List of hybrid vehicles
For electric-drive vehicles that can recharge their batteries from an external source of electricity using a plug, see list of modern production plug-in electric vehicles.
- This transport-related list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
The Lohner-Porsche Mixte Hybrid was the first gasoline-electric hybrid automobile.
This is a list of hybrid vehicles, including both regular hybrid electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids in chronological order of first production:
Automobiles
- This transport-related list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Early designs: 1899-1917
- 1899: Carmaker Pieper of Belgium introduced a vehicle with an under-seat electric motor and a gasoline engine.[1] It used the internal combustion engine to charge its batteries at cruise speed and used both motors to accelerate or climb a hill. Auto-Mixte, also of Belgium, built vehicles from 1906 to 1912 under the Pieper patents.[2]
- 1900: Ferdinand Porsche, then a young engineer at Jacob Lohner & Co. creates the first gasoline-electric hybrid vehicles.[3]
- 1901: Jacob Lohner & Co. produces the first Lohner Porsche, a series of gasoline-electric hybrid vehicles based on employee Ferdinand Porsche's novel drivetrain.[3] These vehicles had a driveline that was either gas or electric, but not both at the same time.
- 1905 or sooner: Fischer Motor Vehicle Co., Hoboken, NJ produces and sells a petrol-electric omnibus in the USA and in London, including battery storage.[4]
- 1907: AL (French car)
- 1917: Woods Dual Power Car had a driveline similar to the current GMC/Chevrolet Silverado hybrid pickup truck.
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| Year | Company | Name | Type | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-1950 | ||||
| 1899 | Jacob Lohner & Co. | Automobile | ||
| 1900 | Pieper of Belgium | Automobile | ||
| 1901 | Jacob Lohner & Co. | Lohner Porsche | Automobile | |
| 1905 | Fischer Motor Vehicle Co. | Petrol-electric Omnibus | Bus | |
| 1906 | Auto-Mixte | Automobile | Pieper patent | |
| 1907 | AL (French car) | Automobile | ||
| 1911 | Tilling-Stevens | TTA1 petrol-electric (in service on Thomas Tilling routes) | Bus | Petrol-electric transmission, but no storage battery and no propulsion except with the petrol engine running. |
| 1915 | Owen Magnetic | Touring Car | Automobile | The 'Car of a Thousand Speeds' |
| 1915 | Woods Motor Vehicle | Dual Power Model 44 | Automobile | |
| 1950s | ||||
| 1951 | Compagnie Normande d'Etudes | Arbel | Automobile | A petrol-electric hybrid powered on the Lohner-Porsche principle. Very few made and most were prototypes. A nuclear power plant was proposed for the 1958 version. |
| 1960s | ||||
| 1969 | Mercedes-Benz | Mercedes-Benz OE 302 | Bus | |
| 1969 | General Motors | General Motors XP-883 | Automobile | |
| 1970s | ||||
| 1970 | Lviv Bus Factory | LAZ 360EM | Bus | First and last low floor soviet city bus with hybrid transmission, this bus was built as a concept bus, and was built in one exemplar. |
| 1972 | Towns Microdot | Automobile | ||
| 1980s | ||||
