List of state leaders in the 19th century

Tomás Bobadilla, Manuel Jimenes, Carlos Moreno, Mariano Echavarria, Jose Maria Caminero, Francisco del Rosario Sanchez, Matias Ramon Mella, Manuel Maria Valverde, Francisco Xavier Abreu, Felix Mercenario, Silvano Pujol, Juan Pablo Duarte, Central Government Board (1844)

Pedro Santana, President (1844–1848)

Félix Mercenario, Domingo de la Rocha, José María Caminero, Manuel Jimenes, Council of Secretaries of State (1848)

Manuel Jimenes, President (1848–1849)
Buenaventura Báez, President (1849–1853)
Pedro Santana, President (1853–1856)
Manuel de Regla Mota, President (1856)
Buenaventura Báez, President (1856–1858)
José Desiderio Valverde, President (1858)
Pedro Santana, President (1858–1861)
Pedro Antonio Pimentel, President (1865)
José María Cabral, Supreme Chief (1865)
Pedro Guillermo, President of the Provisional Government Junta (1865)
Buenaventura Báez, President (1865–1866)

Pedro Antonio Pimentel, Gregorio Luperón, Federico de Jesús García, Triumvirate (1866)

José María Cabral, President (1866–1868)
Manuel Altagracia Cáceres, President (1868)

José Antonio Hungría, Francisco Antonio Gómez Báez, José Ramón Luciano y Franco, Junta of Generals (1868)

Buenaventura Báez, President (1868–1874)
Ignacio María González, Supreme Chief (1874)

Ignacio María González, Manuel Altagracia Cáceres, Generals-in-Chief (1874)

Ignacio María González, President (1874–1876)

Pedro Tomás Garrido, José de Jesús de Castro, Pedro Pablo de Bonilla, Juan Bautista Zafra, Pablo López Villanueva, Jacinto Peynado, Council of Secretaries of State (1876)

Ulises Francisco Espaillat, President (1876)

Pablo López Villanueva, José Caminero Matías, Juan Esteban Ariza Matos, Fidel Rodríguez Urdaneta, José de Jesús Eduardo de Castro Álvarez, Juan Bautista Zafra y Miranda, Pedro Tomás Garrido Matos, Superior Governing Junta (1876)

Ignacio María González, Supreme Chief (1876)
Marcos Antonio Cabral, President of the Provisional Government Junta (1876)
Buenaventura Báez, President (1876–1878)

José María Cabral, Joaquín Montolío, Council of Secretaries of State (1878)

Cesareo Guillermo, President (1878)
Ignacio María González, President (1878)

Ulises Heureaux, Cesáreo Guillermo, People's Military Chiefs (1878)

Jacinto de Castro, Acting President (1878)

Cesáreo Guillermo, Alejandro Angulo Guridi, Pedro Maria Aristy, Council of Secretaries of State (1878–1879)

Cesareo Guillermo, President (1879)
Gregorio Luperón, President (1879–1880)
Fernando Arturo de Meriño, President (1880–1882)
Ulises Heureaux, President (1882–1884)
Francisco Gregorio Billini, President (1884–1885)
Alejandro Woss y Gil, President (1885–1887)
Ulises Heureaux, President (1887–1889)
Manuel María Gautier, Acting President (1889)
Ulises Heureaux, President (1889–1899)
Wenceslao Figuereo, President (1899)

Tomás Demetrio Morales, Arístides Patiño, Enrique Henríquez y Alfau, Jaime R. Vidal, Braulio Álvarez, Council of Secretaries of State (1899)
Mariano Cestero, Álvaro Logroño, Arístides Patiño, Pedro María Mejía, Council of Secretaries of State (1899)

Horacio Vásquez, President of the Provisional Government Junta (1899)
Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra, President (1899–1902)

Republic of Haiti (complete list) –

Fabre Geffrard, President (1859–1867)
Nissage Saget, Provisional President (1867)
Sylvain Salnave, President (1867–1869)
Nissage Saget, President (1869–1874)
Council of Secretaries of State (1874)
Michel Domingue, President (1874–1876)
Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal, Provisional President (1876), President (1876–1879)
Joseph Lamothe, Provisional President (1879)
Lysius Salomon, President (1879–1888)
Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal, Provisional President (1888)
François Denys Légitime, President (1888–1889)
Monpoint Jeune, Provisional President (1889)
Florvil Hyppolite, President (1889–1896)
Tirésias Simon Sam, President (1896–1902)

