De La Fuente for President". Ballot Access News. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
50. Winger, Richard (August 24, 2016). "Minnesota Accepts All Seven Presidential Petitions". Ballot Access News. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
51. Winger, Richard (September 9, 2016). "Eight Presidential Candidates will be on Mississippi Ballot".
52. "Certification of Nominees" (PDF). New Jersey Secretary of State (Division of Elections). August 15, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
53. Winger, Richard (July 6, 2016). "New Mexico and Washington Secretaries of State Finish Validating some Minor Party Petitions". Ballot Access News. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
54. Winger, Richard (August 25, 2016). "Alaska Division of Elections Says All Presidential Petitions are Valid". Ballot Access News. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
55. Winger, Richard (July 20, 2016). "Connecticut Secretary of State Now Says Rocky De La Fuente Petition is Permitted to List Presidential and Vice-Presidential Candidates from Florida". Ballot Access News. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
56. Winger, Richard (September 10, 2016). "Kentucky Secretary of State Says Evan McMullin and Rocky De La Fuente Petitions are Valid".
57. Winger, Richard (August 25, 2016). "Montana Says Both Presidential Petitions are Valid". Ballot Access News. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
58. Winger, Richard (August 2, 2016). "Nevada Says Rocky De La Fuente Has Enough Valid Signatures". Ballot Access News. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
59. Winger, Richard (September 8, 2016). "New Hampshire Says Rocky De La Fuente Has Enough Valid Signatures".
60. Winger, Richard (September 7, 2016). "North Dakota Says All Three Independent Presidential Petitions are Valid".
61. Winger, Richard (September 9, 2016). "Rhode Island Secretary of State Says Three Independent Presidential Petitions Have Enough Valid Signatures".
62. Winger, Richard (August 23, 2016). "Rocky De La Fuente Has Enough Valid Signatures in Tennessee". Ballot Access News. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
63. Winger, Richard (August 3, 2016). "Vermont Presidential Petition Filings". Ballot Access News. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
64. Winger, Richard (August 25, 2016). "Wisconsin Approves Both Independent Presidential Petitions".
65. Winger, Richard (September 8, 2016). "Wyoming Says Jill Stein and Rocky De La Fuente Have Enough Valid Signatures; Still Checking Evan McMullin".
66. ABC/FOX/Montana/Story http://www.abcfoxmontana.com/story/33396752/presidential-candidate-roque-de-la-fuente
67. "Reform Party National Committee Official Facebook Page". Facebook. July 19, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
68. "Current Candidates". Reform Party National Committee. Archived from the original on August 4, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
69. Lesiak, Krzysztof (July 22, 2016). "Darcy Richardson will seek the Reform Party's presidential nomination". Independent Political Report. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
70. Husted, Jon (August 24, 2016). "Husted Announces Independent Candidates for President and Vice President". sos.state.oh.us. Ohio Secretary of State. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
71. "Candidate Filings, 2016 State General Election". Minnesota Secretary of State.
72. "Details for Candidate ID : P80005473". FEC. Retrieved October 26, 2016.
73. Winger, Richard (February 13, 2016). "Socialist Workers Party Announces National Ticket". Ballot Access News. Retrieved October 26, 2016.
74. "Socialist Workers Party 2016 Candidates" (PDF). The Militant. Retrieved October 26, 2016.
75. Chris Powell (August 3, 2016). "Who is on the presidential ballot where?". Medium (website). Retrieved October 26, 2016.
76. "2016 General Election Candidate List". Sos.state.co.us. Retrieved 2016-08-12.
77. "Ballot access for presidential candidates". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2016-09-26.
78. "November 8, 2016 General Election Candidate List". elections.alaska.gov. State of Alaska Division of Elections. 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
79. "November 8, 2016, General Election Certified List of Write-In Candidates" (PDF). State of California Secretary of State. 2016-10-28. Retrieved 2016-10-28.