| 1980 | Daihatsu Motor Co. | Daihatsu Charmant Hybrid | Automobile | This four-door, four-seater car was part of a series of EV prototypes constructed by Daihatsu in the seventies and eighties. It used a 550 cc two-cylinder engine which charged and was augmented by two DC electric motors during acceleration.[5] |
| 1986 | Twike | Automobile | The Twike HEHV designed by a group of Swiss students debuted at the 1986 World expo in Vancouver, Canada. It remains in limited production and available in the USA (source: Neiman Marcus Christmas Book 2007, page 89). | |
| 1986 | Honda | Gaselle | Automobile | The Goldwing engine-based Gaselle hybrid gas/electric prototype built by Sarabjit Gandhi drove 8050 km in 16 days as part of the World Energy Autocross. |
| 1990s | ||||
| 1991 | Hino | Hino Blue Ribbon HIMR | Bus | |
| 1992 | Volvo Cars | Volvo ECC | Automobile | Gas turbine-electric |
| 1993 | Mitsubishi | Mitsubishi Fuso Aero Star MBECS, first generation | Bus | |
| 1993 | Hino | Model Unknown, medium duty, for sale in Japan only. First generation | Truck | |
| 1995 | Nissan | Nissan Diesel UA ERIP | Bus | |
| 1996 | Isuzu | Isuzu Cubic CHASSE | Bus | |
| 1996 | Gillig Corporation | Gillig Phantom Hybrid | Bus | |
| 1997 | Toyota | Toyota Coaster Hybrid EV | Bus | first Japanese series hybrid bus |
| 1997 | Toyota | Toyota Prius (Japanese market only) | Automobile | |
| 1998 | New Flyer Industries | New Flyer H40LF (diesel-electric hybrid bus), 'H' later changed to 'DE' | Bus | |
| 1999 | Honda | Honda Insight | Automobile | |
| 1999 | Orion International | Orion VI Hybrid | Bus | |
| 2000s | ||||
| 2000 | Toyota | Toyota Prius (introduced to US market) | Automobile | 1NZ-FXE 4cyl engine, 2001-2003 model |
| 2001 | Toyota | Toyota Crown | Automobile | mild hybrid, Japan only |
| 2001 | Toyota | Toyota Estima (Japan only) | Automobile | |
| 2002 | Honda | Honda Civic Hybrid | Automobile | mild hybrid, 2003 model |
| 2002? | Mazda | Mazda Demio e-4WD (Japanese market only, used for traction assistance) | Automobile | |
| 2002 | Mitsubishi | Mitsubishi Fuso Aero Star Nonstep HEV bus, second generation | Bus | |
| 2002 | Nova Bus | Nova Bus RTS HEV bus (4 units built) | Bus | |
| 2002 | Motor Coach Industries | MCI D4000 HEV (4 units built) | Bus | |
| 2002 | Wrightbus | Wright Electrocity | Bus | |
| 2002 | New Flyer Industries | New Flyer DE60LF | Bus | |
| 2003 | Hino | Hino Ranger Hybrid, light-duty, for sale in Japan only. Fourth generation | Truck | |
| 2003 | Orion International | Orion VII hybrid bus[6] | Bus | |
| 2003 | TransBus International | TransBus Enviro200H | Bus | |
| 2003 | Suzuki | Suzuki Twin | Automobile | |
| 2003 | Toyota | Toyota Alphard hybrid (Japan only) | Automobile | |
| 2003 | Toyota | Toyota Prius | Automobile | (5-seat midsize, 2004-2009 model, second generation Hybrid Synergy Drive 1,000,000 sold (as of May 15, 2008)) |
| 2003 | Toyota | Dyna Diesel Hybrid/Toyoace hybrid (commercial truck, Japan only, diesel hybrid) | Automobile | |
| 2004 | Chevrolet | Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra Hybrid | Automobile | mild hybrid, w/no electrical motor for propulsion, electricity only used to power accessories |
| 2004 | Ford | Ford Escape Hybrid (2005 model) | Automobile | |
| 2004 | Honda | Honda Accord Hybrid | Automobile | mild hybrid, 2005-2007 model, discontinued due to slow sales |
