SRI International (SRI), originally known as the Stanford Research Institute, is one of the world's largest contract research institutes. SRI, based in Menlo Park, California, was established by the trustees of Stanford University in 1946 as a center of innovation to support economic development in the region. In 1970, SRI formally separated from Stanford University and, in 1977, became known as SRI International. The separation was a belated response to Vietnam war protesters at Stanford University who believed that SRI's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)-funded work was essentially making the university part of the military–industrial complex. Sarnoff Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of SRI since 1988, was fully integrated into SRI in January 2011,[1]
SRI's focus areas include telecommunication, computing, economic development and science and technology policy, education, energy and the environment, engineering systems, pharmaceuticals and health sciences, homeland security and national defense, materials and structures, video processing, computer vision, and robotics.[2] SRI currently employs about 2500 people,[3] and has an alumni association.[4]
SRI has had a chief executive of some form since its establishment. Prior to the split with Stanford University, the position was known as the director; after the split, it is known as the company's president and CEO. SRI has had nine so far, including William F. Talbot (1946–1947), Jesse E. Hobson (1947–1955), E. Finley Carter (1956–1963), Charles Anderson (1968–1979), William F. Miller (1979–1990), James J. Tietjen (1990–1993), William P. Sommers (1993–1998), Curtis Carlson (1998–2014), and most recently, William A. Jeffrey (2014-present). SRI also has a board of directors since its inception, which has served to both guide and provide opportunities for the organization. The current board of directors includes Marianne Byerwalter (chairman), Charles A. Holloway (vice chairman), Samuel Armacost, Vern Clark, William A. Jeffrey (current SRI president and CEO), Robert L. Joss, Leslie F. Kenne, Henry Kressel, David Liddle, Philip J. Quigley, Wendell Wierenga, and John J. Young, Jr.[5]
Many notable SRI researchers were involved with the Augmentation Research Center. These include Douglas Engelbart, the developer of the modern GUI; William English, who contributed to the design of Engelbart's computer mouse; Jeff Rulifson, the primary developer of the NLS; Elizabeth J. Feinler, who ran the Network Information Center; and David Maynard, who would help found Electronic Arts. The Artificial Intelligence Center has also produced a large number of notable alumni, many of whom contributed to Shakey the robot; these include project manager Charles Rosen as well as Nils Nilsson,[6] Bertram Raphael, Richard O. Duda, Peter E. Hart, Richard Fikes and Richard Waldinger. Artificial intelligence researcher Gary Hendrix went on to found Symantec. The CALO project (and its spin-off, Siri) also produced notable names including C. Raymond Perrault and Adam Cheyer.
Several SRI projects produced notable researchers and engineers long before computing was mainstream. William K. MacCurdy developed the Hydra-Cushion freight car for Southern Pacific in 1954; Hewitt Crane and Jerre Noe were instrumental in the development of Electronic Recording Machine, Accounting; Harrison Price helped The Walt Disney Company design Disneyland; James C. Bliss developed the Optacon; and Robert Weitbrecht invented the first telecommunications device for the deaf.
