National Register of Historic Places listings in Dakota County, Minnesota

Location of Dakota County in Minnesota

This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Dakota County, Minnesota. It is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Dakota County, Minnesota, United States. Dakota County is located in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Minnesota, bounded on the northeast side by the Upper Mississippi River and on the northwest by the Minnesota River. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map.

Dakota County's historic sites convey the county's significant historical trends, including the settlement at Mendota, the homes of well-heeled residents of Hastings, the ethnic gathering places in South Saint Paul, and other sites related to life on the prairie, including religion, education, transportation, commerce, and the business of farming.

There are 35 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. A supplementary list includes three additional sites that were formerly listed on the National Register.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted December 16, 2016.^[1]

History

Dakota County

The earliest European settlement occurred on what is now Picnic Island, in 1819, where Colonel Henry Leavenworth built a stockade fort called "St. Peter's Cantonment" or "New Hope;" there materials were assembled for the construction of Fort Snelling, to be built on the bluff on the north side of the Minnesota River.^[2] Permanent settlement on the island was impossible due to annual flooding.

Mendota

The next significant white settlement occurred in the area known as St. Peters, now Mendota, where Alexis Bailey built some log buildings to trade in furs in 1826. Henry Hastings Sibley built the first stone house in Minnesota there in 1836, overlooking Fort Snelling across the river. Sibley was a partner in the American Fur Company, and considerable fur trade occurred at Mendota, where the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers converge. By the time Minnesota achieved statehood in 1858, power and influence had shifted from Mendota, across the rivers to Saint Paul and Minneapolis.^[3]

Hastings

By this time and continuing into the 20th century, the hub of activity in the county was in Hastings, the county seat, and a focal point of transportation, communication, and commerce. Hastings is critically located on the Mississippi River at the confluence of the St. Croix River and on the Vermillion River, which provided ample water power. Commercial interests built substantial wealth among the businessmen who dealt in lumber, milling, and railroads as the county residents depended on them to sell their agricultural products and to provide the goods needed for a growing economy and rising standard of living.^[4]

South Saint Paul

Into the early twentieth century, the stockyards and meat-packing plants in South Saint Paul became historically significant, as they were the largest stockyards in the world;^[5] this is where ranchers in the vast countryside to the west brought their livestock for shipping to the hungry populations of St. Louis, Memphis, and New Orleans, downstream.^[6] These plants were worked by new immigrants from Romania, Serbia, and other Eastern European countries.^[7]