| 2004 | Toyota | Hino Dutro/Toyota Dyna Hybrid, light-duty, for sale in Japan only. Fourth generation | Truck | |
| 2004 | New Flyer Industries | New Flyer GE40LF (gasoline-electric hybrid bus) | Bus | |
| 2004 | Hino | Hino S'elega R Hybrid | Bus | |
| 2004 | Hino | Hino Blue Ribbon City Hybrid | Bus | |
| 2004 | Gillig Corporation | Gillig Low Floor Hybrid | Bus | |
| 2005 | Honda | Honda Civic Hybrid | Automobile | 2006 model, second generation |
| 2005 | Lexus | Lexus RX 400h | Automobile | 2006 model, 3MZ-FE V6 engine |
| 2005 | Mercury automobile | Mercury Mariner hybrid | Automobile | |
| 2005 | Toyota | Toyota Highlander/Klueger Hybrid | Automobile | 2006-2007 model, 3MZ-FE V6 engine |
| 2006 | IC Corporation | IC Corporation Hybrid School Bus | Bus | |
| 2006 | Nova Bus | Nova Bus LFS HEV | Bus | |
| 2006 | Wrightbus | Wright Pulsar Gemini HEV | Bus | |
| 2006 | New Flyer Industries | New Flyer DE40LFR | Bus | |
| 2006 | Lexus | Lexus GS 450h | Automobile | 2007 model, 2GR-FSE engine |
| 2006 | Saturn Corporation | Saturn Vue Green Line | Automobile | BAS, mild hybrid, 2007 model |
| 2006 | Toyota | Toyota Camry Hybrid | Automobile | 2007 model, 2AZ-FXE engine |
| 2006 | Toyota | Toyota Estima hybrid (redesign, minivan, Japan only) | Automobile | It is claimed by Toyota to be the world's first hybrid minibus. |
| 2006 | Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corporation | Canter Eco Hybrid | Truck | |
| 2006 | International FTTS | Truck | ||
| 2007 | Lexus | Lexus LS600hL | Automobile | 2008 model, first V8 full hybrid, 2UR-FSE engine |
| 2007 | Mazda | Mazda Tribute (2008 model) | Automobile | |
| 2007 | New Flyer Industries | New Flyer DE60LFR | Bus | |
| 2007 | Nissan | Nissan Altima (licensed Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive) | Automobile | |
| 2007 | Saturn Corporation | Saturn Aura Green Line Hybrid | Automobile | BAS, mild hybrid, 2008-2010 model |
| 2007 | Toyota | Toyota Highlander/Klueger Hybrid | Automobile | 2008 vehicle redesign, mostly same 3MZ-FE V6 engine |
| 2007 | Hino | Hybrid 6500 Medium, light-duty, available in Australia.[7] | Truck | |
| 2007 | E-One | E-ONE[8] Hybrid Command Center | Truck | |
| 2007 | Eaton Corporation | Medium-duty hybrid trucks fully commercialized in conjunction with FedEx Express and other partners[9] | Truck | |
| 2007 | Chevrolet | Chevrolet Tahoe | SUV | |
| 2007 | Ford | Ford Escape Hybrid | SUV | 2WD 36 mpg (city)/31 mpg (highway) 4WD 32 mpg (city)/29 mpg (highway) |
| 2007 | Lexus | Lexus RX 400h | SUV | (AWD) 27 mpg (city)/25 mpg (highway) |
| 2007 | Mazda | Mazda Tribute Hybrid | SUV | Twin of Ford Escape Hybrid |
| 2007 | Saturn Corporation | Saturn "Green Line" Vue Hybrid | SUV | (2WD) 27 mpg (city)/32 mpg (highway) |
| 2007 | Mercury Mariner Hybrid | SUV | (4WD) 32 mpg (city)/29 mpg (highway) | |
| 2007 | Toyota | Toyota Highlander Hybrid | SUV | 2WD 33 mpg (city)/28 mpg (highway) 4WD 31 mpg (city)/27 mpg (highway) |
| 2007 | Honda | Honda Accord Hybrid | Car | 25 mpg (city)/34 mpg (highway) |
| 2007 | Honda | Honda Civic Hybrid | Car | 49 mpg (city)/51 mpg (highway) |
| 2007 | Lexus | Lexus GS 450h | Car | 25 mpg (city)/28 mpg (highway) |
| 2007 | Toyota | Toyota Camry Hybrid | Car | 40 mpg (city)/38 mpg (highway) |