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References |
Curtis Carlson |
CEO and President of SRI from 1998 to 2014, former member of SRI's board of directors. Carlson was awarded Worcester Polytechnic Institute's Robert H. Goddard Alumni Award in 2002 and the Society for Information Display's Otto H. Schade Award in 2006. |
[15] |
E. Finley Carter |
SRI's third Director from 1955 to 1966. Was a 1949 IEEE Fellow. |
[16][17] |
Adam Cheyer |
Co-founder of Siri and was a director of engineering in the iPhone group at Apple. Prior to Siri, he was a computer scientist and project director in SRI's Artificial Intelligence Center, where he was the Chief Architect on the CALO project. |
[18][19][20] |
Vern Clark |
Formerly Chief of Naval Operations in the United States Navy, he has been on SRI's board of directors since 2007, and was its chairman from 2010 to 2014. |
[21] |
Mark A. Clifton |
Has been SRI's vice president for products and services since February 2008. He was also CEO and president of the SRI-owned Sarnoff Corporation from October 2009 until its absorption in January 2011. |
[22][23] |
Don Cone |
Technician and researcher who developed and ran the Packet Radio Van that was used in the first ARPANET internetworked transmission. |
[24][25] |
Paul M. Cook |
Radiochemist who founded Raychem and was awarded the National Medal of Technology. |
[26] |
Tom N. Cornsweet |
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, he designed or co-designed several instruments for measuring properties of the eye, including eyetrackers, auto-refractors, and optical fundus scanners. |
[27][28][29] |
Hewitt Crane |
Engineer known for work at SRI on ERMA (Electronic Recording Machine, Accounting), magnetic digital logic, neuristor logic, the development of an eye-movement tracking device, and the creation of a pen-input device for computers. He was named an IEEE Fellow in 1968. |
[16][30][31] |
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Vern Clark, Chairman of SRI's board of directors from 2010-2014. |
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Willis Harman |
Senior social scientist at SRI that started a futures research program, exploring the national and global future. He worked on long-term strategic planning and policy analysis for an assortment of corporations, government agencies, and international organizations. |
[43] |
Peter E. Hart |
While at SRI's Artificial Intelligence Center, Hart co-authored 20 papers, among them the initial exposition of the A* search algorithm and the variant of the Hough transform now widely used in computer vision for finding straight line segments in images. He also contributed to the development of Shakey the Robot. |
[32] |
Gary Hendrix |
Natural language analyst who founded Symantec, an international corporation which sells computer software, particularly in the fields of information management and antivirus software. He started at SRI's Artificial Intelligence Center after publishing a paper about Shakey the Robot while working on his Ph.D. at the University of Texas. |
[44] |
Jerry Hobbs |
From 1977 to 2002 he was with SRI's Artificial Intelligence Center, where he was a principal scientist and program director of the Natural Language Program. He has written numerous papers in the areas of parsing, syntax, semantic interpretation, information extraction, knowledge representation, encoding commonsense knowledge, discourse analysis, the structure of conversation, and the Semantic Web. |
[45] |
Charles A. Holloway |
Has been a professor at Stanford University's Graduate School of Business since 1968 and has been a member of SRI's board of directors since 2003. |
[46] |
Jesse E. Hobson |
SRI's second Director from 1947 to 1955 |
[47] |
Albert S. Humphrey |
Business and management consultant that devised the SWOT analysis technique. |
[48] |
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Notability |
References |
William F. Talbot |
SRI's first Director from 1946 to 1947 |
[93] |
James J. Tietjen |
SRI's President and CEO from 1990 to 1993 |
[94] |
Donald Tresidder |
Was Stanford University's president during the establishment of SRI International, and was instrumental in its founding. He strongly desired that the new organization accept contracts from private industry and not government organizations, and fired director William F. Talbot when he did not adhere to this vision. |
[93] |
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See also
References
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- 1 2 "AI's Hall of Fame" (PDF). IEEE Intelligent Systems. IEEE Computer Society. 26 (4): 5–15. 2011. doi:10.1109/MIS.2011.64.
- ↑ "Thomas J. Ahrens". American Geophysical Union. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
- ↑ "Charles Anderson". San Francisco Chronicle. Legacy.com. 2009-04-21. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
Charles Anderson Of Palo Alto, CA, passed away April 17, 2009, at the age of 91. In his lifetime he was a successful businessman, a devoted ...
- ↑ "Samuel H. Armacost, Member, Board of Directors". SRI International. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
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- ↑ "SRI International Names Mariann Byerwalter Chairman of the Board and Welcomes Wendell Wierenga to Board of Directors". SRI International. Retrieved 2015-07-07.
- ↑ "William Jeffrey Joins SRI International as President and CEO". SRI International. Retrieved 2015-07-06.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Awards + Honors". SRI International. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
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- ↑ "The SRI Van and Computer Internetworking". Ed Thelen's Nike Missile Web Site. Retrieved 2013-01-20.