Current listings

[8]	Name on the Register[9]	Image	Date listed[10]	Location	City or town	Description
1	Daniel F. Akin House		December 31, 1979 (#79001223)	19185 Akin Road 44°40′17″N 93°10′18″W / 44.671508°N 93.171734°W	Farmington	Farmhouse built circa 1856 for pioneer Daniel F. Akin (1828–1909), whose daily official weather observations (continued by his descendents) provide an invaluable meteorological record. Also noted for its distinctive stone construction.[11]
2	Christiania Lutheran Free Church		May 28, 2010 (#10000301)	26690 Highview Ave. 44°33′46″N 93°14′15″W / 44.562665°N 93.237566°W	Eureka Township	Church built 1877–78 and cemetery established in 1865, the last standing reminders of a vigorous "church war" among rival Lutheran denominations in a Norwegian American settlement.[12]
3	Church of Saint Mary's-Catholic		December 31, 1979 (#79001233)	8433 239th Street East 44°36′11″N 92°56′08″W / 44.60317°N 92.935479°W	New Trier	1909 church associated the German immigrants who almost exclusively populated southeastern Dakota County beginning in 1854.[13]
4	Church of the Advent		December 31, 1979 (#79001225)	412 Oak Street 44°38′20″N 93°08′33″W / 44.638876°N 93.142443°W	Farmington	1872 church based on the Carpenter Gothic designs published by Richard Upjohn; one of several small churches built in Minnesota under the leadership of Bishop Henry Benjamin Whipple.[14]
5	Dakota County Courthouse		July 21, 1978 (#78003069)	101 4th Street East 44°44′34″N 92°51′07″W / 44.74267°N 92.851848°W	Hastings	Courthouse built 1869–71 and renovated with a dome in 1912; noted for its Italian Villa architecture and association with Dakota County's government.[15] Now Hastings City Hall.[4]
6	District No. 72 School		December 31, 1979 (#79001236)	321st Street West and Cornell Avenue 44°29′05″N 93°08′41″W / 44.48478°N 93.144598°W	Waterford Township	Intact and well-appointed example—built in 1882—of the small rural schools once common in 19th-century Dakota County. Later repurposed as a community hall.[16]
7	East Second Street Commercial Historic District		July 31, 1978 (#78003070)	East Second Street 44°44′40″N 92°51′04″W / 44.744342°N 92.85122°W	Hastings	5-block commercial district with 35 contributing properties built 1860–1900, noted for its integrity and longstanding retail function.[17]
8	Ignatius Eckert House		July 21, 1978 (#78003071)	724 Ashland Street 44°44′19″N 92°51′24″W / 44.738483°N 92.856679°W	Hastings	Exemplary Italian Villa house with cupola, built in Nininger in the early 1850s and moved to Hastings in 1857.[18]
9	Exchange Bank Building		December 31, 1979 (#79001226)	344 3rd Street 44°38′22″N 93°08′44″W / 44.639352°N 93.145504°W	Farmington	Best-preserved example—built in 1880—of the masonry commercial buildings constructed on Dakota County's Main Streets in the late 19th century as their first-generation wooden buildings were replaced.[19]
10	Fasbender Clinic		December 31, 1979 (#79001228)	801 Pine Street 44°44′17″N 92°51′45″W / 44.738001°N 92.862486°W	Hastings	Medical clinic with an enveloping metal roof, built 1957–59; one of Minnesota's few late-career works by architect Frank Lloyd Wright.[20]
11	First Presbyterian Church, Hastings		July 7, 1995 (#95000822)	602 Vermillion Street 44°44′24″N 92°51′11″W / 44.74009°N 92.853034°W	Hastings	Church built 1875–1881, designed by early Minnesota architect Charles N. Daniels as one of the state's first uses of Romanesque Revival architecture. Also noted for its association with Hasting's settlement by native-born New Englanders.[21]
12	Fort Snelling		October 15, 1966 (#66000401)	Picnic Island 44°53′08″N 93°10′41″W / 44.885556°N 93.178056°W	Fort Snelling	Military complex established in 1819 and in use till 1946, instrumental in the development of the Upper Midwest and in the transition of the U.S. Army from a small frontier force into a major army. Primarily in Hennepin County.[22]