| 2007 | Toyota | Toyota Prius | Car | 48 mpg (city)/54 mpg (highway) |
| 2007 | Saturn Corporation | Saturn "Green Line" Aura Hybrid | Car | 28 mpg (city)/35 mpg (highway) |
| 2007 | Nissan Motor Company | Nissan Altima HEV | Car | 42 mpg (city)/36 mpg (highway) |
| 2007 | Chevrolet | Chevy Silverado Classic 15 Hybrid | Truck | 2WD 18 mpg (city)/21 mpg (highway) 4WD 17 mpg (city)/19 mpg (highway) |
| 2007 | GMC (automobile) | GMC Sierra Classic 15 Hybrid | Truck | 2WD 18 mpg (city)/21 mpg (highway) 4WD 17 mpg (city)/19 mpg (highway) |
| 2008 | Alexander Dennis | Alexander Dennis Enviro200H | Bus | |
| 2008 | Alexander Dennis | Alexander Dennis Enviro400H | Bus | |
| 2008 | Alexander Dennis | Alexander Dennis Enviro500H | Bus | |
| 2008 | Beiqi Foton/Eaton Corporation | Beiqi Foton with Eaton Corp. diesel-electric hybrid powertrains [10] | Bus | |
| 2008 | Hino | Hino S'elega Hybrid (second generation) | Bus | |
| 2008 | Optare | Optare Tempo | Bus | |
| 2008 | Volvo | Volvo B5L Hybrid | Bus | |
| 2008 | Wrightbus | Wright Gemini 2 HEV | Bus | |
| 2008 | Cadillac | Cadillac Escalade (Global Hybrid Cooperation, 2009 model) | Automobile | |
| 2008 | Chevrolet | Chevrolet Malibu (BAS, mild hybrid, canceled in 2009) | Automobile | |
| 2008 | Chevrolet | Chevrolet Tahoe (Global Hybrid Cooperation, 2008 model, SUV, RWD/AWD) | Automobile | |
| 2008 | Chevrolet | Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid (Global Hybrid Cooperation, first full hybrid full-size pickup, 2009 model) | Automobile | |
| 2008 | Dodge | Dodge Durango (Global Hybrid Cooperation, SUV, 2009 model) | Automobile | |
| 2008 | GMC | GMC Sierra Hybrid (Global Hybrid Cooperation, 2009 model) | Automobile | |
| 2008 | GMC | GMC Yukon Hybrid (Global Hybrid Cooperation, 2008 model) | Automobile | |
| 2008 | Saturn Corporation | Saturn AURA Green Line (mild hybrid, 2008-2010 model | Automobile | |
| 2008 | Toyota | Toyota Crown hybrid | Automobile | redesign, now a full hybrid, Japanese market |
| 2008 | BYD Auto | BYD F3DM Plug-in hybrid, (China market) | Automobile | |
| 2008 | Komatsu Limited | Komatsu PC200-8 Hybrid excavator | Excavator | |
| 2009 | BMW | BMW X6 ActiveHybrid | Automobile | Global Hybrid Cooperation, BMW's first full hybrid, US market |
| 2009 | Ford | Ford Fusion Hybrid (2010 model year, midsize car) | Automobile | |
| 2009 | Honda | Honda Insight (2010 model year, second-generation model, now as a 5-door hatchback) | Automobile | |
| 2009 | Lexus | Lexus RX 450h | Automobile | 2010 model, 2GR-FXE V6 engine, 2nd generation |
| 2009 | Lexus | Lexus HS 250h/Toyota Sai | Automobile | 2AZ-FXE engine, similar to Camry hybird |
| 2009 | Lincoln-Mercury | Mercury Milan Hybrid (2010 model, midsize car) | Automobile | |
| 2009 | Mercedes-Benz | Mercedes S400 BlueHybrid (Global Hybrid Cooperation, mild hybrid, first lithium-ion battery hybrid and first Mercedes hybrid) | Automobile | |
| 2009 | Toyota | Toyota Prius | Automobile | 3rd generation, 2010 model year, 2ZR-FXE I4 engine |
| 2009 | Phoenix Motorcars | Phoenix Motorcars | Automobile | Starts selling plug-in hybrid SUV & Truck in California 2009 (also available all-electric); Assembled in the USA; no projected release date outside CA yet |