Americas: Central

Costa Rica (complete list) –

Juan Mora Fernández, Head of State (1825–1833)
José Rafael Gallegos, Head of State (1833–1835)
Braulio Carrillo Colina, Head of State (1835–1837)
Juan Mora Fernández, Head of State (1837)
Manuel Aguilar Chacón, Head of State (1837–1838)
Braulio Carrillo Colina, Head of State (1838–1842)
Francisco Morazán, Head of State (1842)
António Pinto Soares, Head of State (1842)
José María Alfaro Zamora, Head of State (1842–1844)
Francisco María Oreamuno Bonilla, Head of State (1844)
José Rafael Gallegos, Head of State (1845–1846)
José María Alfaro Zamora, Head of State (1846–1847)
José Castro Madriz, Head of State (1847–1848), President (1848–1849)
Miguel Mora Porras, President (1849)
Juan Mora Porras, President (1849–1859)
José María Montealegre Fernández, President (1859–1863)
Jesús Jiménez Zamora, President (1863–1866)
José Castro Madriz, President (1866–1868)
Jesús Jiménez Zamora, President (1868–1870)
Bruno Carranza Ramírez, President (1870)
Tomás Guardia Gutiérrez, President (1870–1876)
Aniceto Esquivel Sáenz, President (1876)
Vicente Herrera Zeledón, President (1876–1877)
Tomás Guardia Gutiérrez, President (1877–1882)
Saturnino Lizano Gutiérrez, President (1882)
Próspero Fernández Oreamuno, President (1882–1885)
Bernardo Soto Alfaro, President (1885–1890)
José Rodríguez Zeledón, President (1890–1894)
Rafael Yglesias Castro, President (1894–1902)

El Salvador (complete list) –

Juan Lindo, Provisional President (1841–1842)
José Escolástico Marín, Acting President (1842)
Juan José Guzmán, President (1842–1844)
Fermín Palacios, Acting President (1844)
Francisco Malespín, President (1844–1845)
Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán, President (1845–1846)
Fermín Palacios, Acting President (1846)
Eugenio Aguilar, President (1846–1848)
Tomás Medina, Acting President (1848)
José Félix Quirós, Acting President (1848)
Doroteo Vasconcelos, President (1848–1850)
Ramón Rodríguez, Acting President (1850)
Doroteo Vasconcelos, President (1850–1851)
José Félix Quirós, Acting President (1851)
Francisco Dueñas, President (1851–1852)
José María San Martín, Acting President (1852)
Francisco Dueñas, President (1852–1854)
Vicente Gómez, Acting President (1854)
José María San Martín, President (1854–1856)
Francisco Dueñas, Acting President (1856)
Rafael Campo, President (1856–1858)
Lorenzo Zepeda, Acting President (1858)
Miguel Santín del Castillo, President (1858–1859)
Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán, Acting President (1859)
José María Peralta, Acting President (1859)
Gerardo Barrios, President (1859–1863)
Francisco Dueñas, President (1863–1871)
Santiago González, President (1871–1876)
Andrés del Valle, President (1876)
Rafael Zaldívar, President (1876–1885)
Francisco Menéndez, President (1885–1890)
Carlos Ezeta, President (1890–1894)
Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez, President (1894–1898)
Tomás Regalado, President (1898–1903)

Guatemala (complete list) –

Mariano Rivera Paz, Head of State (1839–1842)
José Venancio López Requena, Acting Head of State (1842)
Mariano Rivera Paz, Head of State (1842–1844)
Rafael Carrera, Head of State (1844–1847)
Rafael Carrera, President (1847–1848)
Juan Antonio Martínez, Acting President (1848)
José Bernardo Escobar, Acting President (1848–1849)
Mariano Peredes, Acting President (1849–1851)
Rafael Carrera, President (1851–1865)
Pedro de Aycinena y Piñol, Acting President (1865)
Vicente Cerna Sandoval, President (1865–1871)
Miguel García Granados, President (1871–1873)
Justo Rufino Barrios, President (1873–1885)
Alejandro M. Sinibaldi, Acting President (1885)
Manuel Barillas, President (1885–1892)
José María Reina Barrios, President (1892–1898)
Manuel Estrada Cabrera, President (1898–1920)

Honduras (complete list) –

Juan Francisco de Molina, President (1839)
Felipe Neri Medina, Acting President (1839)
Juan José Alvarado, Acting President (1839)
José María Guerrero, Acting President (1839)
Mariano Garrigó, Acting President (1839)
José María Bustillo, Acting President (1839)
Council of Ministers, (1839)
Francisco Zelaya y Ayes, Acting President (1839–1841)
Francisco Ferrera, President (1841–1842)
Council of Ministers, (1843)
Francisco Ferrera, President (1843–1844)
Council of Ministers, (1845)
Coronado Chávez, President (1845–1847)
Council of Ministers, (1847)
Juan Lindo, President (1847–1852)
Francisco Gómez, Acting President (1852)
José Trinidad Cabañas, President (1852–1855)
José Santiago Bueso, Acting President (1855)
Francisco de Aguilar, Acting President (1855–1856)
José Santos Guardiola, President (1856–1862)
José Francisco Montes, Acting President (1862)
Victoriano Castellanos, Acting President (1862)
José Francisco Montes, Acting President (1862–1863)
José María Medina, Acting President (1863)
Francisco Inestroza, Acting President (1863–1864)
Francisco Cruz Castro, Provisional President (1869–1870)
José María Medina, President (1864–1872)
Céleo Arias, Provisional President (1872–1874)
Ponciano Leiva, President (1874–1876)
Marcelino Mejía, Provisional President (1876)
Crescencio Gómez, Provisional President (1876)
José María Medina, Provisional President (1876)
Marco Aurelio Soto, President (1876–1883)
Council of Ministers, (1883)
Luis Bográn, President (1883–1891)
Ponciano Leiva, President (1891–1893)
Domingo Vásquez, President (1893–1894)
Policarpo Bonilla, President (1894–1899)
Terencio Sierra, President (1899–1903)