80. Kemp, Brian (September 12, 2016). "Qualifying Candidate Information". sos.ga.gov. Georgia Secretary of State. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
81. "CANDIDATES HAVING FILED A DECLARTION OF INTENT TO BE A WRITE-IN AT THE NOVEMBER 8, 2016 GENERAL ELECTION" (PDF). Idaho Secretary of State. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
82. "Election Candidate Filings - President of the United States". Kentucky.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-26.
83. "2016 Candidate Listing". Maryland.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-26.
84. "Michigan 2016 General Election". The Green Papers. Retrieved 2016-10-19.
85. "Federal, State & County Candidates – Office of the Minnesota Secretary of State – Registered Write Ins" (PDF). Office of the Minnesota Secretary of State.
86. "Write-In Presidential Candidates 2016" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-10-27.
87. "Official Write-In Candidates for President" (PDF). 2016-10-24.
88. Winger, Richard (2016-10-20). "Six Write-in Presidential Candidates File to Have North Dakota Write-ins Counted". Ballot Access News. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
89. http://www.co.greene.oh.us/DocumentCenter/View/8999
90. "Election Law Summary" (PDF). Oregon Secretary of State. Elections Division. p. 14. Retrieved 2016-10-19. Oregon voters have the option of not voting for any of the candidates for office who are printed on the ballot, but instead writing in a name of a candidate for each office. All write-in votes for each office on the ballot are tallied together with a lump sum recorded unless: 1 No names of candidates are printed on the ballot for the office; or 2 If the total number of write-in votes for candidates equals or exceeds the total number of votes for any candidate for the same nomination or office. In these two circumstances, the county clerk tallies all write-in votes cast for the office to show the total number of votes for each write-in candidate.
91. "Fighting to get on the presidential ballot in Texas". The Star-Telegram. Retrieved 2016-09-26.
92. "ASP Gets Confirmation of Official Write-In Status!".
93. "Official List of Write-In Candidates for the 2016 General Election" (PDF). Washington Secretary of State. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
94. "Candidate Guide to Ballot Access". www.dcboee.org. District of Columbia Board of Elections. In lieu of circulating nominating petitions to obtain ballot access, write-in candidacy is permitted during both the primary and general elections. If victory by a write-in candidate is apparent, the write-in candidate must complete an Affirmation of Write-In Candidacy form at the Board's office on or before: June 15, 2016 for the Primary Election; November 14, 2016 for the General Election
95. "Registered Write-in Candidates for November 8, 2016" (PDF). elections.wi.gov. Wisconsin Elections Commission.
96. Winger, Richard (September 1, 2016). "September 2016 Ballot Access News Print Edition". ballot-access.org. p. 6. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
97. Winger, Richard (July 1, 2016). "Ballot Access News". ballot-access.org. p. 4. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
98. "November 8, 2016 General Election Candidate List". elections.alaska.gov. State of Alaska Division of Elections. 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
99. "2016 Election Information". azsos.gov. Arizona Secretary of State. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
100. "Candidate Listing". elections.myflorida.com. Florida Department of State, Division of Elections. 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
101. Winger, Richard (September 19, 2016). "Georgia Secretary of State Now Says Laurence Kotlikoff May be a Declared Write-in Presidential Candidate". ballot-access.org. Ballot Access News. Retrieved September 21, 2016.
102. "2016 November General Write-In List" (PDF). sos.idaho.gov. Idaho Secretary of State. October 11, 2016. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
103. "November 8, 2016 Write-in Candidates". cookcountyclerk.com. Cook County Clerk. 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
104. "2016 General Election Candidate Abbreviated List" (PDF). www.in.gov. Indiana Secretary of State Election Division. August 22, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
105. "Election Candidate Filings - President of the United States". apps.sos.ky.gov. Retrieved 2016-10-05.
106. "List of Declared Write-in Candidates for the General Election". maine.gov. Maine Bureau of Corporations, Elections & Commissions. September 9, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
107. "2016 Candidate Listing". elections.state.md.us. Maryland State Board of Elections. 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2016.