| 2009 | Hyundai Motor Company | Hyundai Elantra LPI Hybrid | Automobile | first hybrid to adopt advanced lithium polymer (Li–Poly) batteries and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as fuel; South Korean market only |
| 2010s | ||||
| 2010 | BMW | BMW ActiveHybrid 7 (mild hybrid, lithium-ion battery) | Automobile | |
| 2010 | Honda | Honda CR-Z | Automobile | |
| 2010 | Honda | Honda Fit Hybrid[11] | Automobile | |
| 2010 | Hyundai | Hyundai Sonata Hybrid | Automobile | 2011 model, sales began end of 2010 |
| 2010 | Toyota | Toyota Auris Hybrid | Automobile | 2ZR-FXE I4 engine. similar to 3rd gen Prius powertrain |
| 2010 | Toyota | Toyota Highland hybrid | Automobile | revised hybrid powertrain, similar to RX 450h, 2011 model |
| 2010 | Mazda | Mazda Tribute | Crossover | |
| 2010 | Lincoln | Lincoln MKZ Hybrid | Automobile | 2011 model |
| 2010 | Porsche | Porsche Cayenne S | Automobile | 2011 model, sales began end of 2010 |
| 2010 | General Motors | Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid | Automobile | 2011 model |
| 2010 | Alexander Dennis | Alexander Dennis Enviro350H | Bus | |
| 2010 | Optare | Optare Versa | Bus | |
| 2010 | Porsche | Porsche 918 Spyder | Automobile | 2014 Model. 4.6L V8 engine + 2 electric motors - 823bhp. Plug-in hybrid. |
| 2011 | Hyundai | Kia Optima Hybrid | Automobile | 2011 model |
| 2011 | Honda | Honda Civic Hybrid | Automobile | 2011 redesign, 1.5L engine, lithium-ion batter |
| 2011 | Infiniti | Infiniti M35 Hybrid | Automobile | 2011 model |
| 2011 | Toyota | Toyota Prius v/Toyota Prius α | Automobile | 2012 model. It will be called Prius + in Europe |
| 2011 | Toyota | Toyota Camry Hybrid | Automobile | 2012 model |
| 2011 | Volkswagen | VW Touareg Hybrid | SUV | 2012 model |
| 2011 | Fisker Automotive | Fisker Karma plug-in hybrid | Automobile | 2012 model |
| 2011 | Lexus | Lexus CT 200h hybrid | Automobile | similar to Prius powertrain, 2ZR-FXE I4 engine |
| 2011 | Peugeot | Peugeot 3008 HYbrid4 | Automobile | The world's first production diesel-electric hybrid |
| 2011 | Peugeot | Peugeot 508 RXH | Automobile | diesel-electric hybrid |
| 2011 | Citroën | Citroën DS5 HYbrid4 | Automobile | diesel-electric hybrid |
| 2011 | Toyota | Toyota Aqua hybrid | Automobile | Japan only. Named Prius c in the rest of the world |
| 2012 | Toyota | Toyota Prius c hybrid | Automobile | Several world markets except Europe |
| 2012 | Toyota | Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid | Automobile | It is based on the 2012 Prius third generation. Available in Japan, U.S. and Europe |
| 2012 | Toyota | Toyota Yaris Hybrid | Automobile | Europe only. Available since June 2012.[12] |
| 2012 | Toyota | Toyota Camry Hybrid 2nd generation | Automobile | 2012 model |
| 2012 | Honda | Acura ILX Hybrid | ||
| 2012 | Toyota | Lexus ES 300h | Automobile | 2012 model |
| 2012 | BMW | BMW ActiveHybrid 5 | 2013 model | |
| 2012 | BMW | BMW ActiveHybrid 3 | 2013 model | |
| 2012 | Ford | Ford Fusion Hybrid 2nd generation | Automobile | 2013 model |
| 2012 | Ford | Ford C-Max Hybrid | Compact MPV | 2013 model |
| 2012 | Ford | Ford C-Max Energi plug-in hybrid | Compact MPV/SUV | 2013 model |
| 2012 | Volvo | Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid (diesel) | Wagon | Scheduled for November 2012 (Europe only) |
