List of U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni

USAF Test Pilot School, Edwards AFB, California

The U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School (TPS) graduated the following notable alumni who made significant contributions to the aerospace field. The school's mission is to produce experimental test pilots, flight test engineers, and flight test navigators to lead and conduct test and evaluation of aerospace weapon systems.[1] The school was established on September 9, 1944 as the Flight Test Training Unit at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (AFB) in Dayton, Ohio.[2] To take advantage of the uncongested skies and superb flying weather, the school was moved on February 4, 1951 to its present location at Edwards Air Force Base in the Mojave Desert of Southern California.[2] Edwards AFB is the home of the Air Force Flight Test Center and has been an integral part of flight testing for over fifty years.[3]

Between 1962 and 1972, the Test Pilot School expanded its role to include astronaut training for military test pilots.[4] Thirty-seven TPS graduates of this era were selected for the U.S. space program, and twenty-six went on to earn astronaut's wings by flying in the X-15, Gemini, Apollo, and Space Shuttle programs.[5] Although the school no longer trains astronauts, many TPS graduates since 1972 have been selected by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for duties in space. The school encourages applications from civilians, personnel from other U.S. military services, and individuals from foreign countries.[6] An exchange program allows selected students to attend other test pilot schools including the United States Naval Test Pilot School, the United Kingdom's Empire Test Pilots' School, and France's EPNER.[7]

Famous alumni

The following graduates of the USAF Test Pilot School are listed in the roles for which they are most notable.[8] These roles include:

Key

Service
USAF United States Air Force
USAFR United States Air Force Reserve
USN United States Navy
USNR United States Navy Reserve
USMC United States Marine Corps
Civilians From specified U.S. contractors and government agencies
Rank Military rank For individuals who have served in the armed forces. The rank shown is current at the time this list was created and is subject to change.
"n/a" For civilians who have not served in the armed forces and therefore do not have military rank.
Class Year/Letter The year and order in which a class started. For example, 07A was the first of two classes to start in 2007.[10]
Roman Numeral Four Aerospace Research Pilot School (ARPS) classes designated I, II, III, and IV, that prepared students for manned spaceflight operations. These classes were dropped when the USAF lost its manned spaceflight mission.[11]
MOL Classes to train military astronauts of the Manned Orbital Laboratory (MOL) program. MOL was cancelled in 1969 before any of the astronauts went into space.[12]
AFIT The USAF TPS selects up to eight students per year to attend the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. These individuals attend 15 months of class work and thesis preparation prior to completing the USAF TPS curriculum.[7]

Astronauts

Col. Frank Borman, USAF, first lunar orbit as Apollo 8 commander
Col. Eileen Collins, USAF, first female shuttle pilot, first female shuttle commander
MGen. Michael Collins, USAF, Apollo 11 command module pilot
Capt. Robert Crippen, USN, STS-1 pilot, STS commander
Maj. William "Pete" Knight by modified X-15A-2 after record-setting flight
VADM. Richard H. Truly, USN, NASA administrator, STS commander and pilot
Lt. Col. Ed White, USAF, first U.S. spacewalk
MGen. Bob White, USAF, first to exceed Mach 4, 5 and 6

  *   Individual was killed in a work-related (aviation) accident.

