List of early and legendary monarchs of Burma
This is a list of early and legendary monarchs of Burma (Myanmar). It covers the monarchs of the early polities according to the Royal Chronicles that gave rise to Pagan Kingdom. The list consists of two types. Some of the dynasties were likely derived from "Indian legends taken from Sanskrit or Pali originals" in order to link the Burmese monarchy to the Buddha.[1][2] Many others were actual historical figures cloaked in pre-Buddhist legends, and probably existed in a different time period than that described in the chronicles. Moreover, many of these historical-based legendary figures were likely contemporaries of rival small settlements, rather than in the continuous lineage presented by the chronicles.[3]
Upper Burma
This is the First Tagaung Dynasty as given in Hmannan Yazawin.[4]
Monarch |
Reign |
Relationship |
Notes |
Abhiyaza |
850–825 BCE |
|
Introduced for the first time in 1832 as the founder of Burmese monarchy[5] |
Kanyaza Nge |
825–? |
Son |
|
Zambudipa Yaza |
|
Son |
|
Thingatha Yaza |
|
Son |
|
Weippanna Yaza |
|
Son |
|
Dewata Yaza |
|
Son |
|
Munika Yaza |
|
Son |
|
Naga Yaza |
|
Paternal uncle |
|
Einda Yaza |
|
Brother |
|
Thamuti Yaza |
|
Son |
|
Dewa Yaza |
|
Son |
|
Maheindra Yaza |
|
Son |
|
Wimala Yaza |
|
Son |
|
Thihanu Yaza |
|
Son |
|
Mingana Yaza |
|
Son |
|
Kantha Yaza |
|
Son |
|
Kaleinga Yaza |
|
Son |
|
Thindwe Yaza |
|
Son |
|
Thihala Yaza |
|
Son |
|
Thamuti Yaza |
|
Son |
|
Hantha Yaza |
|
Brother |
|
Wara Yaza |
|
Son |
|
Alaung Yaza |
|
Son |
|
Kawlaka Yaza |
|
Son |
|
Thuriya Yaza |
|
Son |
|
Thingyi Yaza |
|
Son |
|
Taingchit Yaza |
|
Son |
|
Madu Yaza |
|
Son |
|
Minhlagyi Yaza |
|
Son |
|
Thanthu Thiha Yaza |
|
Son |
|
Daninga Yaza |
|
Son |
|
Heinda Yaza |
|
Son |
|
Mawriya Yaza |
|
Son |
|
Beinnaka Yaza |
|
Son |
|
This is the list of kings of the Second Tagaung Dynasty as given in Hmannan Yazawin. No reign dates are given except for the date when the Sri Ksetra Kingdom was founded by two princes from Tagaung.[6]
Monarch |
Reign |
Relationship |
Notes |
Daza Yaza |
c. 600 BCE–? |
|
Introduced for the first time in 1829 as the founder of the second Tagaung dynasty[5] |
Thado Taing-Ya |
|
|
|
Thado Yahta-Ya |
|
|
|
Thado Tagun-Ya |
|
|
|
Thado Hlanbyan-Ya |
|
|
|
Thado Shwe |
|
|
|
Thado Galon-Ya |
|
|
|
Thado Naga-Ya |
|
|
|
Thado Naga-Naing |
|
|
|
Thado Yahawlaw |
|
|
|
Thado Paungshe |
|
|
|
Thado Kyaukshe |
|
|
|
Thado Hsinlauk |
|
|
|
Thado Hsinhtein |
|
|
|
Thado Taingchit |
|
|
|
Thado Mingyi |
|
|
|
Thado Maha Yaza |
|
|
His sons founded Sri Ksetra Kingdom in 483 BCE. |
Monarch |
Reign |
Relationship |
Notes |
Maha Thanbawa |
483–477 BCE |
Son of Thado Maha Yaza of Tagaung |
|
Sula Thanbawa |
477–442 |
Brother |
|
Duttabaung |
442–372 |
Son of Maha Thanbawa |
Historical figure believed to have ascended the throne in 739 CE |
Duttayan |
372–350 |
Son |
|
Yan Baung |
350–300 |
Son |
|
Yan Man |
300–250 |
Son |
|
Yetkhan |
250–219 |
Son |
|
Khanlaung |
219–181 |
Son |
|
Letkhaing |
181–147 |
Son |
|
Thirikhan |
147–119 |
Son |
|
Thiriyit |
119–110 |
Son |
Last of Duttabaung's line |
Taba |
110–59 |
Adopted son |
|
Papiyan |
59 BCE–7 CE |
Son |
|