Nicaragua (complete list) –

José Núñez, Supreme Director (1838–1839)
Evaristo Rocha, Acting Supreme Director (1839)
Patricio Rivas, Acting Supreme Director (1839)
Joaquín del Cosío, Acting Supreme Director (1839)
Hilario Ulloa, Acting Supreme Director (1839)
Tomás Valladares, Acting Supreme Director (1839–1840)
Patricio Rivas, Acting Supreme Director (1840–1841)
Pablo Buitrago, Supreme Director (1841–1843)
Juan de Dios Orozco, Acting Supreme Director (1843)
Manuel Pérez, Supreme Director (1843–1844)
Emiliano Madriz, Acting Supreme Director (1844–1845)
Silvestre Selva, Acting Supreme Director, in dissidence (1844–1845)
Manuel Antonio Blas Sáenz, Acting Supreme Director, in dissidence (1845)
José León Sandoval, Supreme Director (1845–1847)
Miguel Ramón Morales, Acting Supreme Director (1847)
José María Guerrero de Arcos y Molina, Supreme Director (1847–1849)
Toribio Terán, Acting Supreme Director (1849)
Benito Rosales, Acting Supreme Director (1849)
Norberto Ramírez Áreas, Supreme Director (1849–1851)
Justo Abaunza y Muñoz de Avilés, Acting Supreme Director (1851)
José Laureano Pineda Ugarte, Supreme Director (1851)
Justo Abaunza y Muñoz de Avilés, Acting Supreme Director (1851)
José Laureano Pineda Ugarte, Supreme Director, in dissidence (1851)
José Francisco del Montenegro, Acting Supreme Director, in rebellion (1851)
José de Jesús Alfaro, Supreme Director, in rebellion (1851)
José Laureano Pineda Ugarte, Supreme Director, in dissidence (1851–1853)
Fruto Chamorro, Supreme Director (1853–1854)
Fruto Chamorro, President (1854–1855)
José María Estrada, Acting President (1855)
Patricio Rivas, Provisional President (1855–1857)
William Walker, Usurper (1856–1857)
Government Junta, President (1857)
Tomás Martínez, President (1857–1867)
Fernando Guzmán Solórzano, President (1867–1871)
José Vicente Cuadra, President (1871–1875)
Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Alfaro, President (1875–1879)
Joaquín Zavala, President (1879–1883)
Adán Cárdenas, President (1883–1887)
Evaristo Carazo, President (1887–1889)
Nicolás Osorno, Acting President (1889)
Roberto Sacasa, Acting President (1889–1891)
Ignacio Chaves López, President (1891)
Roberto Sacasa, President (1891–1893)
Salvador Machado, Acting President (1893)
Joaquín Zavala, Acting President (1893)
José Santos Zelaya, President (1893–1909)

Americas: North

First Mexican Empire (complete list) –

First Regency: Agustín de Iturbide, Juan O'Donojú, Antonio Pérez Martínez, Manuel de la Barcéna, José Isidro Yañez, Manuel Velázquez de León (1821–1822)
Second Regency: Agustín de Iturbide, José Isidro Yañez, Miguel Valentín, Manuel de Heras, Nicolás Bravo (1822)
Agustín I, Emperor (1822–1823)

Provisional Government of Mexico (1823–24) (complete list) –

Nicolás Bravo, Guadalupe Victoria, Pedro Celestino Negrete, Mariano Michelena, Miguel Domínguez, Vicente Guerrero, Members (1823–1824)

First Mexican Republic (complete list) –

Guadalupe Victoria, President (1824–1829)
Vicente Guerrero, President (1829)
José María Bocanegra, President (1829)
Pedro Vélez, President (1829)
Anastasio Bustamante, President (1830–1832)
Melchor Múzquiz, President (1832)
Manuel Gómez Pedraza, President (1832–1833)
Valentín Gómez Farías, President (1833)
Santa Anna, President (1833)
Valentín Gómez Farías, President (1833)
Santa Anna, President (1833)
Valentín Gómez Farías, President (1833)
Santa Anna, President (1833)
Valentín Gómez Farías, President (1833–1834)
Santa Anna, President (1834–1835)
Miguel Barragán, President (1835)

Centralist Republic of Mexico (complete list) –

Miguel Barragán, President (1835–1836)
José Justo Corro, President (1836–1837)
Anastasio Bustamante, President (1837–1839)
Santa Anna, Interim President (1839)
Nicolás Bravo, President (1839)
Anastasio Bustamante, President (1839–1841)
Francisco Javier Echeverría, President (1841)
Santa Anna, Provisional President (1841–1842)
Nicolás Bravo, President (1842–1843)
Santa Anna, Provisional President (1843)
Valentín Canalizo, President (1843–1844)
Santa Anna, Provisional President (1844)
José Joaquín de Herrera, President (1844)
Valentín Canalizo, President (1844)
José Joaquín de Herrera, President (1844–1845)
Mariano Paredes, President (1845)
Nicolás Bravo, President (1846)
José Mariano Salas, President (1846)

