Little Blitzen River

Little Blitzen River
Little Blitzen U-Shaped Gorge
Name origin: German for lightning. Given in 1864 by soldiers who crossed the main stem during a thunderstorm and named it Donner und Blitzen (thunder and lightning).[1]
Country United States
State Oregon
County Harney
Source Steens Mountain
 - location Little Blitzen Gorge, Harney County, Oregon
 - elevation 8,975 ft (2,736 m) [2]
 - coordinates 42°40′33″N 118°34′56″W / 42.67583°N 118.58222°W / 42.67583; -118.58222 [3]
Mouth Donner und Blitzen River
 - location near Riddle Ranch, Harney County, Oregon
 - elevation 4,862 ft (1,482 m) [3]
 - coordinates 42°40′26″N 118°47′37″W / 42.67389°N 118.79361°W / 42.67389; -118.79361Coordinates: 42°40′26″N 118°47′37″W / 42.67389°N 118.79361°W / 42.67389; -118.79361 [3]
Length 12.5 mi (20 km) [4]
Location of the mouth of Little Blitzen River in Oregon

Little Blitzen River is a 12.5-mile (20.1 km) tributary of the Donner und Blitzen River in the U.S. state of Oregon.[4][5] Little Blitzen River rises on the west flank of Steens Mountain about 20 miles (32 km) southeast of Frenchglen and about 70 miles (110 km) south of Burns in Harney County.[5][6] Flowing west in a steep-walled canyon, it joins the South Fork Donner und Blitzen River[7] at 42°40′26″N 118°47′37″W / 42.6737752°N 118.7935277°W / 42.6737752; -118.7935277 (Little Blitzen mouth) to form the Donner und Blitzen main stem, which continues north about another 40 miles (64 km) to its mouth at 43°17′30″N 118°49′12″W / 43.291542°N 118.8199273°W / 43.291542; -118.8199273 (Donner und Blitzen River mouth) in Malheur Lake.[5][6] The Donner und Blitzen River was named by soldiers of German origin and translates as "thunder and lightning".[8] Little Blitzen River brings to mind one of Santa Claus's reindeer.[8]

As part of the Omnibus Oregon Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1988, Congress designated "the 12.5-mile segment of the Little Blitzen from its headwaters to its confluence with the South Fork Blitzen" as Wild and Scenic.[4] It is part of the nation's first Great Basin redband trout reserve, established by Congress in 2000.[9][10][11] The American Hiking Society has listed Little Blitzen Gorge Trail among its 10 "hidden gems".[12]

Geology

Little Blitzen Gorge, down which the river flows, is one of four huge U-shaped trenches carved by ice on the western face of Steens Mountain during the most recent glacial period.[9] The mountain, 30 miles (48 km) long, is the largest fault-block mountain in the northern Great Basin.[9] Although its eastern face is almost vertical, its western face slopes more gradually.[9] Cut through basalt, the western canyons are up to 1⁄2 mile (0.80 km) deep.[9] Little Blitzen River begins at about 9,000 feet (2,700 m) above sea level near the top of the mountain and loses about 4,000 feet (1,200 m) in elevation between source and mouth.[2][3]

Conservation

Little Blitzen Gorge from near the summit of Steens Mountain

Much of Little Blitzen's watershed lies within the Steens Mountain Cooperative Management and Protection Area (CMPA), established in 2000 to protect the region's long-term environmental integrity. The CMPA encompasses about 425,000 acres (172,000 ha) of public land managed by the federal Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the Steens Mountain Advisory Council.[9] About 100,000 acres (40,000 ha) along the top of the mountain are protected as "livestock-free wilderness".[9] Little Blitzen Research Natural Area (RNA), a protected area of 2,540 acres (1,030 ha), lies at the head of Little Blitzen Gorge.[13] The RNA protects terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems as well as individual plant species such as wedgeleaf saxifrage, Steens Mountain whitlow grass, and Davidson's penstemon.[13] The Donner und Blitzen system, including Little Blitzen River, provides habitat for a unique population of Great Basin redband trout,[14] protected in the nation's first-ever redband trout reserve.[9] The reserve consists of "the public land portion of the Donner und Blitzen River and tributaries upstream of its confluence with Fish Creek to the longitudinal extent of current and future redband trout distribution, and the width of the flood prone area."[11]

Recreation

Little Blitzen River is a National Wild and Scenic River, a designation applied to the Donner und Blitzen River and all of its major tributaries from the headwaters to the southern boundary of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge near Frenchglen.[15] Recreational opportunities along the river include wildlife watching, camping, fishing, and hiking. The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife limits fishing on Little Blitzen to catch-and-release throughout the year.[16] The American Hiking Society and American Rivers have listed Little Blitzen Gorge Trail, with its wildflowers and waterfalls, among their "Ten Hidden Gems of the National Landscape Conservation System".[12]

See also

References

  1. ↑ McArthur, Lewis A.; McArthur, Lewis L. (2003). Oregon Geographic Names, Seventh Edition. Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press. p. 297. ISBN 0-87595-277-1.
  2. 1 2 Source elevation derived from Google Earth search using GNIS source coordinates.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Little Blitzen River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. November 28, 1980. Retrieved December 15, 2008.
  4. 1 2 3 "Omnibus Oregon Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1988" (pdf). National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. Retrieved December 15, 2008.
  5. 1 2 3 "Online Topographic Maps from the United States Geological Survey". TopoQuest. Retrieved December 15, 2008.
  6. 1 2 Oregon Atlas & Gazetteer (Map) (1991 ed.). DeLorme Mapping. § 74, 77–78. ISBN 0-89933-235-8.
  7. ↑ The Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) includes the South Fork in its definition of the main stem Donner und Blitzen River. It places the main stem's source at 42°32′02″N 118°43′52″W / 42.5337785°N 118.7310228°W rather than at the mouth of the Little Blitzen.
  8. 1 2 Jouris, David (1994). All Over the Map: An Extraordinary Atlas of the United States. Ten Speed Press. p. 92. ISBN 0-89815-649-1. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Steens Mountain". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved December 15, 2008.
  10. ↑ "Donner und Blitzen River Redband Trout Reserve". U.S. Code Collection. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
  11. 1 2 "Steens Mountain Cooperative Management and Protection Area Record of Decision and Resource Management Plan" (pdf). Andrews/Steens Resource Management Plan. Bureau of Land Management, Burns District Office. Retrieved December 19, 2008. The Redband Trout Reserve section of the report appears on page RMP-39.
  12. 1 2 "Best Unknown Rivers and Trails of the National Landscape Conservation System" (PDF). American Hiking Society. Archived from the original (pdf) on April 25, 2013.
  13. 1 2 "Little Blitzen Research Natural Area". Forest Sciences Laboratory, Oregon State University. 1995. Retrieved December 15, 2008.
  14. ↑ "Blitzen River Redband Trout". Oregon Fish and Wildlife, Corvallis Research Lab. Retrieved December 15, 2008.
  15. ↑ "Donner und Blitzen River, Oregon". Public Lands Interpretive Association. 1997–2008. Retrieved December 15, 2008.
  16. ↑ "Welcome to the ODFW Recreation Reports Southeast Zone: Fishing: Blitzen River: Trout". Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2006. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
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