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- ↑ Cornsweet, TN (August 1973). "Computer-Assisted Automated Refractions". The Australian Journal of Optometry. 56 (8): 310–313. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.1973.tb00727.x.
- ↑ Kelly, DH; Crane; Hill; Cornsweet (1969). "Non-contact method of measuring small eye- movements and stabilizing the retinal image.". Journal of the Optical Society of America. Optical Society. 59: 509.
- ↑ "SRI Fellows Awards: 1980 – 1989". SRI International. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
- ↑ Markoff, John (2008-06-21). "Hewitt D. Crane, 81, Early Computer Engineer, Is Dead". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-04-01.
- 1 2 "Alumni Hall of Fame 2008: Peter E. Hart". SRI International. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
- ↑ "Recent Retirees and Other Departures of Long-Time Staff" (PDF). Alumni Association Newsletter. SRI International. August 2006. p. 10. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
- ↑ Engelbart, Douglas C., et al. (1968), "SRI-ARC. A technical session presentation at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in San Francisco, December 9, 1968" (NLS demo ’68: The computer mouse debut), 11 film reels and 6 video tapes (100 min.), Engelbart Collection, Stanford University Library, Menlo Park (CA).
- ↑ "Bill English". Computer History Museum. Retrieved 2012-02-03.
- ↑ "Corporate History". SRI International. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
- ↑ "Alumni Hall of Fame 2000: Elizabeth J. Feinler". SRI International. 2000. Retrieved 2011-09-23.
- ↑ Fikes, Richard E (April 1971). "Monitored Execution of Robot Plans Produced by STRIPS" (PDF). SRI International. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
- ↑ "Our People: Thomas J. Furst". SRI International. Retrieved 2012-10-14.
- ↑ "Thomas J. Furst". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 2012-10-14.
- ↑ "Invited Speakers". The Fourth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Planning Systems 1998 (AIPS '98). Retrieved 2012-02-11.
- ↑ "SRI International Senior Director Emeritus Dr. Weldon B. Gibson Passes Away in Stanford". SRI International. 2001-05-09. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
- ↑ Cambell, Joseph; Elgin, Duane; Harman, Willis; Hastings, Arthur; Markley, O. W.; Matson, Floyd; O'Regan, Brendan; Schneider, Leslie (1982). Markley, O. W.; Harman, Willis W., eds. Changing Images of Man. SRI International.
- ↑ Spicer, Dag (2004-11-19). "Oral History of Gary Hendrix PDF Document" (PDF). Computer History Museum. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
- ↑ "Dr Jerry R Hobbs". SRI International Artificial Intelligence Center. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
- ↑ "SRI International Appoints Stanford Professor Charles A. Holloway to Board of Directors". SRI International. 2003-04-23. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
- ↑ "Alumni Hall of Fame: Previous Years: J. E. Hobson". SRI International. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
- ↑ "History of the SWOT Analysis". RapidBI. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
- ↑ "Charles Irby". Stanford MouseSite. Stanford University. Retrieved 2012-09-09.
- ↑ "Charles Irby". Engelbart's Unfinished Revolution. Stanford University. Retrieved 2012-09-09.
- ↑ "U.S. Air Force Lieutenant General Leslie Kenne Joins SRI International Board of Directors". SRI International. 2008-02-01. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
- ↑ "Our People: Thomas Kilduff". SRI International. Retrieved 2013-04-28.
- ↑ "Henry Kressel, Member, SRI Board of Directors". SRI International. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
- ↑ "Michael D. Kudlick". MouseSite. Stanford University. Retrieved 2012-11-04.
- ↑ Lamport, Leslie (2011-11-09). "The Writings of Leslie Lamport". Microsoft Research. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
- ↑ "David Liddle Joins SRI International Board of Directors". SRI International. 2012-01-04. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
- 1 2 Nielson, Donald (2006). A Heritage of Innovation: SRI's First Half Century. Menlo Park, California: SRI International. pp. 6–1–6–3. ISBN 978-0-9745208-1-0.