Second Federal Republic of Mexico (complete list) –

José Mariano Salas, President (1846)
Valentín Gómez Farías, President (1846–1847)
Santa Anna, Interim President (1847)
Pedro María de Anaya, President (1847)
Santa Anna, Interim President (1847)
Manuel de la Peña y Peña, President (1847)
Pedro María de Anaya, President (1847–1848)
Manuel de la Peña y Peña, President (1848)
José Joaquín de Herrera, President (1848–1851)
Mariano Arista, President (1851–1853)
Juan Bautista Ceballos, President (1853)
Manuel María Lombardini, President (1853)
Santa Anna, Dictator-President (1853–1855)
Martín Carrera, President (1855)
Rómulo Díaz de la Vega, President (1855)
Juan Álvarez, President (1855)
Ignacio Comonfort, President (1855–1857)
Benito Juárez, President (1857–1872)
Ignacio Comonfort, President (1857–1858)
Félix María Zuloaga, Interim President (1858)
Manuel Robles Pezuela, Provisional President (1858–1859)
José Mariano Salas, Provisional President (1859)
Miguel Miramón, Substitute President (1859–1860)
José Ignacio Pavón, Substitute President (1860)
Miguel Miramón, Provisional President (1860)
Félix María Zuloaga, Provisional President (1860–1862)

Second Mexican Empire (complete list) –

Juan Almonte, José Mariano Salas, Pelagio Antonio de Labastida, Regents of the Mexican Empire

(1863–1864)

Maximilian I, Emperor (1864–1867)

Mexico (complete list) –

Benito Juárez, President (1857–1872)
Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, President (1872–1876)
José María Iglesias, President (1876)
Porfirio Díaz, President (1876)
Juan Nepomuceno Méndez, President (1876–1877)
Porfirio Díaz, President (1877–1880)
Manuel González Flores, President (1880–1884)
Porfirio Díaz, President (1884–1911)

United States (complete list) –

John Adams, President (1797–1801)
Thomas Jefferson, President (1801–1809)
James Madison, President (1809–1817)
James Monroe, President (1817–1825)
John Quincy Adams, President (1825–1829)
Andrew Jackson, President (1829–1837)
Martin Van Buren, President (1837–1841)
William Henry Harrison, President (1841)
John Tyler, President (1841–1845)
James K. Polk, President (1845–1849)
Zachary Taylor, President (1849–1850)
Millard Fillmore, President (1850–1853)
Franklin Pierce, President (1853–1857)
James Buchanan, President (1857–1861)
Abraham Lincoln, President (1861–1865)
Andrew Johnson, President (1865–1869)
Ulysses S. Grant, President (1869–1877)
Rutherford B. Hayes, President (1877–1881)
James A. Garfield, President (1881)
Chester A. Arthur, President (1881–1885)
Grover Cleveland, President (1885–1889)
Benjamin Harrison, President (1889–1893)
Grover Cleveland, President (1893–1897)
William McKinley, President (1897–1901)

Americas: South

Argentina (complete list) –

Bartolomé Mitre, President (1862–1868)
Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, President (1868–1874)
Nicolás Avellaneda, President (1874–1880)
Julio Argentino Roca, President (1880–1886)
Miguel Juárez Celman, President (1886–1890)
Carlos Pellegrini, President (1890–1892)
Luis Sáenz Peña, President (1892–1895)
José Evaristo Uriburu, President (1895–1898)
Julio Argentino Roca, President (1898–1904)

Bolivia (complete list) –

Simón Bolívar, Liberator of Bolivia (1825)
Antonio José de Sucre, Liberator of Bolivia (1825–1826), President (1826–1828)
José María Pérez de Urdininea, President (1828)
José Miguel de Velasco Franco, Acting President (1828)
Pedro Blanco Soto, Provisional President (1828–1829)
José Miguel de Velasco Franco, Acting President (1829)
Andrés de Santa Cruz

Provisional President (1829–1831), President (1831–1839)
Supreme Protector of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839)