Yan Mukha |
7–22 |
Son |
|
Yan Theinkha |
22–25 |
Son |
|
Yan Monsaleinda |
25–40 |
Son |
|
Bereinda |
40–52 |
Brother |
|
Monsala |
52–57 |
Son |
|
Ponna |
57–60 |
Son |
|
Thakha |
60–63 |
Brother |
|
Thathi |
63–66 |
Son |
|
Kan Nu |
66–67 |
Younger brother |
|
Kan Tet |
67–70 |
Elder brother |
|
Beizza |
70–74 |
Elder brother |
|
Thumondari |
74–81 |
Not stated |
|
Atitya |
81–84 |
Son |
|
Thupyinnya |
84–94 |
Brother |
End of Sri Ksetra dynasty |
Formative Early Pagan
The following is the list of Pagan kings as given in the main chronicles.[7]
Name |
Reign per Zatadawbon Yazawin |
Reign per Maha Yazawin, Yazawin Thit, and Hmannan Yazawin |
Relationship with the predecessor |
Thamoddarit |
80–125 |
107–152 |
Nephew of Thupyinnya of Sri Ksetra |
Yathekyaung |
125–140 |
152–167 |
Caretaker |
Pyusawhti |
140–222 |
167–242 |
Son-in-law of Thamudarit |
Hti Min Yin |
222–249 |
242–299 |
Son |
Yin Min Paik |
249–334 |
299–324 |
Son |
Paik Thinli |
334–371 |
324–344 |
Son |
Thinli Kyaung I |
371–415 |
344–387 |
Son |
Kyaung Tu Yit |
415–440 |
387–412 |
Son |
Thihtan |
440–477 |
412–439 |
Son |
Thuye |
477–492 |
439–494 |
Usurper |
Tharamon Phya |
492–514 |
494–516 |
Grandson of Thihtan |
Thaik Taing |
514–521 |
516–523 |
Son |
Thinli Kyaung II |
521–530 |
523–532 |
Son |
Thinli Paik |
530–535 |
532–547 |
Brother |
Khan Laung |
535–545 |
547–557 |
Brother |
Khan Lat |
545–557 |
557–569 |
Brother |
Htun Taik |
557–570 |
569–582 |
Son |
Htun Pyit |
570–586 |
582–598 |
Son |
Htun Chit |
586–613 |
598–613 |
Son |
Middle Early Pagan
All four main chronicles are in agreement with the regnal dates in this period.[7]
Name |
Reign per Zatadawbon Yazawin, Maha Yazawin, Yazawin Thit, and Hmannan Yazawin |
Relationship with the predecessor |
Popa Sawrahan |
613–640 |
Usurper |
Shwe Ohnthi |
640–652 |
Son-in-law |
Peit Thon |
652–660 |
Brother |
Peit Taung |
660–710 |
Son |
Min Khwe |
710–716 |
Brother |
Myingyway |
716–726 |
Usurper |
Theinga |
726–734 |
Elected by court; of royal blood |
Thein Khun |
734–744 |
Son |
Shwe Laung |
744–753 |
Son |
Htun Htwin |
753–762 |
Son |
Shwe Hmauk |
762–785 |
Son |
Htun Lut |
785–802 |
Brother |
Saw Khin Hnit |
802–829 |
Son |
Khe Lu |
829–846 |
Son |
Late Early Pagan
The chronicles again do not agree with the dates for this period. The dates in later chronicles Yazawin Thit and Hmannan Yazawin now depart from Maha Yazawin dates from 846 CE forward.[7]
Lower Burma
Monarch |
Reign |
Relationship |
Notes |
Thiha Yaza |
?–543 BCE |
|
Died in the year the Buddha died; came from India |
Dhamma Thawka I |
|
|
|
Titha |
|
|
Tissa |
Dhamma Pala |
|
|
|
Dhamma Daza |
|
|
|
Einkura |
|
|
|
Upadewa Yaza |
|
|
|
Thiwa Yaza |
|
|
|
Zawta Kumma |
|
|
|
Dhamma Thawka II |
|
|
|
Uttara |
|
|
|
Katha Wunna |
|
|
|
Maha Thala |
|
|
|
Araka |
|
|
|
Narathu I |
|
|
|
Maha Beinda |
|
|
|
Adara |
|
|
|
Angula |
|
|
|
Urunnata |
|
|
|
Thuganda I |
|
|
|
Thuganda II |
|
|
|
Bramah Datta |
|
|
|
Manya Yaza |
|
|
|
Adika |
|
|
|
Maradi Yaza |
|
|
|
Thaduka |
|
|
|
Dipa Yaza I |
|
|
|
Athinkha Yaza |
|
|
|
Bomma Yaza |
|
|
|
Manda Yaza |
|
|
|
Mahintha Yaza |
|
|
|
Dhamma Sekka Yaza |
|
|
|
Thusanbadi |
|
|
|
Baddara Yaza |
|
|
|
Narathu II |
|
|
|