13	Fort Snelling-Mendota Bridge		December 1, 1978 (#78001534)	State Highway 55 44°53′06″N 93°10′25″W / 44.885°N 93.173611°W	Mendota	4,119-foot (1,255 m) bridge constructed 1925–26, noted for its sophisticated design and original status as the world's longest continuous concrete arch bridge. Extends into Hennepin County.[23]
14	Reuben Freeman House		December 31, 1979 (#79001231)	9091 Inver Grove Trail 44°49′03″N 93°01′24″W / 44.817533°N 93.023196°W	Inver Grove Heights	Unconventional house built circa 1875 with eight gables, noted for its unique vernacular design and rare use of coursed fieldstone.[24]
15	Good Templars Hall		December 31, 1979 (#79001234)	124th Street East (original address) Current coordinates are 44°37′52″N 92°50′16″W / 44.631038°N 92.837856°W	Nininger	1858 meeting hall soon converted to a school, nominated as the only remaining example of the Greek Revival buildings constructed at a notable speculative townsite.[25] Moved to the Little Log House Pioneer Village in 2005.[26]
16	Hastings Foundry-Star Iron Works		December 31, 1979 (#79001229)	707 East 1st Street 44°44′44″N 92°50′39″W / 44.74565°N 92.844216°W	Hastings	Rare surviving example—built in 1859—of Minnesota's earliest industrial buildings, which manufactured engines and structural parts for steamboats, gain elevators, construction, and early automobiles.[27]
17	Hastings Methodist Episcopal Church		June 7, 1978 (#78001531)	719 Vermillion Street 44°44′18″N 92°51′08″W / 44.73847°N 92.852246°W	Hastings	1861 church significant for its eclectic blend of Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, and Italianate architecture and for its status as the oldest surviving church in Hastings.[28]
18	Holz Family Farmstead		May 24, 2007 (#07000459)	4665 Manor Drive 44°47′16″N 93°06′56″W / 44.787778°N 93.115556°W	Eagan	Family farm established in 1893, the last surviving remnant of Eagan's agricultural past, whose 10 contributing properties span the era's peak in the first half of the 20th century. Now a living farm museum.[29]
19	Byron Howes House		June 15, 1978 (#78001529)	718 Vermillion Street 44°44′19″N 92°51′12″W / 44.738525°N 92.853345°W	Hastings	House built 1868–70 for influential local banker and public official Byron Howes (1833–1886). Also noted as fine example of a towered style of Italianate architecture popularized by Andrew Jackson Downing.[30]
20	Rudolph Latto House		May 23, 1978 (#78001530)	620 Ramsey Street 44°44′22″N 92°51′01″W / 44.739524°N 92.8504°W	Hastings	House built 1880–81, noted for its transitional Italianate/Eastlake architecture.[31] Now a bed and breakfast.[32]
21	William G. LeDuc House		June 22, 1970 (#70000292)	1629 Vermillion Street 44°43′45″N 92°51′07″W / 44.729054°N 92.851969°W	Hastings	Gothic Revival house built 1862–65 for early settler William G. LeDuc (1823–1917), remembered as a community developer, historian, Minnesota promotor, Civil War brigadier general, and prominent farmer.[33] Now a museum and event venue.[34]
22	MacDonald-Todd House		December 31, 1979 (#79001230)	309 West 7th Street 44°44′21″N 92°51′21″W / 44.739098°N 92.85571°W	Hastings	House built in Nininger in 1857 and moved to Hastings in 1866, noted for its successive ownership by two prominent local journalists—A.W. MacDonald and Irving Todd, Sr.—and for MacDonald's role in promoting the speculative townsite.[35]
23	Mendota Historic District		June 22, 1970 (#70000293)	Roughly bounded by government lot 2, State Highway 55, Sibley Highway., D Street, and Minnesota River 44°53′13″N 93°10′00″W / 44.88705°N 93.166573°W	Mendota	Fur trading outpost that grew into Minnesota's first civil government seat; home of early leaders like Henry Hastings Sibley (1811–1891). Comprises three early houses and outbuildings constructed 1835–1854 (now the Sibley Historic Site) plus the 1853 Saint Peter's Church.[36]
