List of non-marine molluscs of Turkey

Location of Turkey

The non-marine molluscs of the country of Turkey are a part of the molluscan fauna of Turkey. The biodiversity of non-marine molluscs of Turkey is richer than in surrounding European states.[1]

There are at least 825 species of non-marine molluscs living in the wild in Turkey. An approximate guess to the total number, however, is of about 1030 non-marine molluscs in Turkey (see the table below). There are a total of 825 species of gastropods, which breaks down to 95 (counted 80[2] "Prosobranchia" only and at least 15 other freshwater snails from this list) taxa of freshwater gastropods (including brackish water species),[2] and 730 species (and subspecies)[3] of land gastropods. There is also relevant number of freshwater bivalves living in the wild in Turkey.

According to Gümüş et al. (2009),[3] the Turkish malacofauna of land gastropods currently comprises 730 valid species and subspecies of terrestrial snails, belonging to 36 families.

Gümüş et al. (2009)[3] stated that Turkey has a very rich freshwater malacofauna with a very large proportion of endemic species.[3] Those authors estimated that Turkey is inhabited by at least 300 species of freshwater molluscs.[3]

Summary table of species in the wild of Turkey
Mollusc Number
Freshwater gastropods at least 95 taxa (80 species and subspecies of "Prosobranchia" include brackish waters[2] + 15 other freshwater snails from this list)
Land gastropods 730 valid species and subspecies[3] and estimation is over 1.000 including species and subspecies waiting to be recovered[3]
Total gastropods 825
Bivalves ??
non-marine molluscs at least 825 gastropods plus unknown number of freshwater bivalves. (730[3] taxa of land gastropods + approximate guess 300[3] freshwater molluscs = gives approximate guess of about 1030 taxa of non-marine molluscs.)

There are also significant numbers of non-indigenous species, including bivalves and various synanthropic gastropods and bivalves.

Land gastropods overview

The highly diversified geographical relief of Turkey supports a very rich malacofauna.

A country such as Turkey, with a highly variable relief and a diversified climate and vegetation, can support a similarly rich and diversified malacofauna of terrestrial gastropods. Consequently, the recent changes in both land use and climate (which is gradually shifting from semi-arid and winter-cold Central Turkey to a subtropical periphery with high humidity during winter) have immediately affected the malacofauna, causing area shifts following the unstable environmental conditions, including depletion or even complete loss of some populations. Increasing pasture farming leads to a loss of forest vegetation, and thus to a loss of those molluscan species which are adapted to such conditions.[3]

The recent rise of average summer temperature resulting from global warming may particularly affect the Mediterranean species.[3] Gümüş et al. (2009)[3] speculated that both the average length of the dry summer period and the absolute temperature are rising, and that the aestivation period of species adapted to the Mediterranean drought is now too long. The animals die from starvation or desiccation, and several species or subspecies may already be approaching the verge of extinction.[3]

As far as nomenclature, an average of two to three additional synonym names for each taxon are available to land gastropods in Turkey.[3]

Administrative regions of Turkey differ climatologically and geographically.[4] Land snails of those regions (with Black Sea Region divided into two: West and Central Black Sea and Eastern Black Sea) were examined biogeographically by Cook (1997).[4]

The degree of endemism for the area of Turkey is about 65%.[3] The degree of endemism on the species level is relatively high and is comparable to that of Greece, which houses the highest number of terrestrial snail taxa in Europe, with a similarly high value of endemism.[3] In Turkey, several pulmonate families reach a maximum of biodiversity. The biodiversity has been able to develop there without any major interruptions since the Pliocene.[3]

The malacofauna of some areas, such as the inner Anatolian steppe areas, and many of the densely forested mountain ranges, is incompletely ascertained or almost completely unknown.[3] As research progresses, records of species new to science can be expected, and the knowledge of the ranges of already-known taxa will increase. Another accretion in taxa numbers may be caused by the resolution of cryptic species clusters with the help of DNA sequencing methods, the Barcoding Project, and other related activities.[3]

