Phaseolus lunatus
| Lima beans | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Tribe: | Phaseoleae |
| Genus: | Phaseolus |
| Species: | P. lunatus |
| Binomial name | |
| Phaseolus lunatus L. | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Phaseolus lunatus is a legume grown for its edible seeds or beans.
Names
It is commonly known as the lima bean, butter bean,[2] or sieva bean.[3]
Origin and uses
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Phaseolus lunatus is of Andean and Mesoamerican origin. Two separate domestication events are believed to have occurred. The first, taking place in the Andes around 2000 BC,[4] produced a large-seeded variety (lima type), while the second, taking place in Mesoamerica around 800 AD, produced a small-seeded variety (Sieva type).[4] By around 1300, cultivation had spread north of the Rio Grande, and in the 1500s, the plant began to be cultivated in the Old World.[4]
The small-seeded (Sieva) type is found distributed from Mexico to Argentina, generally below 1,600 m (5,200 ft) above sea level, while the large-seeded wild form (lima type) is found distributed in the north of Peru, from 320 to 2,030 m (1,050 to 6,660 ft) above sea level.
The Moche Culture (1–800 CE) cultivated lima beans heavily and often depicted them in their art.[5] During the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru, lima beans were exported to the rest of the Americas and Europe, and since the boxes of such goods had their place of origin labeled "Lima, Peru", the beans got named as such. Despite the origin of the name, when referring to the bean, the word "lima" is generally pronounced differently than the Peruvian capital.[6][7]
The term "butter bean" is widely used for a large, flat and yellow/white variety of lima bean (P. lunatus var. macrocarpus, or P. limensis[8]).
In the United States Sieva-type beans are traditionally called butter beans, also otherwise known as the Dixie or Henderson type. In that area, lima beans and butter beans are seen as two distinct types of beans.
In Spain, it is called garrofón, and constitutes one of the main ingredients of the famous Valencian paella.
In the United Kingdom and the United States, "butter beans" refers to either dried beans which can be purchased to rehydrate, or the canned variety which are ready to use. In culinary use there, lima beans and butter beans are distinct, the latter being large and yellow, the former small and green. In areas where both are considered to be lima beans, the green variety may be labelled as "baby" (and less commonly "junior") limas.
Nutritional value
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 482 kJ (115 kcal) |
|
20.88 g | |
| Sugars | 2.9 g |
| Dietary fiber | 7 g |
|
0.38 g | |
|
7.8 g | |
| Vitamins | |
| Thiamine (B1) |
(14%) 0.161 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) |
(5%) 0.055 mg |
| Niacin (B3) |
(3%) 0.421 mg |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) |
(8%) 0.422 mg |
| Vitamin B6 |
(12%) 0.161 mg |
| Folate (B9) |
(21%) 83 μg |
| Vitamin E |
(1%) 0.18 mg |
| Vitamin K |
(2%) 2 μg |
| Minerals | |
| Calcium |
(2%) 17 mg |
| Iron |
(18%) 2.39 mg |
| Magnesium |
(12%) 43 mg |
| Manganese |
(25%) 0.516 mg |
| Phosphorus |
(16%) 111 mg |
| Potassium |
(11%) 508 mg |
| Sodium |
(0%) 2 mg |
| Zinc |
(10%) 0.95 mg |
| Other constituents | |
| Fluoride | 2.2 µg |
|
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Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database | |
Cultivars
Both bush and pole (vine) cultivars exist, the latter range from 1 to 5 m in height. The bush cultivars mature earlier than the pole cultivars. The pods are up to 15 cm (5.9 in) long. The mature seeds are 1 to 3 cm (0.39 to 1.18 in) long and oval to kidney-shaped. In most cultivars the seeds are quite flat, but in the "potato" cultivars, the shape approaches spherical. White seeds are common, but black, red, orange, and variously mottled seeds are also known. The immature seeds are uniformly green. Lima beans typically yield 2,900 to 5,000 kg (6,400 to 11,000 lb) of seed and 3,000 to 8,000 kg (6,600 to 17,600 lb) of biomass per hectare.
The seeds of the cultivars listed below are white unless otherwise noted. Closely related or synonymous names are listed on the same line.