José Miguel de Velasco Franco, Provisional Supreme Chief (1839), Provisional President (1839–1840), President (1840–1841)
Sebastián Ágreda, Provisional Chief (1841)
Mariano Calvo, Acting President (1841)
José Ballivián, Provisional President (1841–1844), President (1844–1847)
Eusebio Guilarte Vera, Interim President (1847–1848)
José Miguel de Velasco Franco, Provisional President (1848)
Manuel Isidoro Belzu, Provisional President (1848–1850), President (1850–1855)
Jorge Córdova, President (1855–1857)
José María Linares, Provisional President (1857–1858), Dictator for Life (1858–1861)
Government Junta, Members: Ruperto Fernández, José María Achá, Manuel Antonio Sánchez (1861)
José María Achá, Provisional President (1861–1862), President (1862–1864)
Mariano Melgarejo, Provisional President (1864–1870), President (1870–1871)
Agustín Morales, Supreme Chief of the Revolution (1871), Provisional President (1871–1872), President (1872)
Tomás Frías Ametller, President (1872–1873)
Adolfo Ballivián, President (1873–1874)
Tomás Frías Ametller, President (1874–1876)
Hilarión Daza, President (1876–1879)
Pedro José Domingo de Guerra, President (1879)
Narciso Campero, President (1880–1884)
Gregorio Pacheco, President (1884–1888)
Aniceto Arce, President (1888–1892)
Mariano Baptista, President (1892–1896)
Severo Fernández, President (1896–1899)
Government Junta, Members: José Manuel Pando, Serapio Reyes Ortiz, Macario Pinilla Vargas (1899)
José Manuel Pando, President (1899–1904)

Kingdom of Brazil (complete list) –

Maria I, Queen Regent (1815–1816)
John VI, King (1816–1822)

Empire of Brazil (complete list) –

Pedro I, Emperor (1822–1831)
Pedro II, Emperor (1831–1889)

First Brazilian Republic (complete list) –

Deodoro da Fonseca, President (1889–1891)
Floriano Peixoto, President (1891–1894)
Prudente de Morais, President (1894–1898)
Campos Sales, President (1898–1902)

Chile (complete list) –

Manuel Blanco Encalada, President (1826)
Agustín Eyzaguirre, President (1827)
Ramón Freire, President (1827)
Francisco Antonio Pinto, President (1827–1829)
José Tomás Ovalle, President (1829–1831)
Fernando Errázuriz Aldunate, President (1831)
José Joaquín Prieto, President (1831–1841)
Manuel Bulnes, President (1841–1851)
Manuel Montt, President (1851–1861)
José Joaquín Pérez, President (1861–1871)
Federico Errázuriz Zañartu, President (1871–1876)
Aníbal Pinto, President (1876–1881)
Domingo Santa María, President (1881–1886)
José Manuel Balmaceda, President (1886–1891)
Jorge Montt, President (1891–1896)
Federico Errázuriz Echaurren, President (1896–1901)

Republic of Colombia (complete list) –

Rafael Núñez Moledo, President (1886–1894)
Miguel Antonio Caro Tobar, President (1894–1898)
Manuel Antonio Sanclemente Sanclemente, President (1898–1900)
José Manuel Marroquín Ricaurte, President (1900–1904)

Ecuador (complete list) –

Juan José Flores, Jéfe Supremo (1830), President (1830–1834)
Vicente Rocafuerte, Jéfe Supremo of Guayas (1834–1835), Jéfe Supremo Chief of the State (1835), President (1835–1839)
Juan José Flores, President (1839–1843), President (1843–1845)
José Joaquín de Olmedo, Head of Provisional Government (1845)
Vicente Ramón Roca, President (1845–1849)
Manuel de Ascásubi, Interim President (1849–1850)
Diego Noboa, Interim President (1850–1851), President (1851)
José María Urvina, Jéfe Supremo (1851–1852), President (1852–1856)
Francisco Robles, President (1856–1859)
Provisional Government of Quito, Members: Gabriel García Moreno, Jerónimo Carrión, Plácido Chiriboga, Rafael Carvajal (1859–1861)
Government of Cuenca, Leaders: Jerónimo Carrión, Francisco Robles, Guillermo Franco, Ramón Borrero (1859)
Supreme Leadership of Guayas, Leader: Guillermo Franco (1859–1860)
Federal Government of Loja, Leader: Manuel Carrión Pinzano (1859–1860)
Gabriel García Moreno, Interim President (1861), President (1861–1865)
Rafael Carvajal, Acting President (1865)
Jerónimo Carrión, President (1865–1867)
Pedro José de Arteta, Acting President (1867–1868)
Javier Espinosa, President (1868–1869)
Gabriel García Moreno, Interim President (1869)
Manuel de Ascásubi, Interim President (1869)
Gabriel García Moreno, President (1869–1875)
Francisco Xavier León, Interim President (1875)
José Javier Eguiguren, Interim President (1875)
Antonio Borrero, President (1875–1876)
Ignacio de Veintemilla, Jéfe Supremo (1876–1878), President (1878–1882), Jéfe Supremo (1882–1883)
Pentevirato Quiteño, Members: José María Plácido Caamaño, Luis Cordero, Agustín Guerrero, Pedro Lizarzaburu, Rafael Pérez Pareja (1883)
Supreme Leadership of Manabí and Esmeraldas, Leader: Eloy Alfaro (1883)
Supreme Leadership of Guayas, Leader: Pedro Carbo (1883)
José Plácido Caamaño, Interim President (1883–1884), President (1884–1888)
Pedro José Cevallos, Acting President (1888)
Antonio Flores Jijón, President (1888–1892)
Luis Cordero Crespo, President (1892–1895)
Vicente Lucio Salazar, Acting President (1895)
Eloy Alfaro, Jéfe Supremo (1895–1896), Interim President (1896–1897), President (1897–1901)