Name Service Rank Class Notable events Ref
Adams, Michael J.Michael J. Adams* USAF Major 62C, IV, MOL X-15 Flight 191, 1965 USAF MOL Group [13]
Akers, ThomasThomas Akers USAF Colonel 82B STS-41, STS-49, STS-61, STS-79 [14]
Antonelli, Dominic A.Dominic A. Antonelli USN Commander 97B 2000 NASA Group [15]
Archambault, LeeLee Archambault USAF Colonel 94B STS-117 [16]
Bassett, CharlesCharles Bassett* USAF Captain 62A, III 1963 NASA Group 3 [17]
Behnken, RobertRobert Behnken USAF Colonel 98B STS-123, STS-130 [18]
Blaha, John E.John E. Blaha USAF Colonel 71A STS-29, STS-33, STS-43, STS-58, STS-79, Mir-22, STS-81 [19]
Bloomfield, Michael J.Michael J. Bloomfield USAF Colonel 92A STS-86, STS-97, STS-110 [20]
Bobko, Karol J.Karol J. Bobko USAF Colonel 65B, MOL STS-6, STS-51-D, STS-51-J [21]
Boe, Eric A.Eric A. Boe USAF Lt Colonel 97A 2000 NASA Group [22]
Borman, FrankFrank Borman USAF Colonel 60C, I Gemini 7, Apollo 8 [23]
Bowersox, KenKen Bowersox USN Captain 85A STS-50, STS-61, STS-73, STS-82, STS-113, Expedition 6, Soyuz TMA-1 [24]
Bridges, Jr., Roy D.Roy D. Bridges, Jr. USAF Major General 70B STS-51-F [25]
Brown, CurtisCurtis Brown USAF Colonel 85B STS-47, STS-66, STS-77, STS-85, STS-95, STS-103 [26]
Carey, Duane G.Duane G. Carey USAF Lt Colonel 92A STS-109 [27]
Casper, JohnJohn Casper USAF Colonel 74A STS-36, STS-54, STS-62, STS-77 [28]
Chilton, Kevin P.Kevin P. Chilton USAF General 84A STS-49, STS-59, STS-76 [29]
Collins, EileenEileen Collins USAF Colonel 89B STS-63 (first female shuttle pilot), STS-84, STS-93 (first female shuttle commander), STS-114 [30]
Collins, MichaelMichael Collins USAFR Major General 60C, III Gemini 10, Apollo 11 [31]
Cooper, GordonGordon Cooper USAF Colonel 56D Mercury 9, Gemini 5 [32]
Covey, Richard O.Richard O. Covey USAF Colonel 74B STS-51-I, STS-26, STS-38, STS-61 [33]
Crews, Albert H.Albert H. Crews USAF Colonel 60A, II, MOL 1962 Dyna-Soar Group, 1965 USAF MOL Group [34]
Crippen, RobertRobert Crippen USN Captain 65A, MOL STS-1, STS-7, STS-41-C, STS-41-G [35]
Duffy, BrianBrian Duffy USAF Colonel 82B STS-57, STS-72, STS-92 [36]
Duke, CharlesCharles Duke USAF Brig. General 64C Apollo 16 [37]
Dutton, JamesJames Dutton USAF Lt Colonel 00A 2004 NASA Group [38]
Eisele, Donn F.Donn F. Eisele USAF Colonel 62A Apollo 7 [39]
Engle, JoeJoe Engle USAF Colonel 61C, III X-15 Flight 138, X-15 Flight 143, X-15 Flight 153, ALT, STS-2, STS-51-I [40]
Fincke, MichaelMichael Fincke USAF Colonel 93B Soyuz TMA-4, Expedition 9, Soyuz TMA-13, Expedition 18, STS-134 [41]
Finley, John L.John L. Finley USN Captain 64A, MOL 1965 USAF MOL Group [42]
Fischer, Jack D.Jack D. Fischer USAF Major 03B 2009 NASA Group 20 [43]