| 2012 | Volkswagen | Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid | Automobile | Scheduled for late 2012 as a 2013 model |
| 2012 | Toyota | Toyota Avalon Hybrid | Automobile | Scheduled for late 2012 as a 2013 model |
| 2013 | Ford | Ford Fusion Energi plug-in hybrid | Automobile | U.S. sales scheduled to begin by early 2013. |
| 2013 | Mitsubishi | Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV | SUV | Sales scheduled to begin in the Japanese market in the first half of 2013 |
| 2013 | Honda | Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid | Automobile | 2014 model |
| 2013 | BMW | BMW i3 REx | Automobile | This is the plug-in hybrid version of all-electric car scheduled for late 2013 |
| 2013 | Fisker | Fisker Surf | Production is scheduled for 2013 | |
| 2013 | General Motors | Cadillac ELR plug-in hybrid | Automobile | Scheduled for U.S. market launch by late 2013 as a 2014 model year. |
| 2013 | McLaren | McLaren P1 | Automobile | 3.8L Twin-turbo V8 engine with KERS - 903bhp. Can run on battery alone. |
| 2013 | Ferrari | LaFerrari | Automobile | 2014 Model. All Sold. 6.3L V12 engine with KERS - 963bhp. |
| 2014 | BMW | BMW i8 | Automobile | Retail deliveries began in June 2014 |
| 2017 | Acura | Acura NSX | Automobile | 2017 Model. Released March 14, 2016. 3.5L V6 engine - 573bhp. |
| 2017 | Ferrari | LaFerrari | Automobile | 2017 Model. Seen at 2016 Geneva Motor Show |
| 2017 | McLaren | McLaren P1 | Automobile | 2017 Model. Seen at 2016 Geneva Motor Show |
| 2017 | Porsche | 918 Spyder | Automobile | 2017 Model. Seen at 2016 Geneva Motor Show |
| YEAR | COMP | NAME | TYPE | COMM |
2014 and beyond
- Land Rover Range Rover Hybrid concept, diesel-electric engine (under development) in conjunction with new aluminum body
- Fiat Nuova 500 Hybrid
- Volvo announced the launching of series production of diesel-ey 2012.[13][14]
- Cadillac SRX Plug-In
- Toyota announced the launching of RAV4 Hybrid as 2012 model in the spring of 2012.[15]
- Porsche Panamera Plug-In
- Ё-mobile (Russia).[16]
Unknown Date
- Nissan Altima Hybrid 2nd generation, 2014 model; 2nd gen drivetrain 100% Nissan
- BYD Qin plug-in hybrid
- Audi A1
- Toyota Sienna Hybrid (3rd generation)
- Peugeot 307 CC Hybride HDi, produced in very small number of units, ceased production in 2007.
- Cadillac Urban Luxury Concept
- Daihatsu Hijet Cargo Hybrid a commercial microvan (659 cc) (in Japan, not yet in production)
- Ford hybrid car
- Honda S2000/Honda S3000
- Honda HSV-010 - supposedly the successor for Honda NSX.
- Hyundai Accent Unknown date of production
- Kia Rio Originally for 2007, now delayed along with Hyundai Accent hybrid (concept model was shown at the 2007 Geneva Auto Show)
- Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution XI
- Opel Astra Diesel Hybrid.[17]
- Persu Hybrid (three-wheeled vehicle)
- Porsche Panamera
- Saab planning hybrid based on GM system[18]
- Toyota Corolla
- Mahindra Diesel-electric hybrid PikUp in 2010.[19]
- Toyota FT-HS [20]
- Porsche Cayenne[21]
- Proton Gen-2 EVE Hybrid is targeted to be produced commercially within 2010-2011.[22] Concept model was shown at the 2007 Geneva Auto Show
- Volkswagen Golf V TDI Hybrid, expected to be marketed, but ceased production in late 2008.