History of malacozoology of terrestrial gastropods

The first species from the Turkish terrestrial malacofauna were described by Guillaume-Antoine Olivier (1756–1814), who, amongst others, collected natural history objects in the Middle East. For example he named the following species: Multidentula ovularis (Olivier, 1801) and Bulgarica denticulata (Olivier, 1801) from "Ghemlek" (= Gemlik in the Bay of Mudanya) or Assyriella guttata (Olivier, 1804) from Urfa.[5] After Olivier, the area was visited by the German Johannes Rudolf Roth and his party,[6] and then was target of other scientists, naturalists and collectors like Bellardi, Boissier, Dubois de Montpereux, Frivaldsky, Huet de Pavillon, Parreyss, Schläfli, Sievers and others. Their collections went to the most prolific malacologists interested in the area like Jules René Bourguignat, Jean de Charpentier, Heinrich Carl Küster, Johann Rudolf Albert Mousson, Ludwig Karl Georg Pfeiffer and Emil Adolf Rossmässler. In the second half of the 19th century, the famous German malacologists Oskar Boettger and Wilhelm Kobelt from the Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt intensified the malacological research in Turkey, with contributions by Gottfried Nägele, Otto von Retowski and Carl Agardh Westerlund. After Kobelt’s death in 1916, the "Golden Age" of malacology was finished except for some contributions by Paul Hesse, Wassili Adolfovitch Lindholm and Otto W. von Rosen. After almost 50 years of scientific silence, it was the "Netherlands biological expedition to Turkey 1959", which again shifted the focus of malacologists to Turkey.[7] Since then, the malacological science received an enormous boost and stimulated both international as well as Turkish scientists to deepen the knowledge of the Turkish malacofauna. During this period, which now lasts about 50 years, one third of the number of taxa accepted today as valid has been added! Some of the most active contributors to this success should be mentioned here (in alphabetic order of the surnames): R. A. Bank; G. Falkner; L. Forcart; E. Gittenberger; Z. P. Erőss; Z. Fehér; B. A. Gümüş; B. Hausdorf; V. Hudec; H.P.M.G. Menkhorst; L. Németh; E. Neubert; H. Nordsieck; B. Páll-Gergely; W. Rähle; A. Riedel; H. Schütt; R. Şeşen; M.I. Szekeres; A. Wiktor and M. Z. Yıldırım.[3]

Freshwater gastropods

Neritidae

Viviparidae

A shell of Viviparus contectus

Thiaridae

Melanoides tuberculata

Melanopsidae

Bithyniidae

Bithynia tentaculata

Hydrobiidae

A shell of Potamopyrgus antipodarum

Lithoglyphidae

A shell of Valvata piscinalis

Amnicolidae

Assimineidae

Valvatidae

(All species above this line are freshwater "Prosobranchia".)

Two shells of Radix auricularia

Cochliopidae

Planorbidae

Lymnaeidae

Ellobiidae

Land gastropods

Species of gastropods of Turkey include:

Ellobiidae

Pyramidulidae

Shell of Bulgarica denticulata (Olivier, 1801) from family Clausiliidae

Clausiliidae

Pupillidae

Orculidae

Shell of Multidentula ovularis (Olivier, 1801) from family Enidae

Enidae

genus Ena: 3 species in Turkey[21]

Oxychilidae

Zonitidae

Trigonochlamydidae

Milacidae

Agriolimacidae

Helicodontidae

Hygromiidae

Three views of a shell of Assyriella guttata (Olivier, 1804) from family Helicidae

Helicidae

Bivalves

Unionidae

See also

Lists of molluscs of surrounding countries:

References

This articles incorporates CC-BY-3.0 text from reference.[3]