Ford, Kevin A.Kevin A. Ford USAF Colonel 90A 2000 NASA Group [44]
Fossum, Michael E.Michael E. Fossum USAF Colonel 85A STS-121, STS-124, Soyuz TMA-02M, Expedition 28 [45]
Freeman, TheodoreTheodore Freeman* USAF Captain 62A, IV 1963 NASA Group [46]
Fullerton, C. GordonC. Gordon Fullerton USAF Colonel 64B, MOL ALT, STS-3, STS-51-F [47]
Gardner, GuyGuy Gardner USAF Colonel 75A STS-27, STS-35, TPS Commandant [48]
Givens, EdwardEdward Givens USAF Major 58B, III 1966 NASA Group [49]
Grabe, Ronald J.Ronald J. Grabe USAF Colonel 74A STS-51-J, STS-30, STS-42, STS-57 [50]
Gregory, William G.William G. Gregory USAF Lt Colonel 87A STS-67 [51]
Grissom, GusGus Grissom* USAF Lt Colonel 56D Mercury-Redstone 4, Gemini 3, Apollo 1 [52]
Gutierrez, Sidney M.Sidney M. Gutierrez USAF Colonel 81A STS-40, STS-59 [53]
Haise, FredFred Haise NASA n/a 64A Apollo 13, ALT [54]
Halsell, James D.James D. Halsell USAF Colonel 86A STS-65, STS-74, STS-83, STS-94, STS-101 [55]
Hartsfield, HenryHenry Hartsfield USAF Colonel 64C, MOL STS-4, STS-41-D, STS-61-A [56]
Helms, Susan J.Susan J. Helms USAF Lt. General 88A STS-54, STS-64, STS-78, STS-101, STS-102, Expedition 2, STS-105 [57]
Henricks, Terence T.Terence T. Henricks USAF Colonel 83A STS-44, STS-55, STS-70, STS-78 [58]
Horowitz, Scott J.Scott J. Horowitz USAF Colonel 90A STS-75, STS-82, STS-101, STS-105 [59]
Husband, Richard D.Richard D. Husband* USAF Colonel 88A STS-96, STS-107 Columbia loss [60]
Irwin, JamesJames Irwin USAF Colonel 60C, IV Apollo 15 [61]
Johnson, Gregory C.Gregory C. Johnson USNR Captain 84A STS-125STS-134 [62]
Johnson, Gregory H.Gregory H. Johnson USAF Colonel 94A STS-123 [63]
Kelly, James M.James M. Kelly USAF Colonel 93B STS-102, STS-114 [64]
Knight, PetePete Knight USAF Colonel 58C, 63A X-15 Flight 190, California State Senator [65][66]
Lawrence, RobertRobert Lawrence* USAF Major 66B, MOL First African-American astronaut, 1967 USAF MOL Group [67]
Lawyer, Richard E.Richard E. Lawyer USAF Colonel 63A, MOL 1965 USAF MOL Group [68]
Lindsey, Steven W.Steven W. Lindsey USAF Colonel 89A, AFIT STS-87, STS-95, STS-104, STS-121 [69]
Lockhart, PaulPaul Lockhart USAF Colonel 91A STS-111, STS-113 [70]
Loria, ChristopherChristopher Loria USMC Colonel 93A 1996 NASA Group [71]
Macleay, LachlanLachlan Macleay USAF Colonel 60A, IV, MOL 1965 USAF MOL Group [72]
Mattingly, KenKen Mattingly USN Rear Admiral 65B Apollo 16, STS-4, STS-51-C [73]
McBride, JonJon McBride USN Captain 75A STS-41-G [74]
McDivitt, JamesJames McDivitt USAF Brig. General 59C, I Gemini 4, Apollo 9 [75]
McMonagle, Donald R.Donald R. McMonagle USAF Colonel 81A STS-39, STS-54, STS-66 [76]