108. "Massachusetts 2016 General Election". thegreenpapers.com. 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
109. "Michigan 2016 General Election". thegreenpapers.com. 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
110. Jorden, Henry (October 5, 2016). "2016 General Election Official State-Filed Write-In Candidates" (PDF). sos.mt.gov. Montana Secretary of State. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
111. Winger, Richard (October 20, 2016). "Six Write-in Presidential Candidates File to Have North Dakota Write-ins Counted". ballot-access.org. Ballot Access News. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
112. Pietenpol, Laura (October 3, 2016). "Ohio 2016 General Election Candidates List". sos.state.oh.us. Ohio Secretary of State. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
113. "Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Oregon". ballotpedia.org. Ballotpedia. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
114. Summers, Kathy (October 4, 2016), "Certified Write-In Candidates for United States President November 8, 2016", sos.tn.gov, Tennessee Secretary of State, retrieved October 4, 2016
115. http://www.sos.state.tx.us/elections/forms/2016-writein-presidential-certifications.pdf
116. "2016 Candidate Fillings". elections.utah.gov. Utah Lieutenant Governor. 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
117. "Official List of Write-In Candidates for the 2016 General Election" (PDF). sos.wa.gov. Washington Secretary of State. Retrieved 2016-10-18.
118. "Write-In Candidate Listing" (PDF). sos.wv.gov. West Virginia Secretary of State. 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
119. "Tom Hoefling Announces 2016 presidential run", Independent Political Report. January 13, 2016.
120. 2016 Candidate Filings, Utah Lieutenant Governor. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
121. "Wisconsin Approves Both Independent Presidential Petitions | Ballot Access News". ballot-access.org. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
122. "Workers World Party Nominates Monica Moorehead for President". Independent Political Report. November 9, 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
123. http://ballot-access.org/2016/10/05/national-presidential-poll-asks-about-four-presidential-candidates-and-then-asks-same-respondents-to-choose-among-clinton-trump-prohibition-and-workers-world-nominees/
124. "Soltysik/Walker 2016 – Timeline". Facebook. Retrieved 2016-08-01.
125. Winger, Richard (October 17, 2015). "Socialist Party National Ticket Nominated". Ballot Access News. Retrieved 2015-10-17.
126. Winger, Richard (July 28, 2016). "Natural Law Party of Michigan Nominates Socialist Party National Ticket". Ballot Access News. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
127. Winger, Richard (October 1, 2015). "Jim Hedges, Prohibition Party Nominee, is on Ballot in Arkansas". Ballot Access News. Retrieved 2015-10-01.
128. "Prohibition Party Nominates National Ticket". Ballot Access News. July 31, 2015. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
129. Richard Winger, "American Freedom Party Becomes a Qualified Party in Mississippi", Ballot Access News. August 12, 2015.
130. Independent American Party nominated Farley Anderson", Independent Political Report. July 26, 2015.
131. "Ballot Access News – Veterans Party is Now a Ballot-Qualified Party in Mississippi". Ballot-access.org. Retrieved 2015-10-24.
132. Winger, Richard (June 1, 2016). "American Party of South Carolina Nominates Peter Skewes for President". Ballot Access News. Retrieved 2016-06-05.
133. Winger, Richard (December 22, 2015). "Nutrition Party Announces Presidential Candidate, and Qualifies Him for Colorado Ballot". Ballot Access News. Retrieved 2015-12-22.
134. The Nutrition Party is a vehicle for Silva's independent candidacy, not a pre-existing party.
135. Candidate Inquiry, Louisiana Secretary of State. Accessed September 7, 2016.
136. Winger, Richard (April 22, 2016). "Socialist Equality Party Announces National Ticket". Ballot Access News. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
137. "Socialist Equality Party announces presidential campaign". World Socialist Web Site. April 22, 2016. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
138. http://www.fec.gov/press/resources/2016presidential_form2nm.shtml
139. Hewitt, John (October 31, 2014) "An interview with Zoltan Istvan, leader of the Transhumanist Party and 2016 presidential contender", ExtremeTech.com. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
140. Bartlett, Jamie (December 23, 2014). "Meet the Transhumanist Party: 'Want to live forever? Vote for me'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved March 6, 2015.