Zambudipa Yaza |
|
|
|
Ketharit Yaza |
|
|
|
Wizaya Kumma |
|
|
|
Mani Yaza |
|
|
|
Tekka Min |
|
|
|
Athinkha Yaza |
|
|
|
Kutha Yaza |
|
|
|
Dipa Yaza II |
|
|
|
Nara Yaza |
|
|
|
Yaza Thura |
|
|
|
Seitta Yaza |
|
|
|
Diga Yaza |
|
|
|
Ottama Yaza |
|
|
|
Thiri Yaza |
|
|
|
Dhamma Yaza |
|
|
|
Maha Seitta Yaza |
|
|
|
Ganda Yaza |
|
|
|
Zeya Yaza |
|
|
|
Thumana Yaza |
|
|
|
Maddaka Yaza |
|
|
|
Aminna Yaza |
|
|
|
Udinna Yaza |
|
|
|
Manuha |
?–1057 CE |
|
|
Early Hanthawaddy
The list here is per Harvey who reported it from the Shwemawdaw Thamaing (lit. "History of Shwemawdaw Pagoda"); the dates are unattested.[3] Other Mon Chronicles give a similar list of rulers from 573 to 781 with no records thereafter, leaving a gap of 276 years to Pagan's conquest of Pegu in 1057.[8] Harvey's list better synchronizes with historically confirmed Pagan dates. But according to Michael Aung-Thwin, pre-Pagan Mon kingdoms of Lower Burma are later 15th century legends, unattested by evidence. Pegu as a place name only first appeared in a 1266 Old Burmese inscription.[9]
Monarch |
Reign |
Relationship |
Notes |
Thamala |
825–837 |
|
Founds Pegu (Bago) in 825 |
Wimala |
837-854 |
Brother |
|
Atha |
854–861 |
Nephew |
|
Areindama |
861–885 |
Son |
|
A monk |
885–902 |
|
|
Geinda |
902–917 |
|
|
Migadeippa I |
917–932 |
|
|
Geissadiya |
932–942 |
|
|
Karawika |
942–954 |
|
|
Pyinzala |
954–967 |
Son |
|
Attatha |
967–982 |
Brother |
|
Anuyama |
982–994 |
Nephew |
|
Migadeippa II |
994–1004 |
|
|
Ekkathamanda |
1004–1016 |
|
|
Uppala |
1016–1028 |
|
|
Pontarika |
1028–1043 |
|
Founds Dagon |
Tissa |
1043–1057 |
|
|
Arakan
- See List of Arakanese monarchs – Arakanese Chronicles report dates back to 2666 BCE. Dates prior to Pagan's conquest of Arakan in 1118 are completely unattested. The reliable dates are begin with Mrauk U Kingdom (1429–1785).
Notes
- ↑ Hall 1960: 7
- ↑ Lieberman 2003: 196
- 1 2 Harvey 1925: 368
- ↑ Hmannan Vol. 1 1829: 155–156
- 1 2 Than Tun 1964: ix–x
- ↑ Hmannan Vol. 1 1829: 159–160
- 1 2 3 Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 343–347
- ↑ Phayre 1883: 289
- ↑ Aung-Thwin 2005: 29
References
- Aung-Thwin, Michael (2005). The mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma (illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2886-8. ISBN 0-8248-2886-0.
- Charney, Michael W. (2006). Powerful Learning: Buddhist Literati and the Throne in Burma's Last Dynasty, 1752–1885. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
- Hall, D.G.E. (1960). Burma (3rd ed.). Hutchinson University Library. ISBN 978-1-4067-3503-1.
- Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
- Kala, U (1724). Maha Yazawin Gyi (in Burmese). 1–3 (2006, 4th printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
- Lieberman, Victor B. (2003). Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80496-7.
- Phayre, Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. (1883). History of Burma (1967 ed.). London: Susil Gupta.
- Royal Historical Commission of Burma (1832). Hmannan Yazawin (in Burmese). 1–3 (2003 ed.). Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.
- Than Tun (1964). Studies in Burmese History (in Burmese). 1. Yangon: Maha Dagon.