Meade, Carl J.Carl J. Meade USAF Colonel 80B STS-38, STS-50, STS-64 [77]
Melroy, PamelaPamela Melroy USAF Colonel 91B STS-92, STS-112, STS-120 [78]
Mitchell, EdgarEdgar Mitchell USN Captain 65B Apollo 14 [79]
Mullane, RichardRichard Mullane USAF Colonel 75B STS-41-D, STS-27, STS-36 [80]
Nagel, Steven R.Steven R. Nagel USAF Colonel 75A STS-51-G, STS-61-A, STS-37, STS-55 [81]
Neubeck, Francis G.Francis G. Neubeck USAF Colonel 60C, III, MOL 1965 USAF MOL Group [82]
Onizuka, EllisonEllison Onizuka* USAF Colonel 74B STS-51-C, STS-51-L Challenger loss [83]
Overmyer, Robert F.Robert F. Overmyer USMC Colonel 65C, MOL STS-5, STS-51-B [84]
Peterson, Donald H.Donald H. Peterson USAF Colonel 66B, MOL STS-6 [85]
Polansky, Mark L.Mark L. Polansky USAF Captain 86B STS-98, STS-116 [86]
Precourt, Charles J.Charles J. Precourt USAF Colonel 85A STS-55, STS-71, STS-84, STS-91 [87]
Rogers, Russell L.Russell L. Rogers* USAF Lt Colonel 58C 1960 Dyna-Soar Group [88]
Roosa, StuartStuart Roosa USAF Colonel 64C Apollo 14 [89]
Ross, Jerry L.Jerry L. Ross USAF Colonel 75B STS-61-B, STS-27, STS-37, STS-55, STS-74, STS-88, STS-110 [90]
Rushworth, Robert A.Robert A. Rushworth USAF Major General 56C X-15 Flight 87 [91]
Scobee, DickDick Scobee* USAF Lt Colonel 71B STS-41-C, STS-51-L Challenger loss [92]
Scott, DavidDavid Scott USAF Colonel 62C, IV Gemini 8, Apollo 9, Apollo 15 [93]
Shaw, Brewster H.Brewster H. Shaw USAF Colonel 75B STS-9, STS-61-B, STS-28 [94]
Shriver, LorenLoren Shriver USAF Colonel 75A STS-51-C, STS-31, STS-46 [95]
Slayton, DekeDeke Slayton USAF Major 55C Apollo-Soyuz Test Project [96]
Stafford, Thomas P.Thomas P. Stafford USAF Lt General 58C Gemini 6A, Gemini 9A, Apollo 10, ASTP [97]
Sturckow, Frederick W.Frederick W. Sturckow USMC Colonel 92A STS-88, STS-105, STS-117 [98]
Taylor, James M.James M. Taylor* USAF Lt Colonel 63A, MOL 1965 USAF MOL Group [99]
Truly, Richard H.Richard H. Truly USN Vice Admiral 64A, MOL ALT, STS-2, STS-8, NASA Administrator [100][101]
Virts, Terry W.Terry W. Virts USAF Colonel 98B STS-130 [102]
Walheim, Rex J.Rex J. Walheim USAF Colonel 92A STS-110, STS-122 [103]
Walker, David M.David M. Walker USN Captain 71A STS-51-A, STS-30, STS-53, STS-69 [104]
Walz, Carl E.Carl E. Walz USAF Colonel 83A STS-51, STS-65, STS-79, STS-108, Expedition 4, STS-111 [105]
White II, Edward H.Edward H. White II* USAF Lt Colonel 59C Gemini 4, Apollo 1 [106]
White, Robert M.Robert M. White USAF Major General 54C X-15 Flight 62 [107]
Wood, James W.James W. Wood USAF Colonel 56D 1960 Dyna-Soar Group 1 [88]
Worden, AlfredAlfred Worden USAF Colonel 64C Apollo 15 [108]
Zamka, George D.George D. Zamka USMC Colonel 94A STS-120 [109]