- ↑ "William Mark". SRI International. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
- ↑ "Cognitive Assistant that Learns and Organizes". SRI International Artificial Intelligence Center. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
- ↑ David Maynard at MobyGames
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- ↑ "Previous Years: Frank R. Mayo". Alumni Hall of Fame. SRI International. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
- ↑ "Cold Fusion Is Hot Again". 60 Minutes. CBS. 2004-04-29. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
- ↑ "Faculty Profiles: William F. Miller". Stanford Graduate School of Business. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
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- ↑ "SRI's Values and Lifestyle Program". Rediscovering The North American Vision. Context Institute. Summer 1983. p. 12.
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- ↑ Weaver Fisher, Amy; McKenney, James L. (1993). "The Development of the ERMA Banking System: Lessons from History". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. IEEE. 15 (1): 44–57. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.175.6002. doi:10.1109/85.194091.
- ↑ Nielson, p. 8-8 - 8-9
- ↑ "Kristien Mortelmans". SRI International. Retrieved 2013-04-27.
- ↑ "Secret Worlds: Alumna Kristien Mortelmans' Journey as a Microbiologist". The Foothill-De Anza Foundation. Retrieved 2013-04-27.
- ↑ Neumann, Peter G. "Peter G. Neumann". SRI International Computer Science Laboratory. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
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- ↑ "Dr Raymond C. Perrault". Artificial Intelligence Center. Retrieved 2012-01-13.
- ↑ "International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Honors SRI's Raymond Perrault with Donald E. Walker Distinguished Service Award". SRI International. 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
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- ↑ "Disneyland". Timeline of Innovations. SRI International. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
- ↑ Katz, Leslie (2010-07-19). "Star-studded celebration of Disneyland's 55th year". The San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
- ↑ "Philip J. Quigley, Member, SRI Board of Directors". SRI International. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
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- ↑ "Alumni Hall of Fame 2006: Johns Frederick (Jeff) Rulifson". SRI International. 2006. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
- ↑ "John Rushby Bio". Center for High Assurance Computer Systems, Information Technology Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2001-07-02. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
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- ↑ Knight, Margaret (December 1999). "2020 Visionary". Rensselaer Alumni Magazine. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
- ↑ "Natarajan Shankar". Federated Logic Conference 2002. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
- ↑ "Natarajan Shankar, Staff Scientist, Computer Science Laboratory". SRI International. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
- ↑ "Dr. William P. "Bill" Sommers". San Francisco Chronicle. Legacy.com. 2007-01-10. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
- ↑ Nielson, Donald (2006). A Heritage of Innovation: SRI's First Half Century. SRI International. pp. F1–4. ISBN 978-0-9745208-1-0.
- 1 2 Lowen, Rebecca (July–August 1997). "Exploiting a Wonderful Opportunity". Stanford Magazine. Stanford Alumni Association. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
- ↑ "Dean Emeritus of Stevens Institute of Technology Dr. James J. Tietjen Joins SynQuest Board" (Press release). The Free Library by Farlex. 2000-11-30. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
- ↑ "Timeline of Computer History". Computer History Museum. Retrieved 2007-02-12.
- ↑ Martin, Douglas (2004-02-08). "Oswald Villard Jr., 87; Improved Radar's Sight". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
- ↑ "Dr. Richard J. Waldinger". Artificial Intelligence Center. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
- ↑ "David H.D. Warren". Alumnus of the Artificial Intelligence Center. Artificial Intelligence Center. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
- ↑ Nilsson, Nils J. (1984). "Introduction to the COMTEX Microfiche Edition of the SRI Artificial Intelligence Center Technical Notes". AI Magazine. 5 (1). p. 49.
- ↑ "Robert H. Weitbrecht". Deaf Scientist Corner. Texas Women's University. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
- ↑ Hevesi, Dennis (2009-08-22). "James Marsters, Deaf Inventor, Dies at 85". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
- ↑ "Norman Winarsky, Vice President, SRI Ventures". SRI International. 2012-02-23. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
- ↑ "John J. Young, Jr. Joins SRI Board of Directors". 2009-09-18. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
External links