24	Minneapolis Saint Paul Rochester & Dubuque Electric Traction Company Depot		December 31, 1979 (#79001222)	County Highway 5 at 155th Street 44°43′22″N 93°17′54″W / 44.722741°N 93.298416°W	Burnsville	Rare surviving example of a flag stop railway station, a simple open-fronted shelter built in 1910 on the Dan Patch Line to serve small produce farmers and early commuters.[37]
25	Emil J. Oberhoffer House		December 31, 1979 (#79001232)	17020 Judicial Road West 44°42′10″N 93°19′02″W / 44.702795°N 93.317284°W	Lakeville	Lake home completed in 1918 for Emil Oberhoffer (1867–1933), founder and first conductor of the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra. Also noted for its Prairie School design by Paul Hagen of Purcell & Elmslie.[38]
26	Ramsey Mill and Old Mill Park		July 15, 1998 (#98000872)	18th Street and Vermillion River 44°43′35″N 92°50′29″W / 44.726389°N 92.841389°W	Hastings	One of Minnesota's first commercial flour mills, built 1856–57, whose picturesque ruins left by an 1894 fire became an early tourist destination protected as a city park in 1925.[39]
27	Saint Stefan's Romanian Orthodox Church		May 19, 2004 (#04000461)	350 5th Avenue North 44°53′44″N 93°02′22″W / 44.895685°N 93.039399°W	South St. Paul	1924 church, social and cultural anchor of a Romanian American community attracted by jobs in the local meat packing industry.[40]
28	Serbian Home		March 26, 1992 (#92000257)	404 3rd Avenue South 44°53′07″N 93°02′16″W / 44.885146°N 93.037779°W	South St. Paul	Meeting hall built 1923–24, social and cultural anchor of a Serbian American community attracted by jobs in the local meat packing industry.[41]
29	Henry H. Sibley House		January 10, 1972 (#72000676)	Willow Street 44°53′16″N 93°09′58″W / 44.8879°N 93.16601°W	Mendota	1836 house of pioneer leader Henry Hastings Sibley (1811–1891), fur trading captain, U.S. Representative, state constitutional convention delegate, first state governor, and general during the Dakota War of 1862.[42] Also a contributing property to the Mendota Historic District, and part of the Sibley Historic Site.[43]
30	Stockyards Exchange		March 7, 1979 (#79001235)	200 North Concord Street 44°53′36″N 93°02′06″W / 44.893308°N 93.03497°W	South St. Paul	1887 base of operations for the nation's largest meat packing center at the turn of the 20th century. Also noted as South St. Paul's most architecturally significant building.[44]
31	Thompson-Fasbender House		May 22, 1978 (#78001532)	649 3rd Street West 44°44′34″N 92°51′45″W / 44.742714°N 92.862464°W	Hastings	Ornate 1880 Second Empire house.[45]
32	VanDyke-Libby House		October 2, 1978 (#78001533)	612 Vermillion Street 44°44′22″N 92°51′11″W / 44.739482°N 92.853138°W	Hastings	Leading example of Second Empire architecture, built in 1867.[46]
33	Waterford Bridge		August 26, 2010 (#10000580)	Canada Ave. over Cannon River 44°29′15″N 93°07′42″W / 44.487469°N 93.128386°W	Waterford Township	Rare surviving example of Minnesota's once-common camelback through truss bridges—built in 1909—and one of the state's oldest bridges with rigid rather than pinned connections.[47]
34	George W. Wentworth House		December 31, 1979 (#79001237)	1575 Oakdale Avenue 44°53′55″N 93°04′20″W / 44.89873°N 93.072202°W	West St. Paul	1887 Queen Anne house of local civic leader George Wentworth and a symbol of the area's transition from farmland to residential and industrial suburbs.[48]
35	West Second Street Residential Historic District		July 31, 1978 (#78003072)	West Second Street 44°44′40″N 92°51′21″W / 44.744342°N 92.855783°W	Hastings	Collection of 13 houses depicting each of the major architectural styles popular in Minnesota between 1850 and 1890, including Greek Revival, Italianate, Second Empire, and octagon house, along with several vernacular examples.[49]