Bush types
- 'Henderson' / 'Thorogreen', 65 days (heirloom)
- 'Eastland', 68 days
- 'Jackson Wonder', 68 days (heirloom, seeds brown mottled with purple)
- 'Dixie Butterpea', 75 days (heirloom, two strains are common: red speckled and white seeded)
- 'Fordhook 242', 75 days, 1945 AAS winner
Pole types
- 'Carolina' / 'Sieva', 75 days (heirloom)
- 'Christmas' / 'Chestnut' / 'Giant Speckled' / 'Speckled Calico', 78 days (heirloom, seeds white mottled with red)
- 'Big 6' / 'Big Mama', 80 days[9]
- 'King of the Garden', 85 days (heirloom)
Health and nutrition
Lima beans, like many other legumes, are a good source of dietary fiber, and a virtually fat-free source of high-quality protein.
Lima beans contain both soluble fiber, which helps regulate blood sugar levels and lowers cholesterol, and insoluble fiber, which aids in the prevention of constipation, digestive disorders, irritable bowel syndrome and diverticulitis.
In the United States, when Lima beans are served mixed with Sweet corn, it is called Succotash.
Health hazards
Like many beans, butter beans are toxic if not boiled for 10-15 minutes. In one case all the people who ate falafel made with dried butter beans (rather than traditional broad beans or chickpeas) that had been soaked but not boiled, then ground, made into patties, and shallow fried, had serious food poisoning.[10]
Blood sugar
The high fiber content in lima beans prevents blood sugar levels from rising too rapidly after eating them due to the presence of large amounts of absorption-slowing compounds in the beans, and their high soluble fiber content. Soluble fiber absorbs water in the stomach, forming a gel that slows down the absorption of the bean's carbohydrates. They can therefore help balance blood sugar levels while providing steady, slow-burning energy, which makes them a good choice for people with diabetes suffering with insulin resistance.
Heart
Soluble fiber binds with the bile acids that form cholesterol and, because it is not absorbed by the intestines, it exits the body, taking the bile acids with it. As a result, the cholesterol level is lowered. They may, therefore, help to prevent heart disease.
Lima beans also provide folate and magnesium. Folate lowers levels of homocysteine, an amino acid that is an intermediate product in the metabolic process called the methylation cycle. Elevated blood levels of homocysteine are an independent risk factor for heart attack, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.
The magnesium content of lima beans is a calcium-channel blocker. When enough magnesium is present, veins and arteries relax, which reduces resistance and improves the flow of blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body.
References
- ↑ "Phaseolus lunatus L. — The Plant List". theplantlist.org.
- ↑ "BSBI List 2007". Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-02-25. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
- ↑ "Phaseolus lunatus". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
- 1 2 3 Motta-Aldanaa, Jenny R.; Serrano-Serranoa, Martha L.; Hernández-Torresa, Jorge; Castillo-Villamizara, Genis; Debouckb, Daniel G.; ChacónS, Maria I. (2010). "Multiple Origins of Lima Bean Landraces in the Americas: Evidence from Chloroplast and Nuclear DNA Polymorphisms". Crop Science. Crop Science Society of America. 50 (5): 1773–1787. doi:10.2135/cropsci2009.12.0706.
- ↑ Larco Hoyle, Rafael. Los Mochicas. Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. Lima 2001. ISBN 9972-9341-0-1
- ↑ Lima Bean, Cambridge Dictionary
- ↑ Allison Keene, Dietribes: Lima Beans, Mental Floss
- ↑ Oxford English Dictionary, 45th Edition, various quotations
- ↑ "Improving Heirloom varieties". Mother Earth News. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
- ↑ Vicky Jones (15 September 2008). "Beware of the beans: How beans can be a surprising source of food poisoning". The Independent. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phaseolus lunatus. |
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Wikispecies has information related to: Phaseolus lunatus |
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Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on |
- Plants For A Future: Database Search Results
- Illustrated Legume Genetic Resources Database
- Sorting Phaseolus Names
- Recording of a song called "Butter Beans" from the Florida Folklife Collection (made available for public use from the State Archives of Florida)