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Şereflişan H., Yildirim M. Z. & Şereflişan M. (2009). "The gastropod fauna and their abundance, and some physicochemical parameters of Lake Gölbaşı (Hatay, Turkey)". Turkish Journal of Zoology 33(3): 287-296. abstract, PDF
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 Yildirim M. Z., Koca S. B. & Kebapçi U. (2006). "Supplement to the Prosobranchia (Mollusca: Gastropoda) Fauna of Fresh and Brackish Waters of Turkey". Turkish Journal of Zoology 30: 197-204. PDF
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Gümüş B. C. & Neubert E. (2009). "The biodiversity of the terrestrial malacofauna of Turkey – status and perspectives". In: Neubert E., Amr Z., Taiti S., Gümüş B (Eds.) Animal Biodiversity in the Middle East. Proceedings of the First Middle Eastern Biodiversity Congress, Aqaba, Jordan, 20–23 October 2008. ZooKeys 31: 105-117. doi:10.3897/zookeys.31.169.
  4. 1 2 Cook L. M. (1997). "Geographic and ecological patterns in Turkish land snails". Journal of Biogeography 24(4): 409–418. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.1997.00139.x, JSTOR.
  5. ↑ (French) Olivier G. A. (1801–1807). Voyage dans l’Empire Othoman, l’Egypte et la Perse, fait par ordre du Gouvernement, pendant les six premières années de la République. Tome premier: 432 pp. (1801); Atlas, 1st. livraison: VII pp., pl. 1–17 (1801); Tome second: 466 pp. (1804); Atlas, 2d livraison: VII pp., pl. 18–32 (1804); Tome troisième: 566 pp. (1807); Atlas, 3d livraison: VIII pp., pl. 34–50 (1807). Paris (Agasse).
  6. ↑ (Latin) Roth J. R. (1839). Molluscorum species, quas in itinere per Orientem facto comites clariss. Schubert doctores M. Erdl et J.R. Roth collegerunt. Dissertatio inauguralis. München (Wolf): 26 pp., pl. 1–2.
  7. ↑ Anonymus (1963). "Concise survey of localities and collection numbers of zoological and botanical specimens, collected by the Netherlands biological expedition to Turkey 1959". Zoologische Mededelingen 38(8): 129–151, Leiden.
  8. 1 2 3 Demir M. (2003). "Shells of Mollusca Collected from the Seas of Turkey". Turkish Journal of Zoology 27: 101-140. PDF
  9. ↑ (German) Boeters H. D. & Falkner G. (2001). "Bythinella occasiuncula n. sp., ein neuer Kleinprosobranchier aus der Türkei (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae)". Heldia 3(2/3): 51-52.
  10. ↑ Glöer P. & Rähle W. (2007). "Gyraulus pamphylicus n. sp. – a new species from Turkey (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Planorbidae)". Mollusca 27(1): 57-60. PDF
  11. ↑ Gittenberger E. & Bank R. A. (1996). "A new start in Pyramidula (Gastropoda Pulmonata: Pyramidulidae)". Basteria 60: 71-78.
  12. ↑ Pyramidula chorismenostoma. AnimalBase. Accessed 14 December 2008.
  13. ↑ Páll-Gergely B. & Németh L. (2008). "Observations on the breeding habits, shell development, decollation, and reproductive anatomy of Pontophaedusa funiculum (Mousson 1856) (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Clausiliidae, Phaedusinae)". Malacologica Bohemoslovaca 7: 11-14. Online serial at <http://mollusca.sav.sk> 8-February-2008.
  14. ↑ Gümüş B. A. (2006) "Additional data to the distribution of Papillifera papillaris (O. F. Müller, 1774) (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Stylommatophora: Clausiliidae) in Istanbul, Turkey". The Archaeo+Malacology Group Newsletter 10: 4–6. http://triton.anu.edu.au/issue_10.htm
  15. ↑ Yıldırım M. Z. (1997). "A new subspecies of Sprattia sowerbyana O. Boettger, 1883 from Eğirdir (Turkey): Sprattia sowerbyana aksoylari nov. subsp. (Mollusca, Pulmonata, Clausiliidae)". Turkish Journal of Zoology 21: 219–221, Ankara.
  16. ↑ Neubert E., Örstan A. & Welter-Schultes F. (2000) "The land snails between Kaş and Demre, southwestern Turkey, with special reference to Albinaria (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Clausiliidae)". Basteria 64: 105-123.
  17. ↑ "Species summary for Pupilla triplicata". AnimalBase. Last modified 15-04-2010, accessed 31 July 2010.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Páll-Gergely B. (2010). "New and little known land snails from Turkey (Gastropoda: Pulmonata)". Zoology in the Middle East 50: 89-94. Heidelberg. abstract.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Hausdorf, B. (1996). "Die Orculidae Asiens (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora)"]. Archiv für Molluskenkunde 125 (1/2): 1-86.
  20. ↑ Gittenberger, E.; Menkhorst, H.P.M.G. (1993). "Schileykula aculeata spec, nov., a conspicuous species from Turkey with spiny ribs on its shell (Mollusca: Gastropoda Pulmonata: Orculidae". Zoologische Mededelingen. 67: 341–343.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Hausdorf B. (2001). "The genus Ena in Turkey, with remarks on its phylogenetic relationships (Gastropoda: Buliminidae)". Journal of Natural History 35(11): 1627–1638, London. PDF
  22. 1 2 "Species summary for Nastia viridula". AnimalBase, last modified 28 February 2006, accessed 3 September 2010.
  23. ↑ Örstan A. (2003). "The rediscovery of Zonites algirus in İstanbul, Turkey (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Zonitidae)". Zoology in the Middle East 29: 75-78. Summary at http://home.earthlink.net/~aydinslibrary/Zalgirus.htm
  24. ↑ "Species summary for Drilolestes retowskii". AnimalBase, last modified 14 June 2007, accessed 7 September 2010.
  25. ↑ "Species summary for Selenochlamys pallida". AnimalBase, last modified 14 June 2007, accessed 7 September 2010.
  26. ↑ "Species summary for Trigonochlamys imitatrix". AnimalBase, last modified 14 June 2007, accessed 7 September 2010.
  27. ↑ "Species summary for Lindholmiola lens". AnimalBase, accessed 18 June 2009.
  28. ↑ Hausdorf B. (July 2004). "Harmozica occidentalis new species from the eastern Pontus Mountains in Turkey (Gastropoda: Hygromiidae)". Journal of Conchology 38(3): 283-289. abstract
  29. ↑ Hausdorf & Páll-Gergely B. (2009). "Monacha oecali new species from southern Turkey (Gastropoda:Hygromiidae) ". Journal of Conchology 40(1): 15-18. abstract.
  30. ↑ Çetinkaya O. (1996). "A Freshwater Mussel Species Unio stevenianus Krynicki 1837 (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae) from the River Karasu Flowing into Lake Van, Turkey". Turkish Journal of Zoology 20(2): 169-173. abstract.
  31. ↑ Çek Ş. & Şereflişan H. (2006). "Certain reproductive characteristics of the freshwater mussel Unio terminalis delicates (Lea, 1863) in Gölbasi Lake, Turkey". (sic!, correct: delicatus) Aquaculture Research 37: 1305-1315. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01563.x.

Further reading

about bivalves

External links

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