Paraguay (complete list) –

Junta, President of the Superior Governing Junta (1811)
Fulgencio Yegros, President of the Superior Governing Junta (1811–1813)
José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, Consul (1813–1814)
Fulgencio Yegros, Consul (1814)
José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, Consul (1814)
José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, Supreme Dictator (1814–1840)
Manuel Antonio Ortiz, President of the Provisional Junta (1840–1841)
Juan José Medina , President of the Provisional Junta (1841)
Mariano Roque Alonzo, President of the Provisional Junta (1841)
Carlos Antonio López, Consul (1841–1844)
Mariano Roque Alonzo, Consul (1841–1844)
Carlos Antonio López, President (1844–1862)
Francisco Solano López, President (1862–1869)
Cirilo Antonio Rivarola, President (1869–1870)
Facundo Machaín, Acting President (1870)
Cirilo Antonio Rivarola, President (1870–1871)
Salvador Jovellanos, President (1871–1874)
Juan Bautista Gill, President (1874–1877)
Higinio Uriarte, President (1877–1878)
Cándido Bareiro, President (1878–1880)
Bernardino Caballero, President (1880–1886)
Patricio Escobar, President (1886–1890)
Juan Gualberto González, President (1890–1894)
Marcos Morínigo, President (1894)
Juan Bautista Egusquiza, President (1894–1898)
Emilio Aceval, President (1898–1902)

Peru (complete list) –

José de San Martín, Protector of Peru (1821–1822)
Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro, Interim caretaker (1822)
José La Mar, President of the Government Junta (1822–1823)
José Bernardo de Tagle, President of the Government Junta (1823)
José de la Riva Agüero, President (1823)
Antonio José de Sucre, President (1823)
José Bernardo de Tagle, Supreme Delegate (1823–1824)
Simón Bolívar, President (1824–1827)
Andrés de Santa Cruz, President of the Government Council (1827)
Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano, Interim caretaker (1827)
José de la Mar, President (1827–1829)
Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente, President (1829)
Agustín Gamarra, President (1829–1833)
Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro, Interim caretaker (1833)
Luis José de Orbegoso, President (1833, 1834–1835, 1836)
Pedro Pablo Bermúdez, Provisional Supreme Ruler (1833–1834)
Felipe Santiago Salaverry, Supreme Legislator (1835–1836)
Andrés de Santa Cruz, Supreme Protector of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1836–1838)
Agustín Gamarra, President (1838–1841)
Manuel Menéndez, President of the Government Council (1841–1842)
Juan Crisóstomo Torrico, President (1842)
Juan Francisco de Vidal, (1842–1843)
No effective central government
Justo Figuerola, President (1843)
Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco, President (1843–1844)
Domingo Nieto, President of the Government Junta - Grand Marshal of Peru (1843–1844)
Ramón Castilla, President (1844)
Domingo Elías, President (1844)
Manuel Menéndez, President of the Government Council (1844)
Justo Figuerola, President (1844)
Manuel Menéndez, President of the Government Council (1844–1845)
Ramón Castilla, President (1845–1851)
José Rufino Echenique, President (1851–1855)
Ramón Castilla, President (1855–1862)
Miguel de San Román, President (1862–1863)
Ramón Castilla, President (1863)
Pedro Diez Canseco, President (1863)
Juan Antonio Pezet, President (1863–1865)
Mariano Ignacio Prado, President (1865)
Juan Antonio Pezet, President (1865)
Pedro Diez Canseco, President (1865)
Mariano Ignacio Prado, President (1865–1868)
Pedro Diez Canseco, Interim caretaker (1868)
José Balta, President (1868–1872)
Tomás Gutiérrez, Supreme Leader of the Nation (1872)
Francisco Diez Canseco, President (1872)
Mariano Herencia Zevallos, President (1872)
Manuel Pardo, President (1872–1876)
Mariano Ignacio Prado, President (1876–1879)
Nicolás de Piérola, Commander in Chief of the State (1879–1881)
Francisco García Calderón, Provisional President of the Republic (1881)
Lizardo Montero Flores, Provisional President of the Republic (1881)
Miguel Iglesias, Regenerator President of the Republic (1881–1885)
Antonio Arenas, President of the Government Junta (1885–1886)
Andrés Avelino Cáceres, Constitutional President (1886–1890)
Remigio Morales Bermúdez, Constitutional President (1890–1894)
Justiniano Borgoño, President of the Government Junta (1894)
Andrés Avelino Cáceres, Constitutional President (1894–1895)
Manuel Candamo, President of the Government Junta (1895)
Nicolás de Piérola, Constitutional President (1895–1899)
Eduardo López de Romaña, Constitutional President (1899–1903)