Flight test

BGen. Robert Cardenas, USAF, YB-49 chief USAF test pilot
Lt. Bob Hoover, USAF, test and demonstration pilot
Tony LeVier, Lockheed, chief test pilot
Joseph John "Tym" Tymczyszyn, Test Pilot of America’s first commercial jet aircraft

  *   Individual was killed in a work-related (aviation) accident.

Name Service Rank Class Notable events Ref
Apt, Milburn G.Milburn G. Apt* USAF Captain 54B First to exceed Mach 3. Speed record of Mach 3.2 in X-2 [110][111]
Ascani, Fred J.Fred J. Ascani USAF Major General 46B Father of Systems Engineering at Wright Field. F-86 speed record [112]
Bong, RichardRichard Bong* USAF Major 45 United States' highest-scoring air ace. Medal of Honor recipient [113]
Brown, James "JB"James "JB" Brown USAF Major 86A F-22 Raptor lead test pilot and F-117 Nighthawk chief test pilot [114]
Cardenas, RobertRobert Cardenas USAF Brig. General 46J B-29 commander on mission to break sound barrier. Chief USAF test pilot for YB-49 flying wing [115]
Chilstrom, KenKen Chilstrom USAF Colonel 45 Tested over twenty German and Japanese aircraft during World War II. First military pilot to fly XP-86. First jet air race. First transport of air mail by jet [116]
[117]
[118]
[119]
Edwards, GlenGlen Edwards* USAF Captain 45 Namesake of Edwards Air Force Base [120]
Everest, Frank K.Frank K. Everest USAF Brig. General 46D Speed record of Mach 2.9 in the X-2. Subject and co-author of The Fastest Man Alive [121]
Fulton, Fitzhugh L.Fitzhugh L. Fulton USAF Brig. General 52B Altitude record of 85,360 ft (26.02 km) in the B-58. XB-70, YF-12, 747 Space Shuttle Carrier Aircraft testiing [122]
Greenamyer, DarrylDarryl Greenamyer Lockheed n/a 63A Piston engine speed record of 776 km/h (482 mph) in an F8F-2. Low altitude speed record of 1,590 km/h (990 mph) in an F-104 [123][124]
Hoover, BobBob Hoover USAF Lieutenant 46C Flew chase during the Mach one flight. Named "the greatest stick-and-rudder man who ever lived" by Jimmy Doolittle. Noted air show pilot in Shrike Commander and P-51 [125]
Jabour, JayJay Jabour USAF Brigadier General 79B ATF and first F-22 Test Force Commander [126]
LeVier, TonyTony LeVier Lockheed n/a 45 Lockheed chief test pilot. P-38, P-80, XF-90, XF-104, U-2 testing [127]
Murray, Arthur W.Arthur W. Murray USAF Major 45G X-1A, X-1B, X-4, X-5 testing [128]
Nalls, ArtArt Nalls USMC Lt Colonel 85A Harrier testing; owner and air show pilot of privately owned Harrier [129]
Peterson, BruceBruce Peterson NASA n/a 63A M2-F1, M2-F2, HL-10 lifting body flights [130]
Pisanos, SteveSteve Pisanos USAF Colonel 45D F-80 Shooting Star, F-102 Delta Dagger, F-4E testing [131]
Ridley, JackJack Ridley* USAF Colonel 46A Project engineer for the team that broke the sound barrier [132]
Stephens, Robert L.Robert L. Stephens USAF Colonel 49D Speed and altitude records testing the YF-12 and SR-71 [133]
Thacker, Robert E.Robert E. Thacker USAF Colonel 46 P-80 Shooting Star, P-82 distance/speed record, Lockheed solar-powered aircraft [134]
Townsend, Guy M.Guy M. Townsend USAF Brig. General 46F Co-pilot on the first flight of the B-52 Stratofortress. First military pilot to fly the B-47 Stratojet, B-50 Superfortress, B-52 Stratofortress, and the prototype of the KC-135 Stratotanker [135]
Tymczyszyn, Joseph John "Tym"Joseph John "Tym" Tymczyszyn FAA n/a 49C Test Pilot on America's First Commercial Jet Aircraft, the Boeing 707 [136]
Uybarreta, Prospero "Paco"Prospero "Paco" Uybarreta USAF Major 08B Kincheloe Award recipient, Bombardier CSeries, CRJSeries [137]
Chuck Yeager USAF Brig General 46C Fighter Ace. First to travel faster than the speed of sound and to 2.5 MACH. Commandant of the Aerospace Research Pilot School, the precursor to the AF TPS. He trained all the first astronauts. [135]

Military commanders

Gen. Robert T. Herres, USAF, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Name Service Rank Class Notable events Ref
Abrahamson, James A.James A. Abrahamson USAF Lt. General 66B, MOL Strategic Defense Initiative director [138]
Armstrong, Spence M.Spence M. Armstrong USAF Lt. General 64C Vice commander Air Force Systems Command, senior advisor to the NASA administrator [139][140]
Deatrick, Eugene P.Eugene P. Deatrick USAF Colonel 51A, 53C TPS Commandant. Rescue of Navy Lt. Dieter Dengler [141][142]
Gabreski, GabbyGabby Gabreski USAF Colonel 45G Top American fighter ace in Europe during World War II [143][144]
Herres, Robert T.Robert T. Herres USAF General 66B, MOL Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff [145]
Kutyna, Donald J.Donald J. Kutyna USAF General 65C North American Aerospace Defense Command [146]
Loh, John M.John M. Loh USAF General 67B Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force [147]
Yates, Ronald W. Ronald W. Yates USAF General 66B Air Force Materiel Command [148]

Authors

Col. Donald S. Lopez, Sr., USAF, aviation author
Name Service Rank Class Notable events Ref
Lopez, Donald S.Donald S. Lopez USAF Colonel 47F Author of two aviation books. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum deputy director [149][150][151]
Marrett, George J.George J. Marrett USAF Captain 64A Author of four aviation books, three on flight testing [152][153][154][155]