Former listings

[8]	Name on the Register	Image	Date listed	Date removed	Location	City or town	Summary
1	Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad Depot	Upload image	December 31, 1979 (#79001224)	May 15, 1987	400 2nd St.	Farmington	1894 depot, demolished in 1984 as the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad went into bankruptcy.[50]
2	Horticulture Building		December 31, 1979 (#79001227)	March 15, 1993	County Highway 74 44°37′39″N 93°08′53″W / 44.627469°N 93.147921°W	Farmington vicinity	Exemplary 1918 county fair hall. Demolished in 1988 due to structural deficiencies but its octagonal dome has been preserved as a gazebo.[51]
3	Jacob Marthaler House	Upload image	October 27, 1988 (#88002136)	January 10, 1994	1746 Oakdale Avenue	West St. Paul	1863 Federal house of a founder of West St. Paul. Demolished by owner in 1993.[52]

See also

• List of National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Minnesota

References

1. "National Register of Historic Places: Weekly List Actions". National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved on December 16, 2016.
2. "Historic Sites: Mendota Heights". Dakota County Historical Society. 2005. Retrieved 2008-02-28.
3. "Historic Sites: Mendota". Dakota County Historical Society. 2005. Retrieved 2008-02-28.
4. "Historic Sites: Hastings". Dakota County Historical Society. 2005. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
5. "South St. Paul Riverfront Trail". Mississippi National River and Recreation area. Archived from the original on 2006-12-31. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
6. "County Origin". Dakota County Historical Society. 2005. Retrieved 2008-02-28.
7. "Historic Sites: South St. Paul". Dakota County Historical Society. 2005. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
8. Numbers represent an ordering by significant words. Various colorings, defined here, differentiate National Historic Landmarks and historic districts from other NRHP buildings, structures, sites or objects.
9. National Park Service (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
10. The eight-digit number below each date is the number assigned to each location in the National Register Information System database, which can be viewed by clicking the number.
11. Reynolds, Susan Pommering (1979-06-06). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory–Nomination Form: Akin, D.F., House" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-08-21.
12. Zahn, Thomas; Bethany Gladhill (2010-02-05). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Christiania Lutheran Free Church" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-08-21.
13. Reynolds, Susan Pommering (1979-06-08). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: St. Mary's Church (Catholic)" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-03-31.
14. Reynolds, Susan Pommering (1979-06-05). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Church of the Advent" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-08-07.
15. Landis, Michael; Hazel Jacobsen (1977-08-10). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Waterford School District 72" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
16. Reynolds, Susan Pommering (1979-06-08). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Waterford School District 72" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
17. Zeik, Susan; Michael Landis; Hazel Jacobsen (1977-08-10). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form: East Second Street Commercial Historic District" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
18. Landis, Michael (1977-08-05). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form: Eckert, Ignatius, House" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-04-02.
19. Reynolds, Susan Pommering (1979-06-08). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Exchange Bank Building" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
20. Reynolds, Susan Pommering (1979-06-13). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Fasbender Clinic Building" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
21. Granger, Susan; Kay Grossman (1995-03-03). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: First Presbyterian Church" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
22. Larew, Marilynn (1978-03-15). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form: Fort Snelling" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2014-11-21.
23. Frame III, Robert M. (1978-05-12). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form: Fort Snelling--Mendota Bridge" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2014-11-21.
24. Reynolds, Susan Pommering (June 1979). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Freeman, R., House" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
25. Reynolds, Susan Pommering (1979-06-06). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Good Templars Hall (School District 24)" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
26. Morse-Kahn, Deborah (2010). The Historic St. Croix Valley: A Guided Tour. St. Paul, Minn.: Minnesota Historical Society. ISBN 9780873517744.
27. Reynolds, Susan Pommering (1979-06-05). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Hastings Foundry - Star Iron Works" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
28. Landis, Michael; Hazel Jacobsen (1977-08-10). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form: Methodist Episcopal Church" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
29. Godfrey, Anthony (2006-09-28). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Holz Family Farmstead" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
30. Landis, Michael; Hazel Jacobsen (1977-08-10). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form: Byron Howes House" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
31. Landis, Michael; Hazel Jacobsen (1977-08-10). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form: Latto, Rudolph, House" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-04-05.
32. "The Historic Inn on Ramsey St.". Historic Inn on Ramsey. 2015. Retrieved 2015-04-05.
33. Grossman, John (1970-03-18). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form: Le Duc House" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
34. "More About Us". Dakota County Historical Society. 2015. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
35. Reynolds, Susan Pommering (1979-06-08). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: MacDonald-Todd House" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
36. Grossman, John (1970-03-16). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form: Mendota Historic District" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-07-16.
37. Reynolds, Susan Pondering (1979-05-11). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Orchard Gardens Railway Station" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-07-16.
38. Reynolds, Susan Pondering (1979-05-06). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Oberhoffer, E.J., House" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-07-16.
39. Henning, Barbara (1997-04-23). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Ramsey Mill and Old Mill Park" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-07-10.
40. Anderson, David C. (2003-08-15). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: St. Stefan's Romanian Orthodox Church" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-07-10.
41. Dooley, Patricia L. (1991-04-20). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Serbian Home" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-07-10.
42. Coddington, Donn (1971-08-16). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form: Sibley House" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-07-10.
43. "Sibley Historic Site". Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved 2016-07-10.
44. McDonough, Frank E. (1978-07-31). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form: Stockyards Exchange Building" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-07-10.
45. Landis, Michael (1977-08-08). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form: Thompson-Fasbender House" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-07-04.
46. Landis, Michael (1977-08-05). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form: VanDyke-Libby House" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-07-04.
47. Gardner, Denis P. (March 2010). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Waterford Bridge" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-07-04.
48. Reynolds, Susan Pommering (1979-06-08). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Wentworth, G.W., House" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-07-04.
49. Landis, Michael; Hazel Jacobsen (1977-08-10). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form: West 2nd Street Residential Historic District" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-07-04.
50. "Heritage Landmarks". City of Farmington. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
51. El-Hai, Jack (2000). Lost Minnesota: Stories of Vanished Places. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0816635153.
52. Weber, Laura (Fall 1997). "Wins and Losses: The National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota" (PDF). Minnesota History: 302–319.

External links

• Minnesota National Register Properties Database—Minnesota Historical Society
• Historic Sites—Dakota County Historical Society