- Mercedes-Benz E-Class E300 BlueTEC hybrid
Buses
Date unknown
Hybrid Volvo 7700H bus at the Czech Bus Fair 2011
- Castrosua Tempus (in use in Barcelona, Granada, Lugo, Madrid, Santiago de Compostela, Sevilla)[23]
- Irisbus Hynobis (Castellón) [24]
- MAN Lion's City Hybrid:
- Mercedes Benz/Orion VII Hybrid
- North American Bus Industries 60-BRT Hybrid
- Scania OmniLink, ethanol-electric hybrid buses, (Stockholm)[26]
- Solaris:
- Tecnobus Gullliver (hybrid electric and all-electric versions), sold by Hispano Carrocera[30]
- Volvo 7700[31]
- Chery A3[32]
- Chang’an (Chana) Zhi-xiang [33]
See also
- List of battery electric vehicles
- List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles
- SmILE
- Comparison of Toyota hybrids
References
- ↑ (French) Les voitures hybrides dans l'histoire on automania.be.
- ↑ History of Hybrid Vehicles | Hybrid Cars
- 1 2 The 1899 Lohner Porsche, the first Hybrid Vehicle?
- ↑ Extract of A. J. Wallis-Tayler, Motor vehicles for business purposes; A practical handbook for those interested in the transport of passengers and goods, 1905
- ↑ Lösch, Annamaria, ed. (1981), "Electric Cars", World Cars 1981, Pelham, NY: The Automobile Club of Italy/Herald Books: 44, ISBN 0-910714-13-4
- ↑ DaimlerChrysler Commercial Buses North America
- ↑ http://www.hino.com.au/Models/HybridLightmediumdutywidecabin/tabid/68/Default.aspx
- ↑ http://www.e-one.com/index.asp?n=75&p=75&s=76&pid=66
- ↑ http://www.greencarcongress.com/2008/02/update-on-eaton.html
- ↑ http://www.emediawire.com/releases/eaton/hybrid/emw622771.htm
- ↑ "Honda to Begin Sales of Two More Hybrid Models in 2010" (Press release). Honda. 2009-07-13. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
- ↑ Philippe Crowe (2012-06-25). "France-Sourced Toyota Yaris US-Bound in 2013". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2012-09-12.
- ↑ "Volvo promises diesel-electric plug-in hybrid by 2012". Motor Authority. 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
- ↑ Scott Doggett (2009-06-01). "Volvo Unveils Plug-in Diesel-Electric Hybrid Car, Says It Will Be Available in 2012". Edmunds.com. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
- ↑ http://www.hybridcars.com/news/toyota-confirms-rav4-hybrid-27338.html
- ↑ Характеристики ё-мобилей (in Russian). The official blog «Ё-auto». 14 December 2010. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
- ↑
- ↑ "Saab planning hybrid based on GM system". Reuters. 2007-03-07.
- ↑
- ↑ Toyota FT-HS Concept is a Go For 2009 Automobile Magazine accessed on May 31, 2007
- ↑ Porsche to offer Cayenne Turbo Hybrid? - Autoblog
- ↑ Proton hybrid car in 2 or 3 years - paultan.org
- ↑ http://www.castrosua.com/index.html?idi=en
- ↑ http://www.busride.com/article.asp?IndexID=996
- ↑ "Autobus Ibridi - Trentino trasporti S.p.A.". www.ttspa.it. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
- ↑ http://www.scania.com/media/pressreleases/scania-testing-unique-hybrid-buses-in-stockholm.aspx
- ↑ http://www.wpk.katowice.pl/?itemid=1822
- ↑ http://www.transportweekly.com/pages/en/news/articles/50711/
- ↑ http://www.rbl.ch/index.php?id=127
- ↑ http://www.tecnobus.it/home/en/prodotti.html
- ↑ http://www.volvobuses.com/bus/global/en-gb/volvogroup/Environment/going%20greener/hybrid/Pages/hybrid.aspx
- ↑ http://www.treehugger.com/cars/chinas-new-hybrid-cars-almost-affordable-in-china.html
- ↑ http://www.cleancartalk.com/clean-car-talk-posts/changan-chana-motors-chinese-hybrid-car-manufacturer/
External links
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