Notes

  1. ↑ USAF TPS Graduate Course Catalog. p. 9.
  2. 1 2 "U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School History". United States Air Force. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
  3. ↑ "Edwards Air Force Base". United States Air Force. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
  4. ↑ USAF Test Pilot School 50 Years and Beyond. p. 233.
  5. ↑ Young, J. Forging Aerospace Power for America. pp. 3–4.
  6. ↑ USAF TPS Graduate Course Catalog. p. 19.
  7. 1 2 USAF TPS Graduate Course Catalog. p. 18.
  8. ↑ For the purposes of this list, notability is per the definition at WP:BIO and WP:MILMOS#NOTE.
  9. ↑ Marrett, G. Contrails Over the Mojave. p. 6. ISBN 1-59114-511-2.
  10. ↑ USAF TPS Graduate Course Catalog. p. 8.
  11. ↑ USAF Test Pilot School 50 Years and Beyond. p. 50.
  12. ↑ "Astrospies". NOVA. PBS. December 2007. Retrieved 2008-07-05.
  13. ↑ "Adams Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  14. ↑ "Akers Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  15. ↑ "Antonelli Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  16. ↑ "Archambault Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  17. ↑ "Bassett Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  18. ↑ Ellis (2004), p. 383.
  19. ↑ "Blaha Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  20. ↑ "Bloomfield Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  21. ↑ "Bobko Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  22. ↑ "Boe Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  23. ↑ "Borman Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  24. ↑ "Bowersox Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  25. ↑ "Bridges Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  26. ↑ "Brown Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  27. ↑ "Carey Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  28. ↑ "Casper Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  29. ↑ "Chilton Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  30. ↑ "E. Collins Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  31. ↑ "M. Collins Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  32. ↑ "Cooper Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  33. ↑ "Covey Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  34. ↑ "Crews Biography". NOVA Astrospies. PBS. December 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  35. ↑ "Crippen Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  36. ↑ "Duffy Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  37. ↑ "Duke Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  38. ↑ "Dutton Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  39. ↑ "Eisele Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  40. ↑ "Engle Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  41. ↑ "Fincke Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  42. ↑ "Finley Biography". NOVA Astrospies. PBS. December 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  43. ↑ "Fischer Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2009-11-13.
  44. ↑ "Ford Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  45. ↑ "Fossum Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2012-07-05.
  46. ↑ "Freeman Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  47. ↑ "Fullerton Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  48. ↑ "Gardner Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  49. ↑ "Givens Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  50. ↑ "Grabe Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  51. ↑ "Gregory Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  52. ↑ "Grissom Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  53. ↑ "Gutierrez Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  54. ↑ "Haise Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  55. ↑ "Halsell Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  56. ↑ "Hartsfield Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  57. ↑ "Helms Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  58. ↑ "Henricks Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  59. ↑ "Horowitz Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  60. ↑ "Husband Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  61. ↑ "Irwin Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  62. ↑ "Gregory C. Johnson Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  63. ↑ "Gregory H. Johnson Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  64. ↑ "Kelly Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  65. ↑ "Knight Biography". Aerospace Walk of Honor. City of Lancaster, California. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  66. ↑ Fausset, Richard (2004-05-09). "GOP's Pete Knight, 74; Former Test Pilot Was Foe of Gay Marriage". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times. p. B-18. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  67. ↑ "Lawrence Biography". NOVA Astrospies. PBS. December 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  68. ↑ "Lawyer Biography". NOVA Astrospies. PBS. December 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  69. ↑ "Lindsey Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  70. ↑ "Lockhart Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  71. ↑ "Loria Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  72. ↑ "Macleay Biography". NOVA Astrospies. PBS. December 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  73. ↑ "Mattingly Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  74. ↑ "McBride Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  75. ↑ "McDivitt Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  76. ↑ "McMonagle Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  77. ↑ "Meade Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  78. ↑ "Melroy Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  79. ↑ "Mitchell Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  80. ↑ "Mullane Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  81. ↑ "Nagel Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  82. ↑ "Neubeck Biography". NOVA Astrospies. PBS. December 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  83. ↑ "Onizuka Biography". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
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  114. ↑
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  116. ↑ "Kenneth O. Chilstrom". P-47 Thunderbolt Pilots Association. Yulee, Florida: Logic Mountain LLC. Retrieved December 31, 2009.
  117. ↑ Hatch (1993), p. 94.
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  126. ↑ "Jabour Biography". Retrieved 2003-10-01.
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  137. ↑ "SETP Kincheloe Award Winners".
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  148. ↑ "Yates Biography". Air Force Link. United States Air Force. Archived from the original on 2008-07-09. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
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References

External links

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