Uruguay (complete list) –

Fructuoso Rivera, President (1830–1834)
Carlos Anaya, Acting (1834–1835)
Manuel Oribe, President (1835–1838)
Gabriel Antonio Pereira, Acting (1838–1839)
Fructuoso Rivera, President (1839–1843)
Manuel Oribe, Disputed with Joaquín Suárez (1843–1851)
Joaquín Suárez, Acting, Disputed with Manuel Oribe (1841–1852)
Bernardo Berro, Acting (1852)
Juan Francisco Giró, President (1852–1853)
Juan Antonio Lavalleja, Triumvir, President (1853) (1853)
Fructuoso Rivera, Triumvir (1853–1859), President (1853–1854) (1853–1859)
Venancio Flores, Triumvir, President, disputed (1854–1855) (1853–1854)
Luis María Lamas, Acting President, disputed (1855)
Manuel Basilio Bustamante, Acting President (1855–1856)
José María Piá, Acting President (1856)
Gabriel Antonio Pereira, President (1856–1860)
Bernardo Berro, President (1860–1864)
Atanasio Aguirre, Acting President (1864–1865)
Tomás Villalba, Acting President (1865)
Venancio Flores, Acting President (1865–1868)
Pedro Varela, Acting President (1868)
Lorenzo Batlle y Grau, President (1868–1872)
Tomás Gomensoro Albín, Acting President (1872–1873)
José Eugenio Ellauri, President (1873–1875)
Pedro Varela, President (1875–1876)
Lorenzo Latorre, President (1876–1880)
Francisco Antonino Vidal, President (1880–1882)
Máximo Santos, President (1882–1886)
Francisco Antonino Vidal, President (1886)
Máximo Santos, President (1886)
Máximo Tajes, President (1886–1890)
Julio Herrera y Obes, President (1890–1894)
Duncan Stewart, Acting President (1894)
Juan Idiarte Borda, President (1894–1897)
Juan Lindolfo Cuestas, Acting President (1897–1899)
José Batlle y Ordóñez, Acting President (1899)
Juan Lindolfo Cuestas, President (1899–1903)

Venezuela (complete list) –

José Antonio Páez, President (1830–1835)
Andrés Narvarte, Interim President (1835)
José María Vargas, President (1835)
José María Carreño, Interim President (1835)
José María Vargas, President (1835–1836)
Andrés Narvarte, President (1836–1837)
José María Carreño, Interim President (1837)
Carlos Soublette, President (1837–1839)
José Antonio Páez, President (1839–1843)
Carlos Soublette, President (1843–1847)
José Tadeo Monagas, President (1847–1851)
José Gregorio Monagas, President (1851–1855)
José Tadeo Monagas, President (1855–1858)
Pedro Gual Escandón, Interim President (1858)
Julián Castro, President (1858–1859)
Pedro Gual Escandón, Interim President (1859)
Manuel Felipe de Tovar, President (1859–1861)
Pedro Gual Escandón, Interim President (1861)
José Antonio Páez, President (1861–1863)
Juan Crisóstomo Falcón, President (1863–1868)
Manuel Ezequiel Bruzual, Interim President (1868)
Guillermo Tell Villegas, Interim President (1868–1869)
José Ruperto Monagas, President (1869–1870)
Guillermo Tell Villegas, Interim President (1870)
Antonio Guzmán Blanco, President (1870–1877)
Francisco Linares Alcántara, President (1877–1878)
José Gregorio Valera, Interim President (1878–1879)
Antonio Guzmán Blanco, President (1879–1884)
Joaquín Crespo, President (1884–1886)
Antonio Guzmán Blanco, President (1886–1887)
Hermógenes López, Interim President (1887–1888)
Juan Pablo Rojas Paúl, President (1888–1890)
Raimundo Andueza Palacio, President (1890–1892)
Guillermo Tell Villegas, Interim President (1892)
Guillermo Tell Villegas Pulido, Interim President (1892)
Joaquín Crespo, President (1892–1898)
Ignacio Andrade, President (1898–1899)
Cipriano Castro, President (1899–1908)

Europe

Europe: British Isles

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

Monarchs (complete list) –

George III, King (1760–1820)
George IV, King (1820–1830)
William IV, King (1830–1837)
Victoria, Queen (1837–1901)

Prime ministers (complete list) –

Pitt the Younger, Prime minister (1783–1801)
Addington, Prime minister (1801–1804)
Pitt the Younger, Prime minister (1804–1806)
W. Grenville, Prime minister (1806–1807)
Portland, Prime minister (1807–1809)
Perceval, Prime minister (1809–1812)
Liverpool, Prime minister (1812–1827)
Canning, Prime minister (1827)
Goderich, Prime minister (1827–1828)
Wellington, Prime minister (1828–1830)
Grey, Prime minister (1830–1834)
Melbourne, Prime minister (1834)
Wellington, Prime minister (1834)
Peel, Prime minister (1834–1835)
Melbourne, Prime minister (1835–1841)
Peel, Prime minister (1841–1846)
Russell, Prime minister (1846–1852)
Derby, Prime minister (1852)
Aberdeen, Prime minister (1852–1855)
Palmerston, Prime minister (1855–1858)
Derby, Prime minister (1858–1859)
Palmerston, Prime minister (1859–1865)
Russell, Prime minister (1865–1866)
Derby, Prime minister (1866–1868)
Disraeli, Prime minister (1868)
Gladstone, Prime minister (1868–1874)
Beaconsfield (Disraeli), Prime minister (1874–1880)
Gladstone, Prime minister (1880–1885)
Salisbury, Prime minister (1885–1886)
Gladstone, Prime minister (1886)
Salisbury, Prime minister (1886–1892)
Gladstone, Prime minister (1892–1894)
Rosebery, Prime minister (1894–1895)
Salisbury, Prime minister (1895–1902)