141. "Zoltan Istvan Gyurko FEC filing" (PDF). FEC. June 19, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
142. Mulshine, Molly (June 25, 2015) "The notorious ‘King of Instagram' threw a raunchy presidential campaign launch party and I had a front row seat", Business Insider. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
143. "Ken Fields Announces Presidential Bid As Independent For 2016". PR Newswire. January 8, 2016. Retrieved 2016-01-29.
144. "Ken Fields FEC filing" (PDF). FEC. November 30, 2015.
145. Gavin, Patrick (November 29, 2013) "2016 already here for fringe hopefuls", Politico. Retrieved November 30, 2013
146. "Terry Jones FEC filing" (PDF). FEC. December 11, 2013. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
147. "US Presidential Candidate Merlin Miller says, "Israel Did 911; Zionists Control US Politics."". Gmmuk.com. August 23, 2015. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
148. "Joe Schriner's 2016 Declaration Speech". voteforjoe.com. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
149. " 'Blue Collar' comedian Ron White announces he's running for president", AOL News. November 11, 2015. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
150. "FEC Form 2 : Robert Carr Wells Jr." (PDF). Docquery.fec.gov. Retrieved 2016-08-01.
151. "Press Release 03-09-16 | Robby Wells For President". Robbywells2016.com. Retrieved 2016-08-01.
152. http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/
153. http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/election-2016-write-ins/story?id=43358737
154. "Latest Hillary Clinton drama gives Bernie Sanders' write-in campaign a boost".
155. "How Bernie Sanders Could Become President With Only 130,000 Votes".
156. "Over 18 Million People In California Could Write-In Bernie Sanders In California, Almost No Media Reporting It".
157. https://vtelectionresults.sec.state.vt.us/Index.html#/federal
158. http://www.thegreenpapers.com/G16/President-BallotAccessByState.phtml?ysort=p
159. Foran, Clare (October 13, 2015) "Lawrence Lessig Reluctantly Weighs an Independent Presidential Bid", National Journal. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
160. Andrews-Dyer, Helena (October 21, 2015). "Rapper Waka Flocka Flame wants to be House Speaker". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
161. "JOHN MCAFEE ON RUNNING FOR PRESIDENT AND THE COMING CYBERWAR". Newsweek.com. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
162. "I'm not running for President, I don't... – Ted Williams Golden Voice". Facebook. Retrieved 2015-10-24.
163. Haberman, Maggie; Burns, Alexander (March 7, 2016). "Michael Bloomberg Will Not Enter Presidential Race". The New York Times. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
164. French, David (June 5, 2016). "I'm Not Running for President". National Review. Retrieved 2016-06-05.
165. Palmer, Anna (October 8, 2014). "Jon Huntsman says no thanks to 2016 run". Politico. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
166. (October 24, 2014) "Filmmaker Dennis Michael Lynch Running for President in 2016", Fox News. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
167. "2016. INDEPENDENT VS. GOP", April 2, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2015
168. Bykowicz, Julie (March 9, 2015) "Bernie Sanders Isn't Sure Bernie Sanders Can Make a Serious Run for President", Bloomberg Politics. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
169. Williams, Bailey (March 9, 2015) "Sen. Bernie Sanders calls U.S. politics 'oligarchy'; considers run in 2016", UPI. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
170. Topaz, Jonathan (March 13, 2015) "Bernie Sanders isn't so sure about this 2016 thing", Politico. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
171. "Former Minnesota Gov. Jesse Ventura says he will not be running for president in 2016". Daily Journal. Associated Press. May 30, 2016. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
172. Shevardnadze, Sophie (November 25, 2013) "Jesse Ventura: Every baby born in US already $50,000 in debt", RT. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
173. McCaskill, Nolan D. (February 11, 2016). "Jim Webb rules out independent run for president". Politico. Retrieved February 11, 2016.

External links

• 2016 Presidential Form 2 Filers at the Federal Election Commission (FEC)