Europe: Central

Holy Roman Empire (complete list) –

Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor Elect (1792–1806)

Kingdom of Germany (complete list) –

Francis II, King (1792–1806)

Switzerland (complete list) –

Jonas Furrer, President of the Confederation (1848–1849)
Henri Druey, President of the Confederation (1850)
Josef Munzinger, President of the Confederation (1851)
Jonas Furrer, President of the Confederation (1852)
Wilhelm Matthias Naeff, President of the Confederation (1853)
Friedrich Frey-Herosé, President of the Confederation (1854)
Jonas Furrer, President of the Confederation (1855)
Jakob Stämpfli, President of the Confederation (1856)
Constant Fornerod, President of the Confederation (1857)
Jonas Furrer, President of the Confederation (1858)
Jakob Stämpfli, President of the Confederation (1859)
Friedrich Frey-Herosé, President of the Confederation (1860)
Melchior Josef Martin Knüsel, President of the Confederation (1861)
Jakob Stämpfli, President of the Confederation (1862)
Constant Fornerod, President of the Confederation (1863)
Jakob Dubs, President of the Confederation (1864)
Karl Schenk, President of the Confederation (1865)
Melchior Josef Martin Knüsel, President of the Confederation (1866)
Constant Fornerod, President of the Confederation (1867)
Jakob Dubs, President of the Confederation (1868)
Emil Welti, President of the Confederation (1869)
Jakob Dubs, President of the Confederation (1870)
Karl Schenk, President of the Confederation (1871)
Emil Welti, President of the Confederation (1872)
Paul Cérésole, President of the Confederation (1873)
Karl Schenk, President of the Confederation (1874)
Johann Jakob Scherer, President of the Confederation (1875)
Emil Welti, President of the Confederation (1876)
Joachim Heer, President of the Confederation (1877)
Karl Schenk, President of the Confederation (1878)
Bernhard Hammer, President of the Confederation (1879)
Emil Welti, President of the Confederation (1880)
Numa Droz, President of the Confederation (1881)
Simeon Bavier, President of the Confederation (1882)
Louis Ruchonnet, President of the Confederation (1883)
Emil Welti, President of the Confederation (1884)
Karl Schenk, President of the Confederation (1885)
Adolf Deucher, President of the Confederation (1886)
Numa Droz, President of the Confederation (1887)
Wilhelm Hertenstein, President of the Confederation (1888)
Bernhard Hammer, President of the Confederation (1888–1889)
Louis Ruchonnet, President of the Confederation (1890)
Emil Welti, President of the Confederation (1891)
Walter Hauser, President of the Confederation (1892)
Karl Schenk, President of the Confederation (1893)
Emil Frey, President of the Confederation (1894)
Josef Zemp, President of the Confederation (1895)
Adrien Lachenal, President of the Confederation (1896)
Adolf Deucher, President of the Confederation (1897)
Eugène Ruffy, President of the Confederation (1898)
Eduard Müller, President of the Confederation (1899)
Walter Hauser, President of the Confederation (1900)

Europe: Nortic

Denmark

Monarchs (complete list) –

Denmark–Norway

Christian VII, King (1766–1808)
Frederick VI, King (1808–1814)

Denmark

Frederick VI, King (1808–1839)
Christian VIII, King (1839–1848)
Frederik VII, King (1848–1863)
Christian IX, King (1863–1906)

Prime ministers (complete list) –

Union between Sweden and Norway (complete list / complete list) –

Oscar II, King (1872–1905)

Norway

Monarchs (complete list) –

Denmark–Norway

Christian VII, King (1766–1808)
Frederick VI, King (1808–1814)
Christian Frederick, King (1814)

Union between Sweden and Norway

Charles II, King (1814–1818)
Charles III John, King (1818–1844)
Oscar I, King (1844–1859)
Charles IV, King (1859–1872)
Oscar II, King (1872–1905)

Prime ministers (complete list) –

Sweden

Monarchs (complete list) –
Prime ministers (complete list) –

Europe: Southcentral

Papal States (complete list) –

Pius VII, Pope (1800–1823)
Leo XII, Pope (1823–1829)
Pius VIII, Pope (1829–1830)
Gregory XVI, Pope (1831–1846)
Pius IX, Pope (1846–1878)

San Marino (1700–1900) –

Europe: West

Belgium

Monarchs (complete list) –
Prime ministers (complete list) –

Luxembourg

Monarchs (complete list) –
Prime ministers (complete list) –

Monaco

Monarchs (complete list) –
Minister of State (complete list) –

Kingdom of the Netherlands

Monarchs (complete list) –
Prime ministers (complete list) –

Oceania

Tonga

Monarchs (complete list) –
Prime ministers (